CN112190358A - Dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis - Google Patents
Dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis Download PDFInfo
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- CN112190358A CN112190358A CN202011102303.6A CN202011102303A CN112190358A CN 112190358 A CN112190358 A CN 112190358A CN 202011102303 A CN202011102303 A CN 202011102303A CN 112190358 A CN112190358 A CN 112190358A
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- 206010006326 Breath odour Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 208000032139 Halitosis Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 24
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005314 correlation function Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000000214 mouth Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011328 necessary treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000014151 Stomatognathic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006854 communication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004262 dental pulp cavity Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C19/00—Dental auxiliary appliances
- A61C19/06—Implements for therapeutic treatment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C1/00—Dental machines for boring or cutting ; General features of dental machines or apparatus, e.g. hand-piece design
- A61C1/08—Machine parts specially adapted for dentistry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
- G01N33/4975—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath other than oxygen, carbon dioxide or alcohol, e.g. organic vapours
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis, which solves the technical problem that the dental therapeutic apparatus cannot detect and display halitosis; the technical scheme that the display unit displays the halitosis better solves the problem and can be used for dental treatment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of dental treatment instruments, in particular to a dental treatment instrument for detecting halitosis.
Background
Dental instruments refer to a variety of small hand-held tools intended for use in dentistry and are internationally referred to as dental instruments. The dental medical instruments include dental handpieces, dental handpieces sterilizers, dental forceps, dental elevator, dental excavator and other surgical instruments, manual dental instruments, dental rotary instruments, dental injection instruments and root canal instruments. The dental medical department apparatus has a wide range and a plurality of production enterprises, and the corresponding international group ISO/TC106 SC4 is specially responsible for the standardization work in this aspect.
At present, all dental treatment instruments cannot detect halitosis in oral cavities, people cannot check the halitosis condition by themselves, doctors and patients cannot communicate intuitively in the communication process, and halitosis is one of the signs of dental diseases. Accordingly, the present invention provides a dental treatment apparatus capable of detecting and visually displaying halitosis in a human body.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of lack of oral halitosis detection in the prior art. A novel dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis is provided, which has a feature of being capable of detecting halitosis.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme is as follows:
a dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis comprises an odor sensor for detecting halitosis, wherein the odor sensor is connected with an MCU (microprogrammed control unit) which is connected with a display unit; the display unit displays the bad breath index.
Further, the odor sensor comprises a power supply control module, a positioner, a micro control chip, a signal transmission module and an odor detection sensor;
the power supply control module comprises a normally-open magnetic control switch, and when the power supply control module is not used, the normally-open magnetic control switch is arranged in a permanent magnetic field device in a specific magnetic field direction, the magnetic control switch is in a disconnected state, and a circuit is disconnected; when the odor sensor is used, the odor sensor is taken out of the permanent magnetic field device, the magnetic control switch is closed, and the odor sensor circuit is communicated to start working.
Further, a signal amplification unit is connected between the odor sensor and the MCU unit.
Furthermore, the signal amplifying unit comprises AN integrated circuit LM324, a pin 1 of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with a resistor R53 and a resistor R51, the other pin of the resistor R53 is connected with a W _ AN signal pin, the other pin of the resistor R51 is connected with a pin 2 of the integrated circuit LM324 and a resistor R52, and the other pin of the resistor R52 is grounded; the 3 rd pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with the capacitor C51 to the ground and is connected with the resistor R50, and the other pin of the resistor R50 is connected with the HV signal pin; the 4 th pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with a +12V power supply pin, and the +12V power supply pin is connected with a GND pin through a capacitor C50.
Further, the signal amplifying circuit comprises an integrated circuit LM321, wherein a 1 st pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is connected with a resistor R43 to a VS _ FB signal end in series; the 2 nd pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is grounded; the 3 rd pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is connected with the resistor R44 and the resistor R45 in parallel, the resistor R44 is grounded, and the resistor R45 is connected with the 4 th pin of the integrated circuit LM 321.
Further, a bad breath value processing unit for preprocessing the data of the smell sensor is arranged in the MCU unit, and the bad breath value processing unit executes the following steps:
step one, collecting a halitosis value corresponding to an odor sensor within time t, and generating a time sequence Zt；
Establishing a correlation function based on the halitosis value by utilizing the correlation between the abnormal symptoms and the halitosis value in the historical data as a symptom prediction algorithm;
step three, the preprocessed time sequence Zt′Inputting a disease prediction algorithm to obtain a disease prediction result.
Further, the disorder prediction algorithm comprises:
step 1, randomly selecting m multiplied by n normal disease halitosis values as samples besides the halitosis values corresponding to the abnormal diseases;
step 4, randomly constructing the calculated value difference into an Euler model according to a mode of m rows and n columns, wherein the Euler model is a directionless connected graph, the corresponding value difference is a vertex, and the vertex is connected with the vertex through an Euler edge;
step 5, adding virtual edges on the periphery of the array of the Euler model, converting the vertexes with odd degrees into the vertexes with even degrees, and constructing an Euler loop;
step 6, defining the higher priority of the difference value as a priority strategy, determining any vertex in the Euler loop as a search starting point, judging whether all adjacent edges of the starting point traverse according to the priority strategy, and determining the next adjacent vertex to pass through;
step 7, continuously repeating the step 6 until all edges are traversed, and recording the sequentially passed vertexes as a feasible solution, namely a testing path of halitosis value calculation;
step 8, judging the size of the top point with the largest difference value and a threshold value in the test path, defining that the test path is diseased if the difference value is larger than or equal to the threshold value, and outputting a disease warning result; and if the difference value is less than the threshold value, the disease is defined as no disease.
Further, the threshold is preset to be + -E by defining the dynamic error of the system1Pre-estimated residual error of + -E2Preset fault judgment threshold V ═ 2(| E)1|+|E2|)。
Further, defining the dynamic error of the system as ± E1Pre-estimated residual error of + -E2The fault decision unit is responsible for;
the fault decision unit comprises a user interface, a static database, a dynamic database, a knowledge base, an inference machine, a knowledge acquisition unit, a time sequence model identification unit, a time sequence predictor and a fault estimator; the user interface is connected with the inference engine, the static database and the knowledge acquisition unit in parallel, the inference engine is connected with the static database, the dynamic database and the knowledge base, and the knowledge acquisition unit is connected with the knowledge base; the static database is connected with the fault estimator and the time sequence model identification unit, and a time sequence predictor is connected between the fault estimator and the time sequence model identification unit.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention uses the odor sensor to be connected with the existing dental care and treatment products for use, so that the halitosis in the oral cavity can be detected simultaneously in the treatment or care process, and the user is reminded to do necessary treatment. Meanwhile, a halitosis value processing unit and a fault decision unit are adopted to effectively improve the detection and processing level of halitosis.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis in example 1.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a first signal amplifying circuit in embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a second signal amplifying circuit in embodiment 1.
Fig. 4, a schematic view of the odor sensor of example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis, as shown in fig. 1, the dental therapeutic apparatus capable of detecting halitosis comprises an odor sensor for detecting halitosis, the odor sensor is connected with an MCU unit, and the MCU unit is connected with a display unit; the display unit displays the bad breath index.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 4, the odor sensor comprises a power control module, a positioner, a micro control chip, a signal transmission module, and an odor detection sensor; the power supply control module comprises a normally-open magnetic control switch, and when the power supply control module is not used, the normally-open magnetic control switch is arranged in a permanent magnetic field device in a specific magnetic field direction, the magnetic control switch is in a disconnected state, and a circuit is disconnected; when in use, the odor sensor is taken out of the permanent magnetic field device, the magnetic control switch is closed, and the odor sensor circuit is communicated to start working
Preferably, for better transmission of the amplitude between the output of the odor sensor and the signal received by the MCU unit. And a signal amplification unit is connected between the odor sensor and the MCU unit.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, the first signal amplifying unit includes AN integrated circuit LM324, a first pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with a resistor R53 and a resistor R51, another pin of the resistor R53 is connected with a W _ AN signal pin, another pin of the resistor R51 is connected with a second pin of the integrated circuit LM324 and a resistor R52, and another pin of the resistor R52 is grounded; the 3 rd pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with the capacitor C51 to the ground and is connected with the resistor R50, and the other pin of the resistor R50 is connected with the HV signal pin; the 4 th pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with a +12V power supply pin, and the +12V power supply pin is connected with a GND pin through a capacitor C50.
Referring to fig. 3, the second signal amplifying circuit includes an integrated circuit LM321, a pin 1 of the integrated circuit LM321 is connected in series with a resistor R43 to the VS _ FB signal terminal; the 2 nd pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is grounded; the 3 rd pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is connected with the resistor R44 and the resistor R45 in parallel, the resistor R44 is grounded, and the resistor R45 is connected with the 4 th pin of the integrated circuit LM 321.
Preferably, a bad breath value processing unit for preprocessing the data of the smell sensor is arranged in the MCU unit, and the bad breath value processing unit executes the following steps:
step one, collecting a halitosis value corresponding to an odor sensor within time t, and generating a time sequence Zt；
Establishing a correlation function based on the halitosis value by utilizing the correlation between the abnormal symptoms and the halitosis value in the historical data as a symptom prediction algorithm;
step three, the preprocessed time sequence Zt′Inputting a disease prediction algorithm to obtain a disease prediction result.
Specifically, the disorder prediction algorithm includes:
step 1, randomly selecting m multiplied by n normal disease halitosis values as samples besides the halitosis values corresponding to the abnormal diseases;
step 4, randomly constructing the calculated value difference into an Euler model according to a mode of m rows and n columns, wherein the Euler model is a directionless connected graph, the corresponding value difference is a vertex, and the vertex is connected with the vertex through an Euler edge;
step 5, adding virtual edges on the periphery of the array of the Euler model, converting the vertexes with odd degrees into the vertexes with even degrees, and constructing an Euler loop;
step 6, defining the higher priority of the difference value as a priority strategy, determining any vertex in the Euler loop as a search starting point, judging whether all adjacent edges of the starting point traverse according to the priority strategy, and determining the next adjacent vertex to pass through;
step 7, continuously repeating the step 6 until all edges are traversed, and recording the sequentially passed vertexes as a feasible solution, namely a testing path of halitosis value calculation;
step 8, judging the size of the top point with the largest difference value and a threshold value in the test path, defining that the test path is diseased if the difference value is larger than or equal to the threshold value, and outputting a disease warning result; and if the difference value is less than the threshold value, the disease is defined as no disease.
Specifically, the threshold is preset to be + -E by defining the dynamic error of the system1Pre-estimated residual error of + -E2Preset fault judgment threshold V ═ 2(| E)1|+|E2|)。
In particular, the dynamic error of the system is defined as ± E1Pre-estimated residual error of + -E2The fault decision unit is responsible for;
the fault decision unit comprises a user interface, a static database, a dynamic database, a knowledge base, an inference machine, a knowledge acquisition unit, a time sequence model identification unit, a time sequence predictor and a fault estimator; the user interface is connected with the inference engine, the static database and the knowledge acquisition unit in parallel, the inference engine is connected with the static database, the dynamic database and the knowledge base, and the knowledge acquisition unit is connected with the knowledge base; the static database is connected with the fault estimator and the time sequence model identification unit, and a time sequence predictor is connected between the fault estimator and the time sequence model identification unit.
The odor sensor is used in the embodiment and connected with the existing dental care and treatment products, so that the halitosis in the oral cavity can be detected during the treatment or care process, and the user is reminded to do necessary treatment. Meanwhile, a halitosis value processing unit and a fault decision unit are adopted to effectively improve the detection and processing level of halitosis.
Because the fault decision unit has the functions of man-machine conversation and interpretation, some difficult faults can be satisfactorily solved under the simple intervention of operators, and the reliability of the fault diagnosis system is also improved.
Although the illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described above to enable those skilled in the art to understand the present invention, the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it is apparent to those skilled in the art that all the inventive concepts using the present invention are protected as long as they can be changed within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and defined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis, comprising: the dental therapeutic apparatus capable of detecting the ozostomia comprises an odor sensor for detecting the ozostomia, wherein the odor sensor is connected with an MCU (microprogrammed control unit), and the MCU is connected with a display unit; the display unit displays the bad breath index.
2. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 1, wherein: the odor sensor comprises a power supply control module, a positioner, a micro control chip, a signal transmission module and an odor detection sensor;
the power supply control module comprises a normally-open magnetic control switch, and when the power supply control module is not used, the normally-open magnetic control switch is arranged in a permanent magnetic field device in a specific magnetic field direction, the magnetic control switch is in a disconnected state, and a circuit is disconnected; when the odor sensor is used, the odor sensor is taken out of the permanent magnetic field device, the magnetic control switch is closed, and the odor sensor circuit is communicated to start working.
3. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 2, wherein: and a signal amplification unit is connected between the odor sensor and the MCU unit.
4. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 3, wherein: the signal amplification unit comprises AN integrated circuit LM324, a 1 st pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with a resistor R53 and a resistor R51, the other pin of the resistor R53 is connected with a W _ AN signal pin, the other pin of the resistor R51 is connected with a 2 nd pin of the integrated circuit LM324 and a resistor R52, and the other pin of the resistor R52 is grounded; the 3 rd pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with the capacitor C51 to the ground and is connected with the resistor R50, and the other pin of the resistor R50 is connected with the HV signal pin; the 4 th pin of the integrated circuit LM324 is connected with a +12V power supply pin, and the +12V power supply pin is connected with a GND pin through a capacitor C50.
5. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 3, wherein: the signal amplifying circuit comprises an integrated circuit LM321, wherein a 1 st pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is connected with a resistor R43 to a VS _ FB signal end in series; the 2 nd pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is grounded; the 3 rd pin of the integrated circuit LM321 is connected with the resistor R44 and the resistor R45 in parallel, the resistor R44 is grounded, and the resistor R45 is connected with the 4 th pin of the integrated circuit LM 321.
6. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 5, wherein: the MCU unit is internally provided with a halitosis value processing unit for preprocessing odor sensor data, and the halitosis value processing unit executes the following steps:
step one, collecting a halitosis value corresponding to an odor sensor within time t, and generating a time sequence Zt；
Establishing a correlation function based on the halitosis value by utilizing the correlation between the abnormal symptoms and the halitosis value in the historical data as a symptom prediction algorithm;
step three, the preprocessed time sequence Zt′Inputting a disease prediction algorithm to obtain a disease prediction result.
7. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 6, wherein: the disease prediction algorithm comprises:
step 1, randomly selecting m multiplied by n normal disease halitosis values as samples besides the halitosis values corresponding to the abnormal diseases;
step 2, calculating the difference value between the actual halitosis value and the sample halitosis value, and defining the difference value smaller than a preset threshold value as a short circuit sign;
step 4, randomly constructing the calculated value difference into an Euler model according to a mode of m rows and n columns, wherein the Euler model is a directionless connected graph, the corresponding value difference is a vertex, and the vertex is connected with the vertex through an Euler edge;
step 5, adding virtual edges on the periphery of the array of the Euler model, converting the vertexes with odd degrees into the vertexes with even degrees, and constructing an Euler loop;
step 6, defining the higher priority of the difference value as a priority strategy, determining any vertex in the Euler loop as a search starting point, judging whether all adjacent edges of the starting point traverse according to the priority strategy, and determining the next adjacent vertex to pass through;
step 7, continuously repeating the step 6 until all edges are traversed, and recording the sequentially passed vertexes as a feasible solution, namely a testing path of halitosis value calculation;
step 8, judging the size of the top point with the largest difference value and a threshold value in the test path, defining that the test path is diseased if the difference value is larger than or equal to the threshold value, and outputting a disease warning result; and if the difference value is less than the threshold value, the disease is defined as no disease.
8. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 7, wherein: the threshold value is preset to be +/-E through defining the dynamic error of the system1Pre-estimated residual error of + -E2Preset fault judgment threshold V ═ 2(| E)1|+|E2|)。
9. The dental treatment apparatus for detecting halitosis according to claim 8, wherein: defining the dynamic error of the system as + -E1Pre-estimated residual error of + -E2The fault decision unit is responsible for;
the fault decision unit comprises a user interface, a static database, a dynamic database, a knowledge base, an inference machine, a knowledge acquisition unit, a time sequence model identification unit, a time sequence predictor and a fault estimator; the user interface is connected with the inference engine, the static database and the knowledge acquisition unit in parallel, the inference engine is connected with the static database, the dynamic database and the knowledge base, and the knowledge acquisition unit is connected with the knowledge base; the static database is connected with the fault estimator and the time sequence model identification unit, and a time sequence predictor is connected between the fault estimator and the time sequence model identification unit.
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0528324U (en) * | 1991-09-13 | 1993-04-16 | シンワ測定株式会社 | Bad breath meter |
| KR20120004957U (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2012-07-09 | 강성일 | Toothbrush sterilizer with bad breath checker |
| FR3050923A1 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2017-11-10 | D & D | INTRA-MOBILE DEVICE |
| CN109493979A (en) * | 2018-10-23 | 2019-03-19 | 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 | A kind of disease forecasting method and apparatus based on intelligent decision |
| CN214761583U (en) * | 2020-10-15 | 2021-11-19 | 桂林市啄木鸟医疗器械有限公司 | Dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis |
-
2020
- 2020-10-15 CN CN202011102303.6A patent/CN112190358A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0528324U (en) * | 1991-09-13 | 1993-04-16 | シンワ測定株式会社 | Bad breath meter |
| KR20120004957U (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2012-07-09 | 강성일 | Toothbrush sterilizer with bad breath checker |
| FR3050923A1 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2017-11-10 | D & D | INTRA-MOBILE DEVICE |
| CN109493979A (en) * | 2018-10-23 | 2019-03-19 | 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 | A kind of disease forecasting method and apparatus based on intelligent decision |
| CN214761583U (en) * | 2020-10-15 | 2021-11-19 | 桂林市啄木鸟医疗器械有限公司 | Dental therapeutic apparatus for detecting halitosis |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 官伦: "《传感器检测技术及应用》", vol. 1, 28 February 2013, 重庆大学出版社, pages: 169 * |
| 熊瑞香 等: "《常用电话机电路分析与检修》", vol. 1, 31 May 1995, 人民邮电出版社, pages: 379 - 381 * |
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