CN112062556B - Calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material comprises the following components: xCaZrO3‑ySrZrO3‑(1‑x‑y)BaZrO3X is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.25, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and x and y are not 0 at the same time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a CaZrO3-SrZrO3-BaZrO3A solid solution ceramic material and a preparation method thereof belong to the field of inorganic non-metallic material preparation.
Background
A large number of thermal barrier coating systems currently used in aerospace applications primarily include metallic bond coats and ceramic coatings, with YSZ (6 wt.% to 8 wt.% yttria partially stabilized zirconia) coatings being the most widely used ceramic coatings. The YSZ coating has high melting point, low thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient matched with that of the alloy, but is easy to generate phase at high temperature (more than 1475K)The transformation results in failure of the coating, which greatly limits its range of application. It has been found that perovskite (formula ABO)3The A site is alkaline earth element, the B site is transition metal element) has excellent comprehensive thermodynamic property, and the components and properties of the material have wide controllability and better high-temperature performance, thereby being a thermal barrier coating material with great development potential. Wherein barium zirconate in the zirconic acid compounds shows excellent high-temperature thermodynamic performance. It has better mechanical and thermal properties at high temperature, the Young modulus is still 74% of that at room temperature when the temperature is increased to 1523K, and the thermal conductivity can be reduced to 2.84 W.m when the temperature reaches 1473K-1·K-1. But the thermal conductivity has a certain improvement space compared with other thermal barrier coating materials. Today, how to find an effective way to reduce the thermal conductivity of ceramic coating materials plays a critical role in the development of thermal barrier coatings.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a CaZrO having a certain excellent property by composition control (e.g. doping or solid solution of group-equivalent elements)3-SrZrO3-BaZrO3(CZ-SZ-BZ series) solid solution ceramic material and a preparation method thereof.
In one aspect, the invention provides a calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material, which comprises the following components: xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3X is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.25, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and x and y are not 0 at the same time.
In the present invention, xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3The material has a single-phase composition, dislocation motion resistance is increased by forming solid solution to cause lattice distortion, and meanwhile, ion replacement with larger radius difference also influences phonon scattering, so that the mechanical and thermal properties of the material are improved to a certain extent.
Preferably, the density of the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material is 94-98%.
In another aspect, the present invention also provides a preparation method of the above calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material, which comprises:
(1) selecting BaCO3Powder and SrCO3Powder, CaCO3Powder and ZrO2The powder is used as a raw material, and the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material is weighed and mixed according to the composition to obtain mixed powder;
(2) calcining the obtained mixed powder at 1350-1550 ℃ for 2-6 hours to obtain CZ-SZ-BZ powder;
(3) pressing and molding the obtained CZ-SZ-BZ powder to obtain a biscuit;
(4) and (3) removing the binder from the obtained biscuit, and sintering at 1600-1900 ℃ for 5-12 hours to obtain the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material.
Preferably, the BaCO is3The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the SrCO3The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the CaCO3The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the ZrO2The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent.
Preferably, the heating rate of the calcination is 2-8 ℃/min.
Preferably, the compression molding mode is dry compression molding or/and cold isostatic pressing; the pressure of the dry pressing is 35-70 MPa, and the pressure of the cold isostatic pressing is 180-200 MPa.
Preferably, the temperature of the rubber discharge is 600-1000 ℃, and the time is 2-4 hours; preferably, the heating rate of the binder removal is 2-5 ℃/min, and more preferably 2 ℃/min.
Preferably, the temperature rise rate of the sintering is 2-10 ℃/min.
Preferably, after sintering, the temperature is reduced to 500 ℃ at the rate of 5-10 ℃/min, and then the mixture is cooled to room temperature along with the furnace.
In the invention, through reasonable experiment parameters and experiment environment adjustment, the solid solution ceramic material which is compact and nearly single-phase and has excellent properties (mechanical and thermal properties) is prepared. In the invention, the obtained ceramic material has a wide development prospect in the field of thermal barrier coating materials. The preparation method does not need multiple pre-sintering and other steps in the traditional preparation method, ball milling is carried out on the powder calcined and synthesized at a certain temperature, biscuit is obtained after dry pressing and cold isostatic pressing treatment, and the biscuit is placed in a vacuum/atmosphere high-temperature furnace for sintering to obtain the solid solution ceramic material; under the control of experimental parameters such as raw material proportion, sintering temperature and time, the solid solution ceramic material which is more compact in sintering, nearly single-phase and has excellent properties is obtained. The invention has the advantages of easily obtained raw materials, simple and easily repeated preparation method, no pollution, low cost and easy industrialized production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a solid solution ceramic obtained in the present example and a solid solution ceramic obtained in the comparative example;
FIG. 2 is a fracture morphology (SEM) of solid solution ceramics made in examples 1-4, where (a) is example 1(b) is example 2, (c) is example 3, and (d) is example 4.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are to be understood as merely illustrative and not restrictive.
In the present disclosure, the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate (CZ-SZ-BZ) solid solution ceramic material has a single phase composition with a chemical composition of xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3X is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.25, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, wherein x is CaZrO3Y is SrZrO3And x and y are not 0 at the same time. When the value of y is 0 or smaller, the difference between the radiuses of calcium ions and barium ions is large in the A site solid solution, and the crystal lattice is unstable due to the excessive solid solution amount of calcium zirconate, so that the solid solution substitution can only reach a certain limit, and the value of x is not more than 0.25 after the test.
In an alternative embodiment, the density of the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material can be 94-98%.
In the embodiment of the invention, the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material is prepared by a solid phase synthesis method. The method has the advantages of simple raw materials and process, low cost, no pollution, easy industrial production, simple and repeatable preparation method and easy industrialization.
The following is an exemplary description of the preparation method of the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material provided by the present invention.
And (4) preparing mixed powder. To analyze pure BaCO3Powder and SrCO3Powder, CaCO3Powder and ZrO2Weighing a certain mass of the oxide raw materials according to the composition and the mole fraction of the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material as raw materials, and mixing to obtain mixed powder. The mixing mode can be ball milling mixing, and preferably, the ball milling mixing is followed by drying, sieving and the like. For example, the raw materials are put into a ball milling tank, and then are ball milled for 12-24 hours by taking ethanol as a solvent and zirconia beads as a ball milling medium. And transferring the slurry obtained after ball milling to a clean tray, drying in an oven at 40-80 ℃, and sieving the dried powder with a 120-200-mesh sieve to obtain the ground mixed powder. In an alternative embodiment, the powder feedstock is BaCO3The purity of the product is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; SrCO3The purity of the product is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the purity of CaCO3 is more than or equal to 99.0 percent.
And (3) synthesizing CZ-SZ-BZ powder. And putting the mixed powder into a crucible for calcining to obtain CZ-SZ-BZ powder. Wherein the calcining temperature can be 1350-1550 ℃, and the calcining time can be 2-6 hours. As an example of calcination, the temperature rise curve of calcination is controlled to rise from room temperature to 1350-1550 ℃ at the temperature rise rate of 2-8 ℃/min, the temperature is kept for 2-6 h, and the temperature is cooled to the room temperature along with the furnace. Preferably, the calcined powder is taken out and subjected to secondary ball milling in the same process, and the slurry is dried and sieved by a 120-200-mesh sieve to obtain the synthesized fine and uniform CZ-SZ-BZ powder.
And (3) performing compression molding on the CZ-SZ-BZ powder to obtain a biscuit (or named CZ-SZ-BZ biscuit). Wherein the compression molding mode can be dry compression molding or/and cold isostatic pressing. The pressure of the dry pressing molding can be 35-70 MPa. The pressure of the cold isostatic pressing can be 180-200 MPa. Examples of biscuit forming include: weighing a proper amount of synthesized CZ-SZ-BZ powder, dry-pressing and molding under 35-70 MPa, and then carrying out cold isostatic pressing under 180-200 MPa to obtain a biscuit.
And (4) removing glue (debonding). And placing the molded biscuit in a glue discharging furnace for discharging glue. Wherein the temperature of the binder removal can be 600-1000 ℃, and the time is 2-4 hours. As an example of the binder removal, the temperature rise curve may be: heating to 600-1000 ℃ from room temperature at the speed of 2 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 2-4 h, and cooling to room temperature along with the furnace.
And (5) sintering. And placing the obtained biscuit on a zirconia burning plate, and placing the biscuit in a vacuum/atmosphere high-temperature furnace for sintering. Wherein the sintering temperature can be 1600-1900 ℃, and the time can be 4-10 hours. The temperature rise rate of the sintering can be 2-10 ℃/min. As an example of a sintering profile, include: and heating to 1600-1900 ℃ from room temperature at the speed of 2-10 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 4-10 h, cooling to 500 ℃ at the speed of 5-10 ℃/min, and finally cooling to room temperature along with the furnace to obtain the solid solution ceramic.
The present invention will be described in detail by way of examples. It is also to be understood that the following examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, and that certain insubstantial modifications and adaptations of the invention by those skilled in the art may be made in light of the above teachings. The specific process parameters and the like of the following examples are also only one example of suitable ranges, i.e., those skilled in the art can select the appropriate ranges through the description herein, and are not limited to the specific values exemplified below.
Example 1
CZ-SZ-BZ solid solution ceramic with chemical composition xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3And x and y are mole percentages, wherein x is 0.2, and y is 0.4, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
to analyse pure CaCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0 percent) and SrCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0 percent) and BaCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0%) and ZrO2Weighing 26.31g of BaCO as raw materials according to corresponding proportion3、19.68gSrCO3、6.67gCaCO3And 41gZrO2Putting the powder into a ball milling tank, and then adding 100ml of absolute ethyl alcoholTaking zirconia beads as a ball milling medium, ball milling for 24 hours, and taking out; pouring the mixed slurry into a clean tray, placing the tray in a 60 ℃ drying oven for drying, sieving the dried powder with a 120-mesh sieve, and placing the powder into a crucible for calcining, wherein the calcining curve is as follows: heating to 1400 deg.C at 2 deg.C/min from room temperature, maintaining for 4.5h, and cooling with the furnace; and putting the calcined powder into a ball milling tank, adding ethanol for secondary ball milling for 24 hours, drying the obtained slurry, grinding and sieving by a 120-mesh sieve to obtain fine and uniform CZ-SZ-BZ synthetic powder.
Carrying out dry pressing molding on the obtained powder under 60MPa, and then carrying out cold isostatic pressing under 180 MPa; and (3) removing the glue after molding, wherein the glue removing curve is as follows: heating to 600 ℃ from room temperature at a speed of 2 ℃/min, preserving heat for 2h, and cooling along with the furnace to obtain a molded biscuit blank.
Placing the obtained blank on a zirconia burning bearing plate, putting the blank into a crucible, and sintering in a vacuum atmosphere, wherein the sintering curve is as follows: heating to 1000 deg.C at 10 deg.C/min from room temperature, heating to 1300 deg.C for 60min, heating to 1750 deg.C at 2 deg.C/min, holding for 5h, cooling to 500 deg.C at 10 deg.C/min, and cooling to room temperature; the method can obtain compact solid solution ceramics.
The obtained sintered sample was used for characterization test after being washed. The basic characteristics of the ceramic samples obtained by the invention are measured as follows: the crystal structure of the sample was obtained using an X-ray diffractometer (DX2700), and the cross-sectional SEM image of the ceramic sample was observed using a scanning electron microscope (TM3000, Hatachi, Japan).
The results of the characterization test of the solid solution ceramic prepared in example 1 above are shown in fig. 1 and 2. It can be seen from FIG. 1 that a single phase of 0.2CaZrO obtained according to the preparation method with little impurities3-0.4SrZrO3-0.4BaZrO3Solid solution. FIG. 2 (a) is a schematic view of a 0.2CaZrO produced by the production method according to the present invention3-0.4SrZrO3-0.4BaZrO3The cross-sectional surface topography (SEM image) of the solid solution ceramic can be seen from (a) in FIG. 2, the obtained ceramic is relatively dense, the crystal grain shape is regular, the combination is compact and ordered, the average grain diameter of the crystal grains is about 7.38 μm, and the density of the solid solution ceramic is about 98% through testing.
The solid solution ceramics in the following examples were characterized and tested according to the above method.
Example 2
CZ-SZ-BZ solid solution ceramic with chemical composition xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3And x and y are mole percentages, wherein x is 0.1, and y is 0, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
to analyse pure CaCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0 percent) and BaCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0%) and ZrO2Weighing 58.6g of BaCO as raw materials according to corresponding proportion3、3.3gCaCO3、39.0gZrO2Putting the powder into a ball milling tank, adding 100ml of absolute ethyl alcohol, taking zirconia beads as a ball milling medium, ball milling for 18 hours, and taking out; pouring the mixed slurry into a clean tray, placing the tray in a drying oven at 80 ℃ for drying, sieving the dried powder with a 200-mesh sieve, and placing the powder into a crucible for calcining to synthesize CZ-BZ powder, wherein the calcining curve is as follows: heating to 1350 deg.c at 2 deg.c/min, maintaining for 4 hr and cooling; and putting the calcined powder into a ball milling tank, adding ethanol for secondary ball milling for 18 hours, drying the obtained slurry, grinding and sieving by a 200-mesh sieve to obtain fine and uniform CZ-BZ synthetic powder.
Carrying out dry pressing molding on the obtained powder under 60MPa, and then carrying out cold isostatic pressing under 180 MPa; and (3) removing the glue after molding, wherein the glue removing curve is as follows: heating to 600 ℃ from room temperature at a speed of 2 ℃/min, preserving heat for 2h, and cooling along with the furnace to obtain a molded biscuit blank.
Placing the obtained blank on a zirconia burning bearing plate, putting the blank into a crucible, and sintering in a vacuum atmosphere, wherein the sintering curve is as follows: heating to 1300 ℃ from room temperature at a speed of 10 ℃/min, then heating to 1750 ℃ at a speed of 2 ℃/min, preserving heat for 6h, cooling to 500 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃/min, and finally cooling to room temperature along with the furnace; the method can obtain compact solid solution ceramics.
The obtained sintered sample was used for characterization test after being washed. Through testing, the XRD pattern (as shown in fig. 1) of the solid solution ceramic obtained in this example 2 shows a single phase, and fig. 2 (b) shows a cross-sectional surface topography (SEM) thereof, the obtained ceramic is dense, the grain shape is regular, the average grain size is about 2.30 μm, and the ceramic density can reach 98%.
Example 3
CZ-SZ-BZ solid solution ceramic with chemical composition xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3And x and y are mole percentages, wherein x is 0.2, and y is 0.8, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
to analyse pure CaCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0 percent) and SrCO3(purity is more than or equal to 99.0 percent) and ZrO2Weighing 46.97g SrCO as raw material according to corresponding proportion3、7.95gCaCO3、47gZrO2Putting the powder into a ball milling tank, adding 100ml of absolute ethyl alcohol, and then taking out the powder after ball milling for 20 hours by taking zirconia beads as ball milling media; pouring the mixed slurry into a clean tray, placing the tray in a drying oven at 40 ℃ for drying, sieving the dried powder with a 120-mesh sieve, and placing the powder into a crucible for calcining to synthesize CZ-SZ powder, wherein the calcining curve is as follows: heating to 1350 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min from room temperature, preserving heat for 4h, and cooling along with the furnace; and taking out the powder, putting the powder into a ball milling tank, adding ethanol for secondary ball milling for 20 hours, drying the obtained slurry, grinding the slurry, and sieving the powder by using a 120-mesh sieve to obtain fine and uniform CZ-SZ synthetic powder.
Carrying out dry pressing molding on the obtained powder under 60MPa, and then carrying out cold isostatic pressing under 180 MPa; and (3) removing the glue from the molded sample, wherein the glue removing curve is as follows: raising the temperature from room temperature to 1000 ℃ at a speed of 2 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 2h, and cooling along with the furnace to obtain a molded biscuit blank.
Placing the obtained blank on a zirconia burning bearing plate, placing the blank into a crucible, and sintering in an argon atmosphere, wherein the sintering curve is as follows: heating to 1000 deg.C at 10 deg.C/min from room temperature, heating to 1300 deg.C for 60min, heating to 1850 deg.C at 2 deg.C/min, maintaining for 7h, cooling to 500 deg.C at 10 deg.C/min, and furnace cooling to room temperature; the method can obtain compact solid solution ceramics.
The obtained sintered sample was used for characterization test after being washed. Through testing, the XRD pattern (as shown in fig. 1) of the solid solution ceramic obtained in this example 3 shows a single phase, and fig. 2 (c) shows a cross-sectional surface topography (SEM) thereof, the obtained ceramic is dense, the grains are tightly bonded, the average grain size is about 15.07 μm, and the ceramic density is about 95%.
Example 4
CZ-SZ-BZ solid solution ceramic with chemical composition xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3And x and y are mole percentages, wherein x is 0 and y is 0.6, and the preparation method is as in example 1.
The obtained sintered sample was used for characterization test after being washed. According to the test, the XRD pattern (shown in figure 1) of the solid solution ceramic obtained in the example 4 shows a single phase, and the section surface topography (SEM pattern) thereof is shown in figure 2 (d), so that the obtained ceramic is relatively dense, the grain shape is regular, the average grain diameter is about 3.41 μm, and the ceramic compactness is about 97%.
Comparative example 1
CZ-SZ-BZ solid solution ceramic with chemical composition xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3And x and y are mole percentages, wherein x is 0.6 and y is 0, and the preparation method is as in example 1.
The obtained sintered sample was used for characterization test after cleaning. The XRD pattern of the solid solution ceramic obtained in comparative example 1 (see fig. 1) was tested to show two phases of barium zirconate and calcium zirconate due to the excessive value of x and the limited amount of calcium ions in solid solution.
Comparative example 2
CZ-SZ-BZ solid solution ceramic with chemical composition xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3And x and y are mole percentages, wherein x is 0.3 and y is 0, and the preparation method is as in example 1.
The obtained sintered sample was used for characterization test after cleaning. The XRD pattern of the solid solution ceramic obtained in comparative example 2 (see fig. 1) was tested to show two phases of barium zirconate and calcium zirconate as in comparative example 1 due to the excessive value of x and the limited amount of calcium ion in solid solution.
Table 1 shows the components and performance parameters of the prepared calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material:
| x | y | 1-x-y | density/% | Density (g/cm)3) | |
| Example 1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 98％ | 5.38g/cm3 |
| Example 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.9 | 98％ | 5.95g/cm3 |
| Example 3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0 | 95％ | 5.06g/cm3 |
| Example 4 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 97％ | 5.52g/cm3 |
Wherein 1-x-y is BaZrO3The molar content of (a).
The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of several embodiments of the invention and do not represent a limitation on the scope of the invention, which may in fact be embodied in many different forms. Several variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention without departing from the spirit thereof, which is to be determined from the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight: xCaZrO3-ySrZrO3-(1-x-y)BaZrO3X is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.25, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and x and y are not 0 at the same time; the preparation method of the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting BaCO3Powder of SrCO3Powder, CaCO3Powder and ZrO2The powder is used as a raw material, and the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material is weighed and mixed according to the composition to obtain mixed powder;
(2) calcining the obtained mixed powder at 1350-1550 ℃ for 2-6 hours to obtain CZ-SZ-BZ powder;
(3) pressing and molding the obtained CZ-SZ-BZ powder to obtain a biscuit;
(4) and (3) removing the binder from the obtained biscuit, and sintering at 1600-1900 ℃ for 5-12 hours to obtain the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material.
2. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein the density of the calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material is 94-98%.
3. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein the BaCO is3The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the SrCO3The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the CaCO3The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent; the ZrO2The purity of the powder is more than or equal to 99.0 percent.
4. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein the temperature increase rate of the calcination is 2 to 8 ℃/min.
5. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein the compression molding is dry compression molding or/and cold isostatic pressing; the pressure of the dry pressing is 35-70 MPa, and the pressure of the cold isostatic pressing is 180-200 MPa.
6. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein the binder removal temperature is 600 to 1000 ℃ and the time is 2 to 4 hours.
7. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 6, wherein the temperature rise rate of the binder removal is 2-5 ℃ per minute.
8. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to claim 1, wherein the temperature increase rate of the sintering is 2 to 10 ℃/min.
9. The calcium zirconate-strontium zirconate-barium zirconate solid solution ceramic material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, which is characterized in that after sintering is completed, the temperature is reduced to 500 ℃ at a cooling rate of 5 to 10 ℃/min, and then the ceramic material is cooled to room temperature along with a furnace.
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