CN112103743B - Method for improving terminal connection mode of superconducting cable - Google Patents
Method for improving terminal connection mode of superconducting cable Download PDFInfo
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- CN112103743B CN112103743B CN202010798236.XA CN202010798236A CN112103743B CN 112103743 B CN112103743 B CN 112103743B CN 202010798236 A CN202010798236 A CN 202010798236A CN 112103743 B CN112103743 B CN 112103743B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving a terminal connection mode of a superconducting cable, which is used for connecting the tail end of a superconducting cable body and a current lead and can effectively reduce the problem that a superconducting tape quenches and further a system is instable at the terminal connection position of the superconducting cable due to local heating. The invention has certain superiority in the aspects of processing technology difficulty and operability, and can effectively avoid the damage of high temperature to the superconducting strip in welding. Firstly, determining the structure of a superconducting cable, giving out structural parameters, and determining the size of a circular copper disc with a central through hole according to the outer diameter of a superconducting layer of the cable; meanwhile, the size of the copper plate is determined by the rated current of the system, and the current-carrying capacity of the copper plate is calculated by Joule's law. The connection scheme can also be derived, for example, the copper disc is replaced by a copper pipe, so that the space occupied by the connection position can be reduced, and the connection scheme has certain reference value under special conditions (such as the condition that an insulating layer needs to be added during high-pressure operation).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of low-temperature superconductivity, in particular to a method for improving a terminal connection mode of a superconducting cable.
Background
The superconducting cable has various superior properties such as low weight, small volume, zero loss, low voltage, and the like. At present, the superconducting tape and the current lead are welded together by directly using indium-based solder with low melting point. This conventional welding method works well in theory, but has a great difficulty in practical operation. The reason is that the indium solder has poor phase property with copper, the difficulty is high when the indium solder is directly adopted between the superconducting strip and the current lead for welding, and the large-area large-scale welding of the end of the superconducting cable is difficult to directly weld, so that a large-scale welding cavity is easy to appear. The existence of the cavity reduces the welding contact area, the contact resistance is increased, and the joule heat generated by the contact resistance at the connecting part can quench the superconducting cable at the contact part when the large current passes through, so that the system is unstable. Therefore, there is a need to improve the connection between the terminal of the superconducting cable and the current lead.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to reduce the process difficulty when a superconducting tape is connected with a current lead, solve the problem of heat generation at the connection part in the connection state of a superconducting cable, and provide a method for improving the terminal connection mode of the superconducting cable.
The purpose of the invention can be achieved by adopting the following technical scheme:
a method of improving a connection mode of a superconducting cable terminal including a superconducting cable body, a current lead, and a terminal body, the method comprising the steps of:
s1, the superconducting tape wound on the superconducting cable body and used as a current carrier is naturally unfolded along the winding spiral;
s2, selecting a perforated disc with a certain radius and thickness as an intermediate connecting platform between the current lead and the cable body, and enabling the cable body to penetrate through a central circular hole of the perforated disc;
s3, using the center of the perforated disc as a circle center, adopting solder Sn37Pb63 to preweld 20 surfaces on the perforated disc according to equal radius and equal central angle, and using the surfaces as welding surfaces connected with the superconducting tape, wherein a mould is used for controlling the welding shape and the welding area of each surface during welding;
s4, putting the end of each superconducting tape on the corresponding welding point, and using indium-based solder Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5The superconducting tape is bonded with the solder Sn in the step S337Pb63The formed welding surface is welded to obtain Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5And Sn37Pb63A composite welding surface for connecting the superconducting strip with the intermediate platform;
s5, evaluating the contact state of the superconducting tape and the perforated disc welding part in an experimental mode, obtaining the superconducting tape current distribution and the welding part temperature rise conditions through the low-temperature current acquisition platform and the low-temperature measurement platform, and re-welding or repair welding the poor welding condition part; if the integral temperature of the welding point is higher than-192 ℃, the welding point is 5mm2And gradually increasing the welding area for step length until the temperature of each welding part is lower than-192 ℃, namely the contact condition of the welding part is considered to be good, and the welding requirement is met.
Further, the perforated disc is a copper disc.
Further, the disc with the holes is used as a middle connecting part between the superconducting cable body and the current lead, and the rated current-carrying capacity of the terminal body needs to meet the following conditions under the rated working condition of the superconducting cable terminal:
2πr1·d≤A≤2πr2·d
J·A≥n·I0
wherein A is the area of the disc with holes and the unit is mm2(ii) a R is the radius of the disc with holes and is in mm; r is1The maximum radius of a welding surface formed at the welding position of the superconducting strip and the disc with the hole is in mm; r is2The radius of the circumference formed by a welding point of a current lead on the copper disc is unit mm; j is the safe current-carrying capacity of the disc copper with holes soaked in liquid nitrogen, unit A/mm2(ii) a n is the number of superconductive tapes, I0The current flowing through each superconducting tape is represented by unit A; d is the thickness of the perforated disc in mm.
Further, in step S3, the welding area determines a contact state between the superconducting tape and the disc with the hole, the finite element software Comsol is used to simulate a heating condition of a welding point of the superconducting cable terminal immersed in liquid nitrogen, and the welding states under different welding areas are classified by solving the heating values of the welding point under different welding area sizes: (1) poor contact: the welding area is less than 10mm2And (2) contacting generally: welding area is 10mm2-20mm2(3) good contact: the welding area is 20mm2-40mm2And (4) excellent contact: the welding area is more than 40mm2。
Further, in the step S4, the curvature of the uncoiled portion of the superconducting tape should be smaller than the critical curvature of the superconducting tape.
Further, in the step S4, soldering is performed by low temperature soldering while controlling the soldering temperature at 100-51Bi32.5Sn16.5And solder Sn37Pb63The composite solder is formed by double-layer welding, and the areas of the two layers are consistent.
Further, in step S5, the contact condition between the superconducting tape and the perforated disk is positively correlated to the contact resistance, that is, the contact resistance of the good contact part is small, and the contact resistance of the bad contact part is large, which can be obtained according to the parallel current distribution rule:
wherein, IfContact point current for poor contact state, InfThe contact point current is good, n is the number of superconductive tapes, m is the number of tapes with good contact, RfContact resistance, R, at a portion of poor contactnfThe contact resistance of the portion with good contact state.
Further, in step S5, the large current alternating-current platform uses 100A as steps, current is gradually increased to a rated value, the holding time between each step is 2min, the temperature of the welding part is collected and observed by the low-temperature measurement platform, and when the superconducting cable terminal rises to the rated current and is held for 10min, the connection part of the terminal body is adjusted according to the following phenomena:
(1) if the current of each superconducting strip is uniformly distributed, the error range is not more than +/-5A, the temperature of a welding part is not higher than-192 ℃, and the temperature difference between welding points is not more than 0.5 ℃, the welding area between the superconducting strip and the perforated disc is judged to be reasonable and no cold solder floating welding exists;
(2) if the current distribution of each superconducting strip is uniform, the error range is not more than +/-5A, and the temperature of the welding position is higher than-192 ℃, the welding area between the superconducting strip and the disc with the holes is judged to be unreasonable according to the current distribution, and the welding area is 5mm2The weld area is increased step by step for the step size until the requirements set forth in phenomenon (1) are met.
(3) If the current value of a certain superconducting strip is lower and the temperature of the corresponding welding point is lower than that of the other welding points, the welding defect between the superconducting strip and the copper disc is judged to occur according to the temperature, and re-welding or repair welding operation is carried out on the welding point with the welding defect.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
1) the invention uses the round copper plate as a medium to connect the superconducting tape and the current lead, and when the welding operation is carried out on the superconducting tape and the copper plate, the welding operation difficulty is reduced due to larger operable space.
2) The invention adopts the solder Sn37Pb63 and the indium-based solder Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5The formed composite solder and a double-layer welding mode solve the problem of poor compatibility between the indium-based solder and copper;
3) the welding is carried out by the method, so that the contact resistance can be effectively reduced, the generation of cavities is avoided, and the stability of the terminal joint of the superconducting cable is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an improved method for connecting terminals of a superconducting cable according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a structure of a welding portion between a superconducting tape and a copper plate according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the connection between the current collection platform and the cryogenic measurement platform according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Examples
The embodiment discloses a method for improving the connection mode of a superconducting cable terminal, wherein the superconducting cable terminal comprises a superconducting cable body, a current lead and a terminal body, and the improved method comprises the following steps:
s1, the superconducting tape wound on the superconducting cable body and used as a current carrier is naturally unfolded along the winding spiral;
s2, selecting a perforated disc with a certain radius and thickness as an intermediate connecting platform between the current lead and the cable body, and enabling the cable body to penetrate through a central circular hole of the perforated disc;
in step S2, the perforated disc is used as a supporting body of the superconducting cable body, and the radius of the circular hole on the perforated disc needs to be slightly larger than the radius of the cable body.
In this embodiment, the perforated disc is a copper disc.
The disc with the holes is used as the middle connecting part of the superconducting cable body and the current lead, and the rated current-carrying capacity of the terminal body meets the following conditions under the rated working condition of the superconducting cable terminal:
2πr1·d≤A≤2πr2·d
J·A≥n·I0
wherein A is the area of the disc with holes and the unit is mm2(ii) a R is the radius of the disc with holes and is in mm; r is1The maximum radius of a welding surface formed at the welding position of the superconducting strip and the disc with the hole is in mm; r is2The radius of the circumference formed by a welding point of a current lead on the copper disc is unit mm; j is the safe current-carrying capacity of the disc copper with holes soaked in liquid nitrogen, unit A/mm2When the disc with holes is a copper disc, the copper is immersed in liquid nitrogen and the safe current carrying quantity is measured to be 5A/mm2(ii) a n is the number of superconductive tapes, I0The current flowing through each superconducting tape is represented by unit A; d is the thickness of the perforated disc in mm.
Wherein r is1，r2With specific reference to fig. 1.
The figure of the connection object between the disc with holes and the superconducting cable is shown in figure 1, wherein the current lead adopts 30 copper stranded wires, and the section of the copper stranded wire is 10mm2. The welding is carried out on the disc according to the equal radius and radian, and the welding point position is shown in figure 1. Under the condition of difficult welding, the copper disc can be perforated and connected in a bolt compression joint fixing mode. The current lead wire can make the electric current that flows in the copper disc current can flow in the current lead wire evenly with this kind of distribution mode, avoids the part serious because of current contraction leads to generating heat, influences the temperature of welding point.
And S3, pre-welding 20 surfaces on the holed disc by using the solder Sn37Pb63 according to equal radius and equal central angle by taking the center of the holed disc as the center of the circle, wherein the surfaces are used as welding surfaces connected with the superconducting tape. And controlling the welding shape and the welding area of each surface by using a die during welding.
In step S3, the welding area determines the contact state between the superconducting tape and the copper plate. The finite element software Comsol is used for simulating the heating condition of the welding point of the superconducting cable terminal immersed under liquid nitrogen, and the welding state is classified under different welding areas by solving the heating value of the welding point under different welding area sizes: (1) poor contact: the welding area is less than 10mm2And (2) contacting generally: welding area is 10mm2-20mm2(3) good contact: the welding area is 20mm2-40mm2And (4) excellent contact: the welding area is more than 40mm2。
S4, pre-placing the end of each superconducting tape which is naturally unfolded on the corresponding welding point, and paying attention to the fact that the unfolding radius of the tape is not too small, so that the electrical performance and the mechanical performance of the tape are prevented from being influenced due to the fact that the unfolding radius is too small. Using an indium-based solder Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5The superconducting tape is bonded with the solder Sn in the step S337Pb63Welding the formed welding spots to obtain Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5And Sn37Pb63And a composite welding surface is used for connecting the superconducting strip with the middle platform.
In step S4, the unwinding radius is limited by the minimum bending radius of the superconducting tape. When the unwinding radius of the superconducting tape is smaller than the minimum bending radius limit, the superconducting layer of the superconducting tape will cause irreversible damage, so that when the superconducting tape is naturally unwound, the curvature of the unwinding part should be kept smaller than the critical bending curvature everywhere. Indium-based solder Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5Melting point of 60 deg.C, far lower than Sn37Pb63. The welding failure caused by the oxidation of the solder can be caused by the excessively high welding temperature, so the welding is carried out by adopting a low-temperature welding mode during the welding, and the welding temperature is controlled at 100-150 ℃. The solder joint is shown in FIG. 2, and the indium-based solder Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5And solder Sn37Pb63The composite solder is formed by double-layer soldering, so that the areas of the two layers need to be kept consistent. It is noted that the width of the second generation superconducting tape YBCO of the Suxin material is 4mm, and the width of a welding pointThe degree is required to be more than 4 mm.
And S5, evaluating the contact state of the superconducting tape and the perforated disc welding part in an experimental mode, and monitoring the superconducting tape current distribution and the welding part temperature rise through the low-temperature current acquisition platform and the low-temperature measurement platform. Re-welding or repairing welding the part with poor welding condition; if the integral temperature of the welding point is higher than-192 ℃, the welding point is 5mm2And gradually increasing the welding area for the step length until the temperature of each welding part is lower than-192 ℃, so that the contact condition of the welding part is considered to be good, and the welding requirement is met.
In step S5, the current distribution of the superconducting tape is measured using a low-temperature current collection stage. The test platform comprises an alternating current large current generator, a current lead, a connecting platform and a superconducting cable body which are connected according to the connecting sequence to form a loop. The current acquisition part consists of a low-temperature Rogowski coil and a digital quantity output integrator. When the flexible Rogowski coil is used, after the high-current alternating-current platform generator generates rated current with the frequency of 50Hz and stably keeps the rated current for 10min, the flexible Rogowski coil is sleeved on the superconducting strip for data acquisition.
The temperature distribution condition of the welding position of the superconducting strip is collected by adopting a low-temperature measuring platform. The temperature acquisition platform consists of a patch type low-temperature thermal resistor and a matched digital display temperature controller. To accurately measure the solder joint temperature, a low temperature thermal resistor is soldered into the solder joint with an indium-based solder via step S4 prior to measurement, and to ensure that the thermal resistor is partially obscured. During measurement, after a circuit to be measured maintains an alternating current large current with the frequency of 50Hz and stably keeps for 10min, real-time data is read, and the long-time temperature change of a measured object is required to be not more than +/-0.5 ℃ during data reading.
The low-temperature current collection platform and the low-temperature measurement platform can be used in a matched mode, and the device connection is shown in figure 3. The alternating current large current generator, the current lead, the middle connecting platform, the superconducting cable body, the middle connecting platform and the current lead form a closed loop. The alternating current heavy current generator is connected with the current lead in a bolt compression joint mode. This method is easier to handle than the welding method and ensures that the contact resistance is less than a certain value by applying sufficient pressure. Except for the alternating current large current generator, the rest parts of the experiment platform are immersed in liquid nitrogen to maintain a low-temperature environment. The current collection platform and the low-temperature measuring platform are arranged in a low-temperature environment, and the low-temperature Rogowski coil, the thermal resistor and other measuring devices are arranged in the low-temperature environment.
The contact condition of the superconducting strip and the copper disc is in positive correlation with the contact resistance, namely the contact resistance of a good contact part is small, and the contact resistance of a poor contact part is large. According to the parallel current distribution rule, the following results are obtained:
wherein, IfA contact point current which is in a poor contact state; i isnfA contact point current with good contact state; n is the number of the superconducting tapes, and 20 is taken; m is the number of strips with good contact; rfA contact resistance at a portion having a poor contact state; rnfThe contact resistance of the portion with good contact state.
According to the parallel current distribution law, it can be seen that: the current flowing through the point of poor contact is significantly lower than the current flowing through the point of good contact. The heat quantity of the points with poor contact points, which is obviously less than that of the points with good contact points, can be obtained according to the Joule law, and the heat quantity is represented by the temperature. Therefore, according to the above rules, the large current alternating current platform is required to gradually increase the current to the rated value in steps of 100A during measurement. Note that the holding time is 2min every step, and the welding position temperature is collected and observed through the low-temperature measuring platform. When the superconducting cable terminal rises to rated current and keeps for 10min, the terminal body connection part is adjusted according to the following phenomena:
(1) if the current of each superconducting strip is uniformly distributed, the error range is not more than +/-5A, the temperature of a welding part is not higher than-192 ℃, and the temperature difference between welding points is not more than 0.5 ℃, the welding area between the superconducting strip and the perforated disc is judged to be reasonable and no cold solder floating welding exists;
(2) if the current of each superconducting strip is uniformly distributed, the error range is not more than +/-5A, and the temperature of the welding position is higher than-192 ℃, the welding area between the superconducting strip and the disc with the hole is judged to be unreasonable according to the current, and the welding area is increased until the requirement in the phenomenon (1) is met.
(3) If the current value of a certain superconducting strip is lower and the temperature of the corresponding welding point is lower than that of the other welding points, the welding defect between the superconducting strip and the copper disc is judged to occur according to the temperature, and re-welding or repair welding operation is carried out on the welding point with the welding defect.
Adjusting the terminal welding part according to the above phenomenon, and increasing the welding area by 5mm2As the step length, re-welding and repair welding require a constant welding area. The adjustment mode ensures that the current between the superconducting strips is uniformly distributed, and simultaneously, the cable body and the current lead can be efficiently connected by using the intermediate connection platform, so that the adjustment mode is an effective connection mode.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method of improving a connection mode of a superconducting cable terminal including a superconducting cable body, a current lead, and a terminal body, the method comprising the steps of:
s1, the superconducting tape wound on the superconducting cable body and used as a current carrier is naturally unfolded along the winding spiral;
s2, selecting a perforated disc with a certain radius and thickness as an intermediate connecting platform between the current lead and the cable body, and enabling the cable body to penetrate through a central circular hole of the perforated disc;
s3, using the center of the perforated disc as a circle center, adopting solder Sn37Pb63 to preweld 20 surfaces on the perforated disc according to equal radius and equal central angle, and using the surfaces as welding surfaces connected with the superconducting tape, wherein a mould is used for controlling the welding shape and the welding area of each surface during welding;
s4, putting the end of each superconducting tape on the corresponding welding point, and using indium-based solder Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5The superconducting tape is bonded with the solder Sn in the step S337Pb63The formed welding surface is welded to obtain Sn51Bi32.5Sn16.5And Sn37Pb63A composite welding surface for connecting the superconducting strip with the intermediate platform;
s5, evaluating the contact state of the superconducting tape and the perforated disc welding part in an experimental mode, obtaining the superconducting tape current distribution and the welding part temperature rise conditions through the low-temperature current acquisition platform and the low-temperature measurement platform, and re-welding or repair welding the poor welding condition part; if the integral temperature of the welding point is higher than-192 ℃, the welding point is 5mm2And gradually increasing the welding area for step length until the temperature of each welding part is lower than-192 ℃, namely the contact condition of the welding part is considered to be good, and the welding requirement is met.
2. A method of improving the termination connection of a superconducting cable according to claim 1, wherein the perforated disc is a copper disc.
3. The method for improving the connection mode of the superconducting cable terminal according to claim 1, wherein the perforated disc is used as the intermediate connection part between the superconducting cable body and the current lead, and the rated current-carrying capacity of the terminal body is required to satisfy the following conditions under the rated working condition of the superconducting cable terminal:
2πr1·d≤A≤2πr2·d
J·A≥n·I0
wherein A is the area of the disc with holes and the unit is mm2(ii) a R is the radius of the disc with holes and is in mm; r is1The maximum radius of a welding surface formed at the welding position of the superconducting strip and the disc with the hole is in mm; r is2For the radius of the circumference formed by the welding point of the current lead on the copper disc, unitmm; j is the safe current-carrying capacity of the disc copper with holes soaked in liquid nitrogen, unit A/mm2(ii) a n is the number of superconductive tapes, I0The current flowing through each superconducting tape is represented by unit A; d is the thickness of the perforated disc in mm.
4. The method for improving the connection mode of the superconducting cable terminal according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the welding area determines the contact state between the superconducting tape and the perforated disc, finite element software Comsol is used to simulate the heating condition of the welding point when the superconducting cable terminal is immersed in liquid nitrogen, and the welding conditions in different welding areas are classified by solving the heating value of the welding point in different welding area sizes: (1) poor contact: the welding area is less than 10mm2And (2) contacting generally: welding area is 10mm2-20mm2(3) good contact: the welding area is 20mm2-40mm2And (4) excellent contact: the welding area is more than 40mm2。
5. The method for improving the terminal connection of a superconducting cable according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, the curvature of the unwound portion of the superconducting tape is smaller than the critical bending curvature of the superconducting tape.
6. The method for improving the connection mode of the superconducting cable terminal as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the soldering is performed by soldering at a low temperature of 150 ℃ and 100 ℃ in the soldering temperature51Bi32.5Sn16.5And solder Sn37Pb63The composite solder is formed by double-layer welding, and the areas of the two layers are consistent.
7. The method for improving the connection mode of the superconducting cable terminal according to claim 1, wherein in the step S5, the contact condition of the superconducting tape and the perforated disc is positively correlated with the contact resistance, that is, the contact resistance of the good contact part is small, the contact resistance of the bad contact part is large, and the method can be obtained according to the parallel current distribution rule:
wherein, IfContact point current for poor contact state, InfThe contact point current is good, n is the number of superconductive tapes, m is the number of tapes with good contact, RfContact resistance, R, at a portion of poor contactnfThe contact resistance of the portion with good contact state.
8. The method for improving the connection mode of the superconducting cable terminal according to claim 7, wherein in the step S5, the large current alternating current platform steps by 100A, the current is gradually increased to the rated value, the holding time is 2min at each step, the temperature of the welding part is collected and observed by the low temperature measuring platform, and when the superconducting cable terminal rises to the rated current and is held for 10min, the connection part of the terminal body is adjusted according to the following phenomena:
(1) if the current of each superconducting strip is uniformly distributed, the error range is not more than +/-5A, the temperature of a welding part is not higher than-192 ℃, and the temperature difference between welding points is not more than 0.5 ℃, the welding area between the superconducting strip and the perforated disc is judged to be reasonable and no cold solder floating welding exists;
(2) if the current distribution of each superconducting strip is uniform, the error range is not more than +/-5A, and the temperature of the welding position is higher than-192 ℃, the welding area between the superconducting strip and the disc with the holes is judged to be unreasonable according to the current distribution, and the welding area is 5mm2Gradually increasing the welding area for a step length until the requirements in phenomenon (1) are met;
(3) if the current value of a certain superconducting strip is lower and the temperature of the corresponding welding point is lower than that of the other welding points, the welding defect between the superconducting strip and the copper disc is judged to occur according to the temperature, and re-welding or repair welding operation is carried out on the welding point with the welding defect.
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