CN112075305A - Method for improving soil productivity of yellow river old course wheat-corn rotation area - Google Patents
Method for improving soil productivity of yellow river old course wheat-corn rotation area Download PDFInfo
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- CN112075305A CN112075305A CN202011000841.4A CN202011000841A CN112075305A CN 112075305 A CN112075305 A CN 112075305A CN 202011000841 A CN202011000841 A CN 202011000841A CN 112075305 A CN112075305 A CN 112075305A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for improving soil productivity of a yellow river old course wheat-corn rotation region, and relates to the technical field of crop cultivation. The method combines straw returning and cultivation, the corn season is free of cultivation, the wheat season is in rotary cultivation for one year, the next year is in rotary cultivation, the cultivation is alternately carried out, the basic soil fertility level of the low-yield field in the yellow river old corridor is continuously improved, the resource utilization efficiency and the mechanized production level are improved, the method has important theoretical and practical significance for improving the comprehensive production capacity of the low-yield field and the middle-yield field, is beneficial to increasing the yield of the wheat and the corn, can maintain and promote the slow improvement of the soil quality, and is a cultivation mode for sustainable development of agriculture in the coastal soil barren areas of the yellow river old corridors.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving soil productivity of a wheat-corn rotation region in the yellow river old sidewalk.
Background
The low-and-medium-yield fields in Jiangsu province are mainly concentrated in Subei, which accounts for about 65% of the total area of the low-and-medium-yield fields in the whole province, wherein the yellow river old course region is a typical low-and-medium-yield field plot region in Jiangsu province, the soil matrix has large sand property and poor flatness, the contents of organic matters and total nitrogen are generally lower, and the water and fertilizer retention capacity is weak.
The transformation of low-yield fields in China always follows the principle of 'classification guidance and joint treatment', for example, a treatment strategy of 'combination of storage, guide, lifting, regulation, water-saving irrigation and fertility improvement and soil improvement' is provided for hilly areas, a 'three-separation and two-control' treatment strategy of 'separation of irrigation and drainage, separation of height and water and drought and control of inland rivers and underground water levels' is provided for low-lying polder areas, and the construction of 'deep-trenching, net formation and graded control' farmland ditch systems is developed for plain areas. The principle or method for treating the middle and low yield fields mainly aims at treating engineering treatment with water and land preparation as the center, but the development and matching attention of soil cultivation, modern mechanized cultivation and water and fertilizer efficient utilization technology is insufficient, the requirements of rural labor shortage and large-scale production are difficult to adapt, the fragile production capacity of the middle and low yield fields cannot be improved through production mode conversion and high-technology application, and the leisure type land capability improvement mode combining domestic cultivation in developed countries is not suitable for the national situation of high multiple index in China.
Previous researches show that humus is formed under the action of microorganisms after straw is returned to the field, the aggregation of soil particles and the accumulation of organic matters can be promoted, the formation of large soil aggregates is increased, the soil structure is optimized, the water storage and soil moisture preservation performance of the soil is improved, the effect of planting feed rape, leguminous green manure and the like on improving the soil is obvious, the soil nutrient and the enzyme activity can be improved to different degrees, and the nutrient structure is improved. The domestic and foreign researches believe that shallow ploughing and no ploughing can only improve the organic matter content of surface soil, but have little influence on the organic matter content of deep soil, while traditional ploughing can reduce the volume weight of soil and effectively remove weeds, but long-term implementation is not beneficial to the accumulation of organic carbon in soil, and high yield can be maintained only by high input (high water and high fertilizer). The research has better reference value for improving soil, but the relevance between the research and typical soil is lacked, and the annual yield of crops is not concerned enough.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a method for improving the soil productivity of the wheat-corn rotation region in the yellow river old sidewalk, which organically combines straw returning and cultivation, continuously improves the foundation soil productivity level of the medium and low yield fields, improves the resource utilization efficiency and the mechanized production level, and has important theoretical and practical significance for realizing the improvement of the comprehensive production capacity of grains in the medium and low yield fields.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a method for improving soil productivity of a yellow river old course wheat-corn rotation region, which comprises the following steps: in the season of wheat, the cultivation mode is that rotary tillage and plowing are alternately carried out one year and one year; sowing wheat by using a composite multifunctional sowing machine, wherein the sowing quantity of seeds is 10-12 kg/mu; after wheat is harvested, straw is left for 12-15 cm, and the straw is uniformly scattered on the ground after being crushed; the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is N, P in the whole growth period of wheat2O5And K2O meter, N, P2O5And K2The mass ratio of O is 1:0.5:0.5, wherein the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is 14-18 kg/mu;
the corn is free of tillage in seasons, a no-tillage seeder is used for corn seeding, and the seeding quantity of seeds is 1.5-2.0 kg/mu; after the corn is harvested, the straw is crushed and uniformly paved on the ground surface; in the whole growth period of the corn, 40-50 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.8-1.2 kg of zinc sulfate and 20-30 kg of urea are applied per mu.
Preferably, when the wheat is in a season, a reverse rotary cultivator is used for rotary tillage, and the rotary tillage depth is 12-15 cm.
Preferably, in wheat seasons, the wheat is ploughed by using a three-furrow plough, the ploughing depth is 25-30 cm, and the wheat is ploughed and leveled by using a rotary cultivator.
Preferably, in the season of wheat, the seedling amount of the wheat is 16-18 ten thousand plants per mu, and the sowing depth is 2.5-3.5 cm during sowing.
Preferably, in the wheat season, the mass ratio of the base fertilizer, the balance fertilizer and the jointing-removing and pregnancy-fringe fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer is 5: 1: 4, the base fertilizer is applied along with sowing, the balance fertilizer is applied in the overwintering-reviving period, and the jointing-removing and pregnancy-fringe fertilizer is applied when the leaf age is the rest of 2.5 leaves.
Preferably, in the season of wheat, the mass ratio of base dressing of phosphorus fertilizer to potassium fertilizer is 6: 4, and the top dressing is applied with the nitrogen fertilizer in the jointing stage.
Preferably, in the corn season, the sowing depth of corn seeds is 3-5 cm, seedlings are planted in 3-4 leaf periods, seedlings are set in 5-6 leaf periods, and the seedling quantity is guaranteed to be 4000-4500 plants/mu.
Preferably, in the corn season, 40-50 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.8-1.2 kg of zinc sulfate are used for corn seed manure per mu; intertilling for 10-15 cm in a large horn mouth period and topdressing for 20-30 kg of urea per mu.
The invention provides a method for improving the soil productivity of a wheat-corn rotation region in the yellow river old sidewalk, which is used for researching a straw returning and cultivation integration technology aiming at the characteristic of heavy sand and thin salt in the soil of a low-yield field in the coastal region of the yellow river old sidewalk, and has important theoretical and practical significance for continuously improving the foundation soil productivity level of a medium-low-yield field, improving the resource utilization efficiency and the mechanized production level and realizing the improvement of the comprehensive production capacity of grains in the medium-low-yield field. Compared with the conventional farming mode, the corn season is free of tillage, the increasing income and saving cost of the continuous rotary tillage treatment of the wheat season reaches 258.5 yuan/mu, the organic matter content of the soil is slightly reduced, the corn season is free of tillage, the increasing income and saving cost of the continuous tillage treatment of the wheat season reaches 119.9 yuan/mu, and the organic matter of the soil is slightly improved. Therefore, the cultivation mode is free of tillage in the corn season, the wheat season is subjected to rotary tillage in one year, the next year of tillage is alternately carried out, the yield of the wheat and the corn is increased, the slow improvement of the soil quality can be maintained and promoted, and the cultivation mode is a sustainable development mode of agriculture in the coastal soil barren areas of the yellow river and the old sidewalks.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for improving soil productivity of a yellow river old course wheat-corn rotation region, which comprises the following steps: in the season of wheat, the cultivation mode is that rotary tillage and plowing are alternately carried out one year and one year; sowing wheat by using a composite multifunctional sowing machine, wherein the sowing quantity of seeds is 10-12 kg/mu; after wheat is harvested, straw is left for 12-15 cm, and the straw is uniformly scattered on the ground after being crushed; the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is N, P in the whole growth period of wheat2O5And K2O meter, N, P2O5And K2The mass ratio of O is 1:0.5:0.5, wherein the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is 14-18 kg/mu;
the corn is free of tillage in seasons, a no-tillage seeder is used for corn seeding, and the seeding quantity of seeds is 1.5-2.0 kg/mu; after the corn is harvested, the straw is crushed and uniformly paved on the ground surface; in the whole growth period of the corn, 40-50 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.8-1.2 kg of zinc sulfate and 20-30 kg of urea are applied per mu.
In wheat seasons, a reverse rotary cultivator is preferably used for rotary cultivation, and the rotary cultivation depth is preferably 12-15 cm; preferably, a three-furrow plough is used for ploughing, the ploughing depth is preferably 25-30 cm, and a rotary cultivator is used for rotary tillage and leveling after ploughing. The seedling amount of the wheat is preferably 16-18 ten thousand plants/mu, and the sowing depth is preferably 2.5-3.5 cm and more preferably 3cm during sowing. The wheat of the invention is sowed by a composite multifunctional seeder, and the procedures of fertilization, sowing, ditching, soil covering, compacting and the like are completed at one time.
In the wheat season, a wheat combine harvester with a straw chopping and uniformly spreading device additionally arranged at a straw outlet is preferably used for harvesting wheat, the stubble height is 12-15 cm, the straw chopping length is less than or equal to 8cm, and the wheat straws need to be manually and uniformly spread when being piled.
In the wheat season, the total nitrogen application amount is controlled to be 14-18 kg/mu, preferably about 16 kg/mu, and N: p2O5：K2And the mass ratio of the O to the phosphorus fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 1: 0.5. The nitrogen fertilizer preferably comprises a base fertilizer, a balance fertilizer and a jointing-removing and booting fertilizer, wherein the mass ratio of the base fertilizer to the balance fertilizer to the jointing-removing and booting fertilizer is preferably 5: 1: 4. In the invention, the base fertilizer is preferably applied along with sowing, the balance fertilizer is applied according to the seedling condition during the overwintering-reviving period, and the jointing and booting fertilizer is applied when the leaf age is the rest of 2.5 leaves. The base dressing ratio of the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is preferably 6: 4, and the dressing is applied with the nitrogen fertilizer in the jointing stage. In the embodiment of the invention, the compound fertilizer (N: P) for the wheat machine base fertilizer2O5：K2The O ratio is 15:15:15))32 kg/mu and 7 kg/mu of urea, 3.5 kg/mu of urea for balanced fertilizer, 21.3 kg/mu of compound fertilizer for jointing-removing and spike-breeding fertilizer and 7 kg/mu of urea.
The invention enters after the wheat seasonIn the corn season, the corn is cultivated in a no-tillage mode, and the corn is preferably cultivated by a no-tillage precision seeder, so that the operations of ditching, precision dibbling, fertilizing, soil covering and pressing are completed at one time. The sowing amount of the corn is 1.5-2.0 kg/mu, the sowing depth is preferably 3-5 cm, seedlings are planted at 3-4 leaf stages, and seedlings are set at 5-6 leaf stages, so that 4000-4500 plants per mu are guaranteed. In the corn season, the corn seed fertilizer is preferably 40-50 kg (N: P) of compound fertilizer for each mu2O5：K2O ratio of 16:16:16) and ZnSO40.8-1.2 kg/mu; cultivating 10-15 cm in a large horn mouth period, and applying spike fertilizer repeatedly, wherein 20-30 kg of urea is topdressed per mu; more preferably, the corn seed fertilizer is preferably 45kg of compound fertilizer (N: P) for each mu2O5：K2O ratio of 16:16:16) and ZnSO41.0 kg/mu; intertilling for 10-15 cm in a large horn mouth period, and applying spike fertilizer again, wherein 25kg of urea is applied per mu.
By utilizing the method, no tillage is performed in the corn season, the wheat is tilled in one year, and the next year is tilled alternately, so that the yield of the wheat and the corn is increased, the slow improvement of the soil quality can be maintained and promoted, and the method is a sustainable farming mode for the agriculture in the coastal soil barren areas of the yellow river and the old roads.
The method for improving the soil productivity of the wheat-corn rotation region in the yellow river old sidewalk is described in detail with reference to the following examples, but the method should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Example 1
1. Straw full-quantity uniform spreading and returning to field
When wheat is harvested, a wheat combine harvester with a straw cutting and uniformly spreading device additionally arranged at a straw outlet is selected for operation, the stubble height is 12-15 cm, the straw cutting length is less than or equal to 8cm, and the wheat straws need to be manually and uniformly spread after being piled. The corn harvesting adopts a corn harvester with a crushing device. When the corn is harvested, a corn harvester provided with a straw smashing device is selected for operation, and the straw is smashed and evenly paved on the ground surface.
2. Farming method selection
No-tillage is adopted in the corn season, and rotary tillage and tillage are alternately adopted in the wheat season. Carrying out rotary tillage by using a reverse rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 12-15 cm, carrying out rotary tillage by using a three-furrow plough, and the tillage depth is 25-30 cm, and carrying out rotary tillage and leveling by using a rotary cultivator after tillage.
3. Seeding and fertilizing technology
The wheat can adopt a composite multifunctional seeder to finish the procedures of fertilization, seeding, ditching, soil covering, pressing and the like at one time, and the corn can adopt a no-tillage precision seeder to finish the operations of ditching, precision dibbling, fertilization, soil covering and pressing at one time.
The sowing amount of the corn is 1.5-2.0 kg/mu, the sowing depth is 3-5 cm, the seedlings are planted at 3-4 leaf stages, the seedlings are set at 5-6 leaf stages, and 4000-4500 plants per mu are guaranteed. 45kg of compound fertilizer (N: P) for corn seed fertilizer acre2O5：K2O ratio of 16:16:16) and ZnSO41 kg/mu. Intertilling for 10-15 cm in a large horn mouth period, and applying spike fertilizer again, wherein 25kg of urea is applied per mu.
Basic wheat seedlings are controlled to be 16-18 ten thousand per mu, the sowing quantity is controlled to be 10-12 kg per mu, the sowing depth is controlled to be about 3cm, the total nitrogen application quantity of wheat is controlled to be about 16kg per mu, and a compound fertilizer (N: P) for a base fertilizer is adopted2O5：K2The O ratio is 15:15:15))32 kg/mu and 7 kg/mu of urea, 3.5 kg/mu of urea for balanced fertilizer, 21.3 kg/mu of compound fertilizer for jointing-removing and spike-breeding fertilizer and 7 kg/mu of urea.
The unit price of the corn and the wheat is calculated according to 2.1 yuan/kg, the plowing treatment is generally plowing firstly and then rotary tillage and leveling, two procedures are needed, the plowing cost is 40 yuan/mu, the rotary tillage and soil leveling cost is 20 yuan/mu after plowing, and 30 yuan/mu is needed for one-time rotary tillage. Based on the results, the cost, the income and the soil quality are calculated, and the results are shown in table 1, compared with the conventional farming mode, the corn season is no-tillage, the increasing income and saving cost of the wheat season continuous rotary tillage treatment reaches 258.5 yuan/mu, the soil organic matter content is slightly reduced, the corn season is no-tillage, the increasing income and saving cost of the wheat season continuous tillage treatment reaches 119.9 yuan/mu, and the soil organic matter is slightly improved. Therefore, in a comprehensive view, the better cultivation mode in the wheat-jade rotation mode in the coastal areas of the yellow river and the old sidewalks is the corn season no-tillage, the wheat season is rotary-tilled one year, and the next year is ploughed alternately, so that the yield of the wheat and the corn is increased, the slow improvement of the soil quality can be maintained and promoted, and the method is the cultivation mode for sustainable development of agriculture in the coastal soil poor areas of the yellow river and the old sidewalks.
TABLE 1 benefit analysis of the process of the invention
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving soil productivity of a yellow river old course wheat-corn rotation area is characterized by comprising the following steps: in the season of wheat, the cultivation mode is that rotary tillage and plowing are alternately carried out one year and one year; sowing wheat by using a composite multifunctional sowing machine, wherein the sowing quantity of seeds is 10-12 kg/mu; after wheat is harvested, straw is left for 12-15 cm, and the straw is uniformly scattered on the ground after being crushed; the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is N, P in the whole growth period of wheat2O5And K2O meter, N, P2O5And K2The mass ratio of O is 1:0.5:0.5, wherein the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is 14-18 kg/mu;
the corn is free of tillage in seasons, a no-tillage seeder is used for corn seeding, and the seeding quantity of seeds is 1.5-2.0 kg/mu; after the corn is harvested, the straw is crushed and uniformly paved on the ground surface; in the whole growth period of the corn, 40-50 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.8-1.2 kg of zinc sulfate and 20-30 kg of urea are applied per mu.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 12-15 cm by a reverse rotary tillage machine in the wheat season.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the wheat season, the wheat is ploughed by a three-furrow plough, the ploughing depth is 25-30 cm, and the wheat is ploughed and leveled by a rotary cultivator.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of seedlings of wheat is 16 to 18 ten thousand plants/mu in the season of wheat, and the sowing depth is 2.5 to 3.5cm in the sowing.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the base fertilizer, the balance fertilizer and the jointing-removing and booting fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer is 5: 1: 4 in wheat season, the base fertilizer is applied together with the sowing, the balance fertilizer is applied during the overwintering-reviving period, and the jointing-removing and booting fertilizer is applied when the leaves are 2.5 leaves.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the base dressing of the phosphorus fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 6: 4 in the season of wheat, and the top dressing is applied together with the nitrogen fertilizer during the jointing period.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sowing depth of the corn seeds is 3-5 cm in the season of corn, seedlings are planted at 3-4 leaf stage, and seedlings are set at 5-6 leaf stage, so that the seedling quantity is 4000-4500 seedlings/mu.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the corn season, 40-50 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.8-1.2 kg of zinc sulfate are applied to each acre of corn seeds; intertilling for 10-15 cm in a large horn mouth period and topdressing for 20-30 kg of urea per mu.
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| CN107047045A (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2017-08-18 | 安徽农业大学 | A kind of Huang-Huai-Hai southern areas wheat and corn anniversary increases production breeding method |
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Application publication date: 20201215 |