CN112110953A - Phosphate compound, synthetic method and non-aqueous electrolyte thereof - Google Patents

Phosphate compound, synthetic method and non-aqueous electrolyte thereof Download PDF

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CN112110953A
CN112110953A CN202010356163.9A CN202010356163A CN112110953A CN 112110953 A CN112110953 A CN 112110953A CN 202010356163 A CN202010356163 A CN 202010356163A CN 112110953 A CN112110953 A CN 112110953A
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臧旭峰
夏会玲
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Huzhou University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Abstract

The invention relates to a phosphate compound, a synthesis method of the phosphate compound and a non-aqueous electrolyte thereof, wherein the main means for inhibiting the side reaction on the surface of an electrode comprises the steps of coating an electrode active material and adding an effective film-forming additive into the electrolyte so as to form a passivation film with enough thickness and density on the surface of the electrode, and the two means have the undoubtedly aims of preventing the electrolyte from contacting the surface of the electrode to gain and lose electrons and simultaneously preventing the surface of the electrode from being corroded by electrolyte decomposition byproducts. The phosphate compound of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the lithium salt is easy to prepare and purify, high in thermal stability and convenient to store, has strong compatibility with other components of electrolyte and other components in the battery, moderate viscosity, high dielectric constant and dissolubility, has certain wetting capacity, and has the functions of flame retardance and film formation on the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

Description

Phosphate compound, synthetic method and non-aqueous electrolyte thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a phosphate compound, a synthetic method of the phosphate compound and a non-aqueous electrolyte of the phosphate compound.
Background
At the end of the 20 th century, lithium ion secondary batteries have been successfully commercialized as an important invention in the field of energy, and are widely used in the field of batteries for consumer products such as notebook computers, mobile phones, wearable devices and the like, in the field of power batteries for buses, household automobiles, production vehicles and the like, and in the field of large-scale energy storage devices and military. As such, the nobel prize in 2019 was awarded by John b, Goodenough, m, Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino, three names "father of lithium batteries," to show their outstanding contributions. China also pays great attention to the development of lithium ion batteries. In recent years, a plurality of subsidy policies are greatly supported by the industry, and national strategic planning is also made to guide the healthy development of the industry. Under the stimulation of market and policy dividend, the lithium battery industry in China also shows a flourishing situation.
On one hand, the lithium battery industry makes a dramatic progress, but on the other hand, the development of the lithium battery industry is in bottleneck at present. The difficulties include how to ensure the safety of the battery while improving the energy density and prolonging the service life. Generally, increasing the charge cut-off voltage of a battery can not only increase the specific capacity of the material, but also increase the battery energy. Both of these parameters are improved to favor an increase in energy density. It is to be noted that side reactions inside the battery, particularly between the surface of the electrode active material and the electrolyte, are remarkably accelerated at high voltage. It is well known that the non-aqueous organic electrolyte currently commercialized consists of a lithium salt (e.g., lithium hexafluorophosphate), an organic solvent and an additive. Among them, the organic solvent includes linear carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), etc., and cyclic carbonates such as Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), etc. Additives include, for example, film-forming additives, flame retardant additives, anti-overcharge additives, and the like. In fact, the voltage window of organic solvents is limited. Under high voltage, electrons are easy to lose oxidation decomposition on the surface of the positive electrode, and electrons are easy to reduce decomposition on the surface of the negative electrode. The decomposition products produced include alkyllithium having poor lithium ion conductivity, lithium carbonate, polymer, and also gas causing cell swelling, etc. They increase the battery impedance, hinder the migration, extraction and intercalation of lithium ions, and ultimately lead to battery deterioration. In addition, the battery has higher energy and poorer safety under high voltage, and is more prone to thermal runaway, fire and even explosion. Considering that increasing the charge cut-off voltage of a battery is one of the important trends in the development of future lithium batteries, how to suppress the side reactions on the surface of the battery electrode at high voltage and improve the safety of the battery is an important subject of current academic research and practical application.
The main means for inhibiting the side reaction on the surface of the electrode comprises coating the electrode active material and adding effective film forming additives into the electrolyte so as to form a passivation film (a positive electrode surface solid electrolyte film, CEI and a negative electrode surface solid electrolyte film, SEI) with enough thickness and density on the surface of the electrode.
For example, in chinese patent No. CN 103594729B, the synergistic effect of three components, namely fluorine-containing lithium xanthimide, carbonate compound or sulfonate compound, and phosphate compound, is utilized to effectively improve the low-temperature discharge efficiency and high-temperature cycle stability of the battery. For example, CN201310343724.1 discloses a high voltage electrolyte, in which a mixture of fluoroether-containing additives and alkyl dinitrile additives is used to satisfy the requirement of battery cycling at high voltage and high temperature. In addition, as disclosed in CN106898817A, when applied to a lithium ion battery, a compound containing a silicon sulfate and/or a compound containing a silicon phosphate is used as an electrolyte film-forming additive, which can increase the capacity retention rate during the cycle. In addition, the safety of the battery is improved from the viewpoint of the electrolyte, and the main methods include the use of a flame retardant additive, the use of a flame retardant solvent, and the like. For example, Japanese patents JP1998228928A and JP1999233141A each disclose that the incombustibility of an electrolyte is improved by adding 5 to 100% of a phosphonate and/or phosphinate. Chinese patent CN201480040822.0 provides a solvent containing glycol diether and phosphazene, which makes the electrolyte have chemical stability capable of enduring charge and discharge of battery.
However, excessive use of additives in the electrolyte not only increases the cost, but also may cause side reactions. For example, too much film forming additive causes the thickness of the passivation film on the surface of the electrode to be too thick, which is not beneficial to the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions, and too much flame retardant causes the viscosity of the electrolyte to be large, the conductivity to be reduced, the lithium ion migration capacity to be reduced, and the like. Therefore, whether an additive with a composite function can be invented is capable of enhancing the flame retardance of the electrolyte and participating in the passive film on the surface of the electrode to effectively inhibit interface side reactions, and the target additive can be used as a flame retardant and a film forming additive.
Disclosure of Invention
An object of the present invention is to provide a phosphate ester compound having a structure as shown in fig. 1, wherein R is selected from one of phenyl, saturated alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, saturated haloalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms wherein at least a part of hydrogen atoms are substituted with halogen, and phenyl wherein at least a part of hydrogen atoms are substituted with halogen; said X1One selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a double bond and a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a triple bond, wherein X is2One selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a double bond and a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a triple bond.
In one embodiment of the present invention, R is one selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl, 1,1,1,3,3, 3-hexafluoroisopropyl, and fluorophenyl; said X1One selected from H, F, allyl and propargyl, wherein X is2One selected from H, F, allyl, and propargyl. Compound (I)
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for synthesizing a phosphate ester compound, which is capable of synthesizing the above phosphate ester compound:
the method comprises the following two steps:
the method comprises the following steps: in a solvent, carrying out Cl substitution reaction on phosphorus oxychloride and an alcohol compound containing an R functional group to obtain an intermediate, wherein the solvent is selected from at least one of ethers, saturated hydrocarbons, ketones, benzene and derivatives thereof, the reaction temperature is 0-70 ℃, the reaction time is 0.1-2 hours, and the molar ratio of the phosphorus oxychloride to the R alcohol is 1 (2-3.5); the dropping speed of the phosphorus oxychloride is 0.05-1 ml/s; the reaction formula is shown in figure 2.
Step two: in N2Under protection, in solvent, CCl4And Et3In N, through intermediates with X1、X2Secondary amines of radicals and H atomsPerforming substitution reaction on raw materials to obtain the phosphate compound, wherein the solvent is at least one of ethers, saturated hydrocarbons, ketones, benzene and derivatives thereof, the reaction temperature is 0-25 ℃, and the reaction time is 6-12 hours; the intermediate is secondary amine CCl4:Et3The molar ratio of N is 1:1.1:1.1: 1.1; the reaction formula is shown in figure 3.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the first step, the solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the second step, the solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing the above phosphate ester compound, further containing a functional additive, a fluorine-containing lithium salt and an organic solvent; the mass of the phosphate compound is 0.1-10 wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the functional additive comprises lithium difluorophosphate, and the mass of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.3-1.2 wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass of the functional additive is not more than 10wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass of the fluorine-containing lithium salt accounts for 8-18 wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass of the organic solvent accounts for 75-92 wt% of the total mass of the electrolyte. .
As one embodiment of the present invention, the functional additive is selected from at least one of a film forming agent, an overcharge preventing additive, a flame retarding additive, a conductive additive, and an anti-stress additive.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the functional additive is selected from at least one of sulfite, sulfoxide, sulfonate, halocarbonate, halocarboxylate, halophosphate, borate and benzene and derivatives thereof.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the functional additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, vinylene sulfate, vinyl sulfate, fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propylene sultone, butanesultone, adiponitrile, succinonitrile, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) ethane, and 1,3, 6-hexanetrinitrile.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the lithium salt containing fluorine is selected from LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)、LiB(C2O4)2、LiBF2(C2O4) And Li2B12F12At least one of (1).
As an embodiment of the present invention, the organic solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates, linear carbonates, carboxylates, sulfites, sulfonates, sulfones, ethers, fluoroethers, organosilicon compounds, nitriles, aromatic hydrocarbons, ionic liquids, and cyclic phosphazene compounds.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the organic solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propyl methyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, γ -butyrolactone, γ -valerolactone, fluorobenzene, toluene, xylene, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TFETFP)
The invention also provides a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion battery which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a diaphragm and the non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode material is selected from lithium transition metal oxides, and the positive electrode material is selected from at least one of lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxides, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxides, lithium manganese nickel composite oxides, olivine lithium iron phosphorus oxides, lithium cobalt oxides and lithium manganese oxides.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the negative electrode material is selected from at least one of graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, amorphous carbon, lithium titanium oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, silicon-based material, tin-based material, and transition metal oxide; the graphite comprises artificial graphite and natural graphite; the amorphous carbon includes hard carbon and soft carbon.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the separator is selected from a polyolefin melt-drawn separator, and the separator base material is selected from at least one of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), polyvinylidene fluoride, aramid, and polyamide. The polyolefin melt-drawn membrane is at least one selected from a polypropylene single-layer membrane or a polyethylene single-layer membrane and a polypropylene/polyethylene and polypropylene three-layer composite membrane.
The structure of the lithium ion battery is selected from any one of a button battery, a soft package, an aluminum shell, a steel shell, a plastic shell and a cylinder 18650 type.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
the phosphate compound of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the lithium salt is easy to prepare and purify, high in thermal stability and convenient to store, has strong compatibility with other components of electrolyte and other components in the battery, moderate viscosity, high dielectric constant and dissolubility, has certain wetting capacity, and has the functions of flame retardance and film formation on the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
The non-aqueous electrolyte protected by the invention simultaneously comprises the phosphate compound and the lithium difluorophosphate, and the phosphate compound and the lithium difluorophosphate can exert a synergistic effect, so that the side reaction on the surface of the battery electrode can be more effectively inhibited, and the cycle life can be prolonged.
The battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte disclosed by the invention has the advantage that the open-circuit voltage of the battery is more than or equal to 4.4 Vvs+The electrode/electrolyte interface of the lithium ion battery is effectively improved, so that the surface film of the electrode is stabilized, side reactions are reduced, the stability of the battery at high temperature and high voltage is improved, and the cycling stability of the battery is improved; the safety performance of the battery is also improved at the same time.
Detailed Description
The following specific examples describe the present invention in detail, however, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1:
synthesis of a as shown in fig. 4: 50 ml of anhydrous ether and 32 g (2.4 mol) of methanol (32 g/mol) are added into a reaction vessel, the reactor is placed in an ice bath and stirred for 15 minutes, 184 g (1.2 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride (153 g/mol) is dripped into the reactor at the speed of 0.05 ml/s through a constant pressure dropping funnel, after 2 hours of reaction, the reaction liquid is decompressed and distilled to obtain a crude product of an intermediate of the reaction liquid (the purity is more than 95%, and the crude product is further purified after the next reaction, so the accurate yield of the step is not counted, and the following steps are the same). Then, 102 g (about 0.93 mol) of the crude product of intermediate (110 g/mol) were transferred to a reaction vessel, 200 ml of THF and 158 g (1.03 mol) of CCl were added4(153.8 g/mol), the reaction temperature was controlled to 0 ℃ and the reaction was allowed to stand at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, 103 g (1.03 mol) Et were slowly injected3A mixture of N (101 g/mol), 58 g (1.03 mol) of allylamine (57 g/mol) and 50 ml of THF was reacted for 12 hours, and then the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure by filtration and then distilled under reduced pressure to obtain 112 g (0.68 mol) of pure desired product A (165 g/mol) in 56.6% yield in two steps.
Preparation of nonaqueous electrolyte: in a glove box which is filled with inert argon for protection and has the water content less than or equal to 5ppm, preparing EC, EMC and LiPF6:A:LiPO2F259.5wt% to 12wt% to 3wt% to 0.5wt% of nonaqueous electrolytic solution. Firstly, uniformly mixing organic solvents EC and EMC with corresponding mass, sealing, putting the mixture into a self-contained refrigerator in a glove box, cooling the mixture to about 8 ℃, and adding LiPF in batches in small quantities for multiple times6(can be added while slightly shaking to help dissolve), adding additive A and LiPO after fully dissolving2F2And uniformly mixing to obtain the required nonaqueous lithium ion battery electrolyte.
2 Ah winding of the aluminum plastic film soft package lithium ion battery: the positive electrode material adopts LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.5O2(NCM 523), the negative electrode uses artificial graphite, and the diaphragm uses a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer composite diaphragm.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the soft package battery is charged and discharged in a voltage range of 3.0-4.4V at the ambient temperature of 25 +/-2 ℃. The charging mode is a constant current charging-constant voltage charging mode, namely, constant current charging is firstly carried out to 4.4V under the multiplying power of 1C, and then constant voltage charging of 4.4V is kept until the current is reduced to 0.1C. The discharge mode is constant current discharge, namely constant current discharge to 3.0V at the multiplying power of 1C. Under the charge-discharge system, the normal temperature and 45 ℃ cycle test is completed, and the expansion rate and the capacity retention rate of the battery cell are recorded. Another test was to observe the cell swell rate and capacity retention rate of a battery that was just fully charged when stored at 60 ℃ for 10 days.
Example 2:
synthesis of B as shown in fig. 5: 96 g (3 mol) of methanol (32 g/mol) is added into a reaction vessel, the reaction temperature is controlled in a way that the methanol can be slowly refluxed (about 65 ℃) and stirred for 15 minutes, 131 g (0.86 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride is dripped into the reaction vessel at a speed of 0.5 ml/s through a flow meter control, after 1 hour of reaction, the reaction liquid is concentrated, and then crude products (purity more than 98%) of intermediates of the reaction liquid are obtained through reduced pressure distillation. Then, 83 g (about 0.76 mol) of the crude intermediate (110 g/mol) were transferred to a reaction vessel, and 150 ml of THF and 129 g (0.84 mol) of CCl were added4Controlling the reaction temperature at 15 ℃ and keeping the reaction at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, and slowly pouring 85 g (0.84 mol) Et3A mixture of N (101 g/mol), 46 g (0.84 mol) propargylamine (55 g/mol) and 40 ml of THF was reacted for 6 hours, and then the reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and then distilled under reduced pressure to give 103 g (0.63 mol) of the pure target product B (163 g/mol) in 73.1% yield in two steps.
Non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6:B:LiPO2F261wt% to 12wt% to 1wt% of nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Example 3:
synthesis of figure 6, C: 276 g (6 mol) of ethanol (46 g/mol) were added to the reaction vessel, and the reaction temperature was controlled at 70 ℃ with stirring for 15 minutes by passing through a constant pressure306 g (2 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride is dripped into the reactor by a dropping funnel at the speed of 1ml/s, after 0.1 hour of reaction, the reaction liquid is concentrated and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product (with the purity of more than 98%) of an intermediate product. 248 g (ca. 1.8 mol) of the crude product of intermediate (138 g/mol) were then transferred to a reaction vessel, 400 ml of acetone and 305 g (1.98 mol) of CCl were added4Controlling the reaction temperature at 25 ℃ and keeping the reaction at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, slowly pouring 200 g (1.98 mol) Et3A mixture of N, 192 g (1.98 mol) of dipropargylamine (97 g/mol) and 200 ml of acetone was reacted for 8 hours, and then the reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated, followed by distillation under reduced pressure to obtain 356 g (1.53 mol) of pure target product C (233 g/mol) in a yield of 76.5% in two steps.
Non-aqueous electrolyte:
preparing EC EMC LiPF6:LiFSI:C:LiPO2F260wt% to 12wt% to 1wt% to 1.5wt% to 0.5wt% of nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Example 4:
in FIG. 7, synthesis of D: 276 g (6 mol) of ethanol (46 g/mol) is added into a reaction vessel, the reaction temperature is controlled at 45 ℃, the mixture is stirred for 15 minutes, 367 g (2.4 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride is dripped into the reactor through a constant pressure dropping funnel at the speed of 1ml/s, and after 0.1 hour of reaction, the reaction solution is concentrated and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product (with the purity of more than 97%) of an intermediate product. 265 g (about 1.92 mol) of the crude intermediate (138 g/mol) were then transferred to a reaction vessel, 450 ml of diethyl ether and 325 g (2.11 mol) of CCl were added4Controlling the reaction temperature at 25 ℃ and keeping the reaction at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, 213 g (2.11 mol) Et were slowly injected3A mixture of N, 196 g (2.11 mol) of dipropargylamine (93 g/mol) and 200 ml of diethyl ether was reacted for 10 hours, and then the reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain 378 g (1.65 mol) of pure desired product D (229 g/mol) in a yield of 68.8% in two steps.
Non-aqueous electrolyte: preparation EC:EMC:LiPF6:D:LiPO2F261wt% to 12wt% to 0.5wt% to 1.5wt% of nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Example 5:
in FIG. 8, synthesis of E: 276 g (6 mol) of ethanol (46 g/mol) is added into a reaction vessel, the reaction temperature is controlled at 25 ℃, the mixture is stirred for 15 minutes, 306 g (2 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride is dripped into the reactor through a constant pressure dropping funnel at the speed of 0.2 ml/s, after 1.5 hours of reaction, the reaction solution is concentrated and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product (purity is more than 97%) of an intermediate product. 207 g (ca. 1.5 mol) of the crude intermediate (138 g/mol) were then transferred to a reaction vessel, 350 ml of THF and 339 g (2.2 mol) of CCl were added4Controlling the reaction temperature at 25 ℃ and keeping the reaction at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, and slowly pouring 222 g (2.2 mol) Et3A mixture of N, 165 g (2.2 mol) of fluoroallylamine (75 g/mol) and 150 ml of THF was reacted for 9.4 hours, and then the reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and then distilled under reduced pressure to give 254 g (1.2 mol) of pure desired product E (211 g/mol) in a yield of 60.0% in two steps.
Non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6:E:LiPO2F2DTD =25wt% of VC, 59.7wt% of VC, 0.1wt% of VC, 1.2wt% of VC, 1wt% of VC and 1wt% of non-aqueous electrolyte.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Example 6:
in FIG. 9, synthesis of F: 400 g (4 mol) of 2,2, 2-trifluoroethanol (100 g/mol) was charged into a reaction vessel, and the reaction temperature was controlled at 70 ℃ and stirred for 15 minutes, 191 g (1.25 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride was dropped into the reactor at a rate of 0.8 ml/s through a constant pressure dropping funnel, and after 0.4 hour of reaction, the reaction solution was concentrated and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product (purity 93% or more) of an intermediate thereof. Then 276 g (ca. 1.13 mol) of the crude product of intermediate (246 g/mol) were transferred to the reaction vessel and 280 ml THF were addedAnd 191 g (1.24 mol) of CCl4Controlling the reaction temperature to be 0 ℃ and enabling the reaction to be at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, slowly pouring 125 g (1.24 mol) Et3A mixture of N, 93 g (1.24 mol) of fluoroallylamine (75 g/mol) and 90 ml of THF was reacted for 10.8 hours, and then the reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain 313 g (0.98 mol) of pure desired product F (319 g/mol), which was 78.3% in two steps.
Non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6:F:LiPO2F249.7wt% to 15wt% to 10wt% to 0.3wt% of nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the combustion performance of the electrolyte: the self-extinguishing time test of the combustion electrolyte was completed.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the safety performance of the battery: and (3) completing the overcharge test of the empty battery 3C5V, completing the hot box test of the full battery at 130 ℃ for 30 minutes, and completing the external short circuit test of the full battery.
Example 7:
in FIG. 10, synthesis of G: 400 ml of toluene and 200 g (2 mol) of phenol (100 g/mol) were charged into a reaction vessel, and the reaction temperature was controlled at 50 ℃ and stirred for 15 minutes, 99 g (0.65 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride was dropped into the reactor at a rate of 0.3 ml/s through a constant pressure dropping funnel, and after 1.7 hours of reaction, the reaction solution was concentrated and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product (purity 95% or more) of an intermediate thereof. Then, 126 g (about 0.54 mol) of the crude product of intermediate (234 g/mol) were transferred to a reaction vessel, and 100 ml of toluene and 110 g (0.72 mol) of CCl were added4Controlling the reaction temperature to be 0 ℃ and enabling the reaction to be at N2Stirring for 15 min under protection, slowly pouring 73 g (0.72 mol) Et3A mixture of N, 54G (0.72 mol) of fluoroallylamine (75G/mol) and 50 ml of toluene was reacted for 6.6 hours, and then the reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated, and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain 154G (0.50 mol) of the pure desired product G (307G/mol), with a yield of 76.4% in two steps.
Non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6:G:LiPO2F252.5wt% 15wt% 7wt% 0.5wt% nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the combustion performance of the electrolyte: the same as in example 6.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the safety performance of the battery: the same as in example 6.
Example 8:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC, PC, EP, PP and LiPF6:LiDFOB:A:LiPO2F2HTCN =15wt%, 10wt%, 43wt%, 12wt%, 0.5wt%, 1.3wt%, 0.7wt%, 6.5wt%, and 1wt% of a nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
2 Ah winding of the aluminum plastic film soft package lithium ion battery: the positive electrode material adopts LiCoO2(LCO), the negative electrode uses artificial graphite, and the diaphragm uses a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer composite diaphragm.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Example 9:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC, PC, EP, TFETFP and LiPF6:LiDFOB:B:LiPO2F2HTCN =15wt%, 10wt%, 38wt%, 5wt%, 12wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 6.5wt%, and 1wt% of non-aqueous electrolyte.
2 Ah winding of the aluminum plastic film soft package lithium ion battery: the same as in example 8.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Electrolyte and battery performance comparison
Comparative example a, synthesis procedure one for compound a:
the charge in step one was the same as in example 1, except that the dropping rate of phosphorus oxychloride was changed to 1.2 ml/s, and the reaction time was not changed to obtain 73 g (about 0.67 mol) of an intermediate crude product of similar purity.
Comparative example b, synthesis procedure one for compound a:
the charge in step one was the same as in example 1, the dropping rate of phosphorus oxychloride was the same, except that the reaction time was extended to 4 hours to obtain 78 g (about 0.71 mol) of the intermediate crude product of similar purity.
Comparative example c, synthesis procedure one for compound a:
the batch charge in step one was the same as in example 1, the dropping rate of phosphorus oxychloride and the reaction time were the same, except that the reaction temperature was reduced to-10 ℃ to obtain 84 g (about 0.77 mol) of an intermediate crude product of similar purity.
Comparative example d, synthesis procedure one for compound a:
the same procedure as in example 1 was repeated except that the amount of phosphorus oxychloride added in the first step was changed to 153 g (2.4 mol), to obtain 184 g (about 1.68 mol) of an intermediate crude product of similar purity (lower actual yield than in example 1).
Through the above comparative examples, it can be found that the introduction rate, reaction temperature, reaction time and charge ratio of phosphorus oxychloride in the first step all have an influence on the yield, and unreasonable reaction conditions can lead to an increase in the production of trimethyl phosphate as a by-product. The optimum reaction conditions for the reaction are as described in the claims.
Comparative example e, synthesis step two for compound a:
in the second step, the reaction temperature was changed to 60 ℃ without changing the reaction time, as in example 1, except that 61 g (0.37 mol) of the target product A was obtained.
Comparative example f, synthesis step two for compound a:
in the second step, the feeding was the same as in example 1, the reaction temperature was not changed, and the reaction time was changed to 24 hours, to obtain 118 g (0.72 mol) of the target product A.
Comparative example g, synthesis step two for compound a:
the material feeding amount in the second step is changed into 286 g (1.86 mol) CCl4、188 g (1.86 mol) Et3N and 106 g (1.86 mol) of allylamine (57 g/mol), the other conditions and operation were the same as in example 1 to obtain 122 g (0.74 mol) of the objective product A.
Through the comparison examples, it can be found that in the second step, the improvement of the yield by increasing the reaction temperature, prolonging the reaction time and increasing the feeding ratio is less helpful, but the material waste and the energy consumption are increased, and the optimal reaction condition range of the reaction is as described in the claims.
(II) electrolyte and Battery Performance comparison
Comparative example 1:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF663wt% and 12wt% of nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6A =25wt%, 60wt%, 12wt%, and 3wt% of a nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 3:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6:LiPO2F262.5wt% 12wt% 0.5wt% nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 4:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6VC, DTD =25wt%, 61wt%, 12wt%, 1wt% and 1wt% of nonaqueous electrolyte.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 5:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC EMC LiPF6:LiPO2F259.7wt% and 15wt% of non-aqueous electrolyte, 0.3 wt%.
Manufacturing a battery: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the combustion performance of the electrolyte: the same as in example 6.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
And (3) testing the safety performance of the battery: the same as in example 6.
Comparative example 6:
non-aqueous electrolyte: preparing EC, PC, EP, PP and LiPF6The nonaqueous electrolyte solution comprises LiDFOB, FEC, HTCN =15wt%, 10wt%, 45wt%, 12wt%, 0.5wt%, 6.5wt% and 1 wt%.
2 Ah winding of the aluminum plastic film soft package lithium ion battery: the same as in example 8.
And (3) testing the battery performance: the same as in example 1.
FIG. 11 results of electrical property tests of batteries of examples and comparative examples:
as is apparent from the above data, the phosphate ester additive and LiPO of the present invention were used in the voltage operating range of 3.0-4.4V2F2Can obviously improve the cycling stability of the battery at normal temperature and 45 ℃, improve the capacity retention rate and inhibit the expansion rate of the battery. The battery performance of comparative example 1 was the worst among all the schemes because no effective functional additive was used. This, as well, can be seen by observing comparative examples 2 and 3, using the phosphate ester additive and LiPO2F2The electrical properties can be significantly improved. Of course, example 1, in which both additives were used simultaneously, was more prominent than those of comparative examples 2 and 3, and the effect and necessity of using both additives simultaneously were also demonstrated. Of course, examples 2,3 and 4 can also be optimized and adjusted for their resulting effect by changing the structure of the phosphate ester additive of the present invention. Example 5 attempts to use the functional additive with more other functional additives to exert more excellent stable battery performance. The cycle curves of example 3 and comparative example 1 are shown in FIG. 12.
FIG. 12 circulation curves for example 3 and comparative example 1
Additionally, examples 8 and 9 attempted application in LCO positive electrode systems. It is worth noting that different battery systems, different electrolyte solvent systems and additional additive systems are used in the present invention to achieve better matching. Examples 8 and 9 used the phosphate ester and LiPO compared with comparative example 62F2The battery performance is further optimized. Of example 9 and comparative example 6The cycling profile is shown in figure 13.
FIG. 14 circulation curves of example 9 and comparative example 6
From the above data, it is apparent that the flame retardant performance of the nonaqueous electrolyte can be improved by adding the phosphate ester compound of the present invention to the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the safety performance of the battery can be further improved. However, it is also necessary to note that too much use of the additive may also deteriorate other electrical properties of the battery, while too little use may not provide a desirable effect.

Claims (12)

1. A phosphate compound characterized by: the structure of the phosphate compound is as follows:
Figure FDA0002473550180000011
wherein R is one selected from the group consisting of a phenyl group, a saturated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a saturated haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms wherein at least a part of hydrogen atoms are substituted with a halogen, and a phenyl group wherein at least a part of hydrogen atoms are substituted with a halogen; said X1One selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a double bond and a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a triple bond, wherein X is2One selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a double bond and a C1-4 hydrocarbon group having a triple bond.
2. The phosphate compound according to claim 1, characterized in that: r is selected from one of methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl, 1,1,1,3,3, 3-hexafluoroisopropyl and fluorophenyl; said X1One selected from H, F, allyl and propargyl, wherein X is2One selected from H, F, allyl, and propargyl.
3. A method for synthesizing the phosphate ester compound according to claim 1 or 2, wherein:
the method comprises the following two steps:
the method comprises the following steps: in a solvent, carrying out Cl substitution reaction on phosphorus oxychloride and an alcohol compound containing an R functional group to obtain an intermediate, wherein the solvent is selected from at least one of ethers, saturated hydrocarbons, ketones, benzene and derivatives thereof, the reaction temperature is selected from 0-70 ℃, the reaction time is selected from 0.1-2 hours, and the molar ratio of the phosphorus oxychloride to the R alcohol is 1 (2-3.5); the dropping speed of the phosphorus oxychloride is 0.05-1 ml/s; the reaction formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0002473550180000012
step two: in N2Under protection, in solvent, CCl4And Et3In N, through intermediates with X1、X2Performing substitution reaction on a group and a secondary amine raw material of an H atom to obtain the phosphate compound, wherein the solvent is at least one of ethers, saturated hydrocarbons, ketones, benzene and derivatives thereof, the reaction temperature is 0-25 ℃, and the reaction time is 6-12 hours; the intermediate is secondary amine CCl4:Et3The molar ratio of N is 1:1.1:1.1: 1.1; the reaction formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0002473550180000013
4. the method for synthesizing a phosphate ester compound according to claim 3, wherein: in the first step, the solvent is at least one selected from n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether.
5. The method for synthesizing a phosphate ester compound according to claim 3, wherein: in the second step, the solvent is at least one selected from n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether.
6. A nonaqueous electrolytic solution characterized by: the nonaqueous electrolytic solution contains the phosphate ester compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, and further contains a functional additive, a fluorine-containing lithium salt, and an organic solvent; the mass of the phosphate compound is 0.1-10 wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the functional additive comprises lithium difluorophosphate, and the mass of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.3-1.2 wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass of the functional additive is not more than 10wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass of the fluorine-containing lithium salt accounts for 8-18 wt% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte; the mass of the organic solvent accounts for 75-92 wt% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
7. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 6, wherein: the functional additive is at least one of film forming agent, anti-overcharging additive, flame retardant additive, conductive additive and high pressure resistant additive.
8. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 6, wherein: the functional additive is selected from at least one of sulfite, sulfoxide, sulfonate, halogenated carbonate, halogenated carboxylate, halogenated phosphate, borate and benzene and derivatives thereof.
9. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 6, wherein: the functional additive is at least one selected from vinylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, vinylene sulfate, vinyl sulfate, fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propylene sultone, butane sultone, adiponitrile, succinonitrile, 1, 2-bis (2-cyanoethoxy) ethane and 1,3, 6-hexanetrinitrile.
10. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 6, wherein: the fluorine-containing lithium salt is LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)、LiB(C2O4)2、LiBF2(C2O4) And Li2B12F12At least one of (1).
11. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 6, wherein: the organic solvent is at least one selected from cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, carboxylate, sulfite, sulfonate, sulfone, ether, fluoroether, organosilicon compound, nitrile, aromatic hydrocarbon, ionic liquid and cyclic phosphazene compound.
12. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 6 or 11, wherein: the organic solvent is selected from at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, fluorobenzene, toluene, xylene, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TFETFP).
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