CN112209375A - Purification method of graphitized carbon - Google Patents
Purification method of graphitized carbon Download PDFInfo
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- CN112209375A CN112209375A CN202011190158.1A CN202011190158A CN112209375A CN 112209375 A CN112209375 A CN 112209375A CN 202011190158 A CN202011190158 A CN 202011190158A CN 112209375 A CN112209375 A CN 112209375A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
- C01B32/215—Purification; Recovery or purification of graphite formed in iron making, e.g. kish graphite
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for purifying graphitized carbon. The method comprises the following steps: 1) preparing an acid solution with the concentration of 0.5-10 mol/L; 2) soaking the composite carbon in an acid solution to obtain a composite carbon/acid solution, wherein the composite carbon accounts for 1-80% of the weight of the acid solution; 3) reacting the obtained composite carbon/acid solution at high temperature and high pressure, and selectively etching the composite carbon by using acid to remove amorphous carbon remained in the composite carbon to obtain graphitized carbon; 4) and cleaning and heat treating the obtained graphitized carbon sequentially to obtain the pure graphitized carbon material. The invention has the following beneficial effects: the purification technology has the advantages of high efficiency, rapidness, high selectivity and the like, and is not restricted by the morphology of the purification material; the graphitized carbon material prepared by the method has wide application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for purifying graphitized carbon, in particular to a method for purifying the graphitized carbon material by selectively etching amorphous carbon with acid.
Background
Graphitized carbon materials have attracted attention in the fields of electronic devices, sensors, energy storage, and the like due to their unique structures and physicochemical properties. The template method, the electrostatic spinning technology and other technologies can make materials into nano-scale, and are widely used for preparing functional materials such as ordered mesoporous carbon, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube and the like. For example, high temperature calcination of electrospun polyacrylonitrile at 700 degrees may yield carbon nanofibers, but the resulting carbon is an amorphous carbon material. The catalyst (nickel, cobalt, iron, etc.) can catalyze the conversion of amorphous carbon into graphitized carbon to obtain the graphitized carbon. However, the effective catalytic range of the catalysts is amorphous carbon around 5 nanometers, the catalytic range is limited, the catalytic capability is fixed, and only the composite material of the amorphous carbon and the graphitized carbon can be finally obtained. Due to the existence of amorphous carbon, the conductivity and the like of the carbon material are reduced, and the application of the carbon material is influenced. Therefore, the development of a simple and low-cost graphitized carbon purification method is a difficult problem which is overcome by the efforts of numerous scientific researchers.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a low-cost purification method of graphitized carbon and application thereof, aiming at the problem that the existing amorphous carbon left in the graphitized carbon is difficult to separate.
The technical scheme adopted for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention provides a method for purifying graphitized carbon, which sequentially comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing an acid solution: preparing an acid solution with the concentration of 0.5-10 mol/L;
(2) compounding a carbon material and an acid: soaking the composite carbon in the acid solution prepared in the step (1) to obtain a composite carbon/acid solution, wherein the composite carbon accounts for 1-80% of the weight of the acid solution;
(3) high-temperature high-pressure treatment: reacting the composite carbon/acid solution obtained in the step (2) at high temperature and high pressure, and selectively etching the composite carbon by using acid to remove the amorphous carbon remained in the composite carbon to obtain graphitized carbon;
(4) cleaning and heat treatment: and (4) cleaning and heat treating the graphitized carbon obtained in the step (3) successively to remove oxidation functional groups on the surface of the graphitized carbon, thereby obtaining the pure graphitized carbon material.
Obtaining a graphitized carbon material, wherein 1) the graphitized carbon material can be directly used as a lithium ion battery cathode, a sodium ion battery cathode, a potassium ion battery cathode or a super capacitor electrode, and the reversible capacity of the battery electrode is 100-1500 mAh/g; the reversible capacity of the super capacitor is 50-200F/g; 2) a functional additive, which enhances the electrical function of plastics and obtains excellent electromagnetic shielding performance; 3) the prepared graphitized carbon material has a good adsorption effect on heavy metal ions in wastewater, wherein the adsorption capacity on lead ions can reach 50 mg/g, and the adsorption capacity on Hg (2+) can reach 600 mg/g.
The acid solution in the step (1) is mixed acid of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, wherein the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the hydrochloric acid to the sulfuric acid is as follows: 9-10: 0-0.5: 0 to 0.5.
The composite carbon in the step (2) refers to any carbon material consisting of amorphous carbon and graphitized carbon with no specific morphology and size.
The composite carbon in step (2) may also contain other acid-soluble metals or oxides, and a porous structure may be introduced into the purified graphitized carbon material by the purification process.
And (4) performing high-temperature high-pressure treatment in the step (3), wherein the temperature is 120-300 ℃, the pressure is 1-100 MPa, and the treatment time is 1-20 h.
The cleaning in the step (4) is to sequentially clean the glass substrate by using distilled water and 95% alcohol until the pH value is 6.5-7.0.
And (4) performing heat treatment in the step (4), wherein the heat treatment temperature is 500-1000 ℃, the heat treatment time is 0.5-1 h, and the vacuum degree is pumped to-100-1000 torr while introducing hydrogen/argon or hydrogen/nitrogen reducing gas in the heat treatment process.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the purification technology has the advantages of high efficiency, rapidness, high selectivity and the like, and the obtained carbon material has high graphitization purity, high conductivity, recycling, stable structure and strong external damage resistance.
(2) The method for purifying graphitized carbon reported by the invention is not limited by the morphology of the purification material and is not influenced by the size of the dimension of the purification material, and the finally obtained graphitized carbon material can be zero-dimensional particles, one-dimensional fibers or two-dimensional films and the like, and has high graphitization purity. If the purified material contains a material that is soluble in an acid, a porous structure can be introduced into the material by the purification process.
(3) The graphitized carbon material prepared by the method of the invention has wide application,
the lithium ion battery, the sodium ion battery, the potassium ion battery or the super capacitor and the like are assembled by being directly used as electrodes, and the lithium ion battery, the sodium ion battery, the potassium ion battery or the super capacitor and the like have the advantages of high energy density, good stability, long service life and the like;
can be used as a filler to enhance the electrical function of plastics and obtain excellent electromagnetic shielding performance;
the adsorbent can be directly used as an adsorbent, and has good adsorption effect on heavy metal ions in the wastewater.
(4) The method for purifying the graphite carbon has the advantages of simple technology, easy operation and large-scale preparation.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Example 1
1. Diluting concentrated nitric acid to prepare a 4 mol/L nitric acid solution;
2. soaking 10 mg of one-dimensional composite carbon fiber in 25 mL of 4 mol/L nitric acid solution;
3. transferring the solution obtained in the step 2 to a 50 mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 15 h at the temperature of 170 ℃, and cooling and filtering the reaction kettle to obtain one-dimensional graphite carbon fibers;
4. sequentially cleaning the obtained one-dimensional graphite carbon fiber with distilled water and 95% alcohol for 3 times, and drying the cleaned one-dimensional graphite carbon fiber with the pH value of 6.5;
5. carrying out heat treatment on the dried one-dimensional graphite carbon fiber for 30 min at 500 ℃ under the condition of introducing a hydrogen/argon mixed gas and vacuumizing to-100 torr of vacuum degree, and removing an oxidation functional group;
6. preparing a lithium ion electrode according to a conventional method: the prepared graphite carbon fiber is used as a working electrode, a lithium sheet is used as a counter electrode, Celgard 2400 is used as a diaphragm, and 1mol/L LiPF6in EC, DMC, EMC (1:1:1 volume ratio) as electrolyte, and preparing the button cell. The test voltage range is 0-3V. When the current density is 50 mA/g, the mass specific capacity is 900 mAh/g when the charge-discharge performance test is carried out.
Example 2
1. Diluting concentrated nitric acid to prepare 6 mol/L nitric acid solution;
2. soaking 10 mg of composite carbon nanofiber embedded with nickel particles in 20 mL of 6 mol/L nitric acid solution;
3. transferring the solution obtained in the step 2 to a 50 mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 12 h at the temperature of 150 ℃, and cooling and filtering the reaction kettle to obtain a hollow carbon nano material;
4. sequentially cleaning the obtained hollow carbon nano material with distilled water and 95% alcohol for 3 times, wherein the pH value is 6.8 after cleaning, and drying;
5. vacuumizing the dried hollow graphitized carbon nano material while introducing hydrogen/nitrogen mixed gas to 600 ℃ under the condition of vacuum degree of-200 torr, and carrying out heat treatment for 30 min to remove oxidation functional groups;
6. preparing a capacitor electrode according to a conventional method: the prepared hollow graphitized carbon nano material is used as a working electrode, Pt is used as a counter electrode, and an Hg/HgO electrode is used as a reference electrode to form a three-electrode system, and the three-electrode system is soaked in 2 mol/L N solution2SO4Or KOH, and assembled into a capacitor unit. The test voltage range is 0-0.9V. When sufficient electrical performance was tested at a current density of 500 mA/g, the specific capacitance was 85F/g.
Example 3
1. Diluting concentrated nitric acid to prepare 7 mol/L mixed acid, wherein the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the hydrochloric acid is 9.5: 0.5;
2. soaking a 10 mg two-dimensional composite carbon film in 25 mL of 7 mol/L mixed acid solution;
3. transferring the solution obtained in the step 2 to a 50 mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 10 h at 180 ℃, and cooling and filtering the reaction kettle to obtain a two-dimensional ultrathin graphitized carbon film;
4. sequentially cleaning the obtained two-dimensional ultrathin graphitized carbon film for 3 times by using distilled water and 95% alcohol, and drying the two-dimensional ultrathin graphitized carbon film with the pH value of 6.5 after cleaning;
5. performing heat treatment on the dried two-dimensional ultrathin graphitized carbon film at 700 ℃ for 30 min under the condition of introducing hydrogen/argon mixed gas and vacuumizing to the vacuum degree of-300 torr to remove impurity functional groups;
6. the prepared material is put into wastewater containing heavy metal ions, and the prepared two-dimensional ultrathin graphitized carbon film has a good adsorption effect on the heavy metal ions in the wastewater, wherein the adsorption capacity on lead ions can reach 50 mg/g, and the adsorption capacity on Hg (2+) can reach 500 mg/g.
Example 4
1. Diluting concentrated nitric acid to prepare 5 mol/L mixed acid, wherein the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the hydrochloric acid to the sulfuric acid is 9:0.5: 0.5;
2. 20 mg of composite carbon particles are soaked in 20 mL of 5 mol/L mixed acid solution;
3. transferring the solution obtained in the step 2 to a 50 mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 10 h at 160 ℃, and cooling and filtering the reaction kettle to obtain graphitized carbon particles;
4. sequentially cleaning the obtained graphitized carbon material for 3 times by using distilled water and 95% alcohol, and drying;
5. carrying out heat treatment on the dried graphitized carbon particles for 1h at 1000 ℃ under the condition of introducing hydrogen/argon mixed gas and vacuumizing to the vacuum degree of-500 torr to remove impurity functional groups;
6. the prepared graphitized carbon particle material is used as a potassium ion battery cathode material, and a potassium ion electrode is prepared according to a conventional method: the prepared graphitized carbon is used as a working electrode, a potassium sheet is used as a counter electrode, glass fiber is used as a diaphragm, and 1M KPF is used6in DME =100 Vol% as electrolyte, assembling the button cell. The test voltage range is 0-3V. When the current density is 0.1C and sufficient electrical property test is carried out, the specific mass capacity is 250 mAh/g.
Example 5
1. Diluting concentrated nitric acid to prepare 6 mol/L nitric acid solution;
2. soaking a 10 mg two-dimensional composite carbon film in 20 mL of 6 mol/L nitric acid solution;
3. transferring the solution obtained in the step 2 to a 50 mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 8 hours at the temperature of 200 ℃, and cooling and filtering the reaction kettle to obtain a two-dimensional graphitized carbon film;
4. sequentially cleaning the obtained two-dimensional graphitized carbon film for 3 times by using distilled water and 95% alcohol, and drying;
5. carrying out heat treatment on the dried two-dimensional graphitized carbon film for 1h at 1000 ℃ under the condition of introducing hydrogen/argon mixed gas and vacuumizing to the vacuum degree of-300 torr to remove impurity functional groups;
6. the prepared two-dimensional graphitized carbon is used as an additive, 10-15% of graphitized carbon is added and blended with plastic, and the electromagnetic shielding performance of the obtained plastic is 20-50 dB.
Claims (7)
1. A purification method of graphitized carbon is characterized in that:
(1) preparing an acid solution with the concentration of 0.5-10 mol/L;
(2) soaking the composite carbon in the acid solution prepared in the step (1) to obtain a composite carbon/acid solution, wherein the composite carbon accounts for 1-80% of the weight of the acid solution;
(3) high-temperature high-pressure treatment: reacting the composite carbon/acid solution obtained in the step (2) at high temperature and high pressure, and selectively etching the composite carbon by using acid to remove the amorphous carbon remained in the composite carbon to obtain graphitized carbon;
(4) cleaning and heat treatment: and (4) cleaning and heat treating the graphitized carbon obtained in the step (3) successively to remove oxidation functional groups on the surface of the graphitized carbon, thereby obtaining the pure graphitized carbon material.
2. The purification method of graphitized carbon according to claim 1, wherein the acid solution in the step (1) is a mixed acid of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, wherein the molar ratio of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid is: 9-10: 0-0.5: 0 to 0.5.
3. The purification method of graphitized carbon as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite carbon in the step (1) is any carbon material consisting of amorphous carbon and graphitized carbon with no specific morphology and size.
4. The purification method of graphitized carbon as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite carbon in the step (2) may contain other acid-soluble metal or oxide materials.
5. The purification method of graphitized carbon according to claim 1, wherein the high temperature and high pressure treatment in step (2) is performed at 120 to 300 ℃ and under 1 to 100 MPa for 1 to 20 hours.
6. The method for purifying graphitized carbon according to claim 1, wherein the washing in the step (4) is performed by sequentially washing with distilled water and 95% ethanol until the pH value is 6.5 to 7.0.
7. The graphitized carbon purification method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment in step (4) is performed at a temperature of 500-1000 ℃ for 0.5-1 h, and the vacuum is applied to a vacuum of-100-1000 torr while introducing a hydrogen/argon or hydrogen/nitrogen reducing gas.
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| CN103779110A (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-05-07 | 华南理工大学 | Preparation method of linear flexible full-carbon supercapacitor electrode and application thereof |
| CN105883748A (en) * | 2016-04-12 | 2016-08-24 | 湘潭大学 | Highly-graphitized carbon nanowire ball material and preparation method thereof |
| CN108091888A (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2018-05-29 | 湖南省银峰新能源有限公司 | A kind of method of modifying of carbon felt for vanadium redox battery electrode |
| CN108565131A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-09-21 | 中南大学 | A method of preparing N doping graphitized carbon |
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| CN103779110A (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-05-07 | 华南理工大学 | Preparation method of linear flexible full-carbon supercapacitor electrode and application thereof |
| CN105883748A (en) * | 2016-04-12 | 2016-08-24 | 湘潭大学 | Highly-graphitized carbon nanowire ball material and preparation method thereof |
| CN108091888A (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2018-05-29 | 湖南省银峰新能源有限公司 | A kind of method of modifying of carbon felt for vanadium redox battery electrode |
| CN108565131A (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2018-09-21 | 中南大学 | A method of preparing N doping graphitized carbon |
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