CN112051148B - Experimental device for multiscale instability process of multi-sub-fault system - Google Patents
Experimental device for multiscale instability process of multi-sub-fault system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub fault system. The device includes: the system comprises a loading system, a transverse plate, a fault system, a detection system and a data acquisition monitoring system; the loading system simulates surrounding rocks outside the fault system and an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system; the transverse plate transmits the force applied by the loading system to the fault system; the fault system simulates the slippage habit and the instability process of the fault under the action of the loading system; the detection system detects the displacement and pressure of the fault system in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition monitoring system is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals and monitoring the evolution process of each signal. By adopting the experimental device, the instability processes and characteristics of the fault at different scales can be directly observed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fault instability simulation, in particular to an experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub fault system.
Background
The earthquake is caused by the sudden release of the energy stored in the crust to drive the destabilization and damage of the fault. Faults in nature are generally composed of numerous sub-faults, each with its own corresponding properties and surrounding rocks. The sub-faults and their surrounding rocks form the whole fault area system, which has its surrounding rocks, forming a multi-scale system. The sliding instability of a single sliding block represents the instability damage problem of a single sub-fault, while the actual earthquake is often the instability sliding and damage of a plurality of sub-faults, and the instability of the single sub-fault corresponds to only a local small event. Therefore, to understand the intrinsic mechanism of seismic occurrence and to explore its predictive methods, it is necessary to be able to perform experimental simulations and experimental observations in the laboratory on the entire fault system consisting of multiple sub-faults. However, at present, no device for carrying out the test of the whole fault system comprising a plurality of sub-faults and respective surrounding rock compositions exists, and the test of the multi-scale instability process of the multi-sub fault system cannot be realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub fault system, which can directly observe the instability process and characteristics of different scales of faults.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
an experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub-fault system comprises:
the system comprises a loading system, a transverse plate, a fault system, a detection system and a data acquisition monitoring system;
the loading system is positioned above the transverse plate, the fault system is positioned below the transverse plate, the detection system is arranged on the fault system, and the detection system is connected with the data acquisition and monitoring system;
the loading system is used for simulating surrounding rocks outside the fault system and an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system; the transverse plate is used for transmitting the force applied by the loading system to the fault system; the fault system is used for simulating the slip habit and the instability process of the fault under the action of the loading system; the detection system is used for detecting the displacement and the pressure of the fault system on different scales in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition monitoring system is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals and monitoring the evolution process of each signal.
Optionally, the loading system specifically includes:
the loading system comprises a loading pressure head, a loading system force sensor and a loading system energy accumulator;
the loading system energy accumulator is arranged on the transverse plate, the loading system force sensor is arranged on the loading system energy accumulator, and the loading pressure head acts on the loading system force sensor;
the loading pressure head is used for loading force, and the loading system force sensor is used for measuring the magnitude of total pressure applied by the loading pressure head; the loading system energy accumulator is used for simulating an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system.
Optionally, the fault layer system specifically includes:
a plurality of slider energy storage subsystems;
the sliding block energy storage subsystems are arranged below the transverse plate respectively, and the sliding block energy storage subsystems simulate the sliding habits and the instability processes of fault systems with different scales and different elastic energy storage environments respectively.
Optionally, the detection system specifically includes:
a plurality of scale detection subsystems;
and the dimension detection subsystem is correspondingly arranged on one sliding block energy storage subsystem and is used for detecting the displacement and the pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability.
Optionally, the data acquisition monitoring system specifically includes:
the signal synchronous acquisition amplifying device and the data acquisition computer;
each scale detection subsystem is connected with the signal synchronous acquisition and amplification device, and the signal synchronous acquisition and amplification device is connected with the data acquisition computer;
the signal synchronous acquisition amplifying device is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition computer is used for monitoring the evolution process of the displacement signal and the pressure signal.
Optionally, the slider energy storage subsystem specifically includes:
a fault sliding unit and a fault energy storage device;
the fault energy storage device is arranged below the transverse plate, and the fault sliding unit is arranged below the fault energy storage device;
the fault energy storage device is used for storing elastic potential energy in the loading process of the loading pressure head and simulating the deformation process of the sub-fault surrounding rock and the release of the elastic potential energy in the instability process; the fault sliding unit is used for simulating a sub-fault structure.
Optionally, the slider energy storage subsystem further includes:
a steel plate;
the top surface of steel sheet with the lower surface contact setting of diaphragm, the bottom surface of steel sheet with the upper surface contact setting of fault energy storage ware.
Optionally, the fault sliding unit specifically includes:
the sliding block, the first contact block, the second contact block and the clamping groove are arranged on the base;
the top of the sliding block is connected with the bottom of the fault energy storage device, the sliding block is arranged between the first contact block and the second contact block, and the inner surface of the clamping groove is attached to the outer surface of the first contact block and the outer surface of the second contact block; the clamping groove is used for fixing the first contact block and the second contact block; and simulating sub-faults of different sizes by changing the size of the first contact block and/or the second contact block.
Optionally, the scale detection subsystem specifically includes:
a first pressure sensor, a second pressure sensor, a first displacement sensor, and a second displacement sensor;
the bottom of the first pressure sensor is arranged at the top of the fault energy storage device, and the top of the first pressure sensor is arranged on the lower surface of the steel plate; the first pressure sensor is used for measuring the vertical pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem;
the second pressure sensor is arranged on the outer surface of the clamping groove and used for measuring the lateral pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem;
the first displacement sensor is arranged on the steel plate and used for measuring the total displacement of the sliding block energy storage subsystem;
the second displacement sensor is arranged on the lower surface of the sliding block and used for measuring the sliding displacement of the sliding block.
Alternatively to this, the first and second parts may,
the sliding block is made of one of rock, organic glass and metal;
the first contact block is made of one of rock, sandstone and organic glass;
the second contact block is made of one of rock, sandstone and organic glass;
the type and the rigidity of each fault energy accumulator are different;
the material of each sliding block is different;
the contact area of each sliding block and the first contact block is different, and the contact area of each sliding block and the second contact block is different.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides an experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub fault system, which comprises a loading system, a transverse plate, a fault system, a detection system and a data acquisition and monitoring system, wherein the loading system is used for loading a fault signal of a multi-sub fault system; the loading system simulates surrounding rocks outside the fault system and an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system; the transverse plate transmits the force applied by the loading system to the fault system; the fault system simulates the slippage habit and the instability process of the fault under the action of the loading system; the detection system detects the displacement and pressure of the fault system in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition monitoring system is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals and monitoring the evolution process of each signal. The experimental device can directly observe the instability process and characteristics of the fault at different scales.
In addition, the experimental device for the multi-scale instability process of the multi-sub fault system can realize the direct observation of the instability process of the whole large system formed by the instability cascade of the plurality of sliding block energy storage subsystems; the instability processes of the subsystem and the whole macro system on two scales can be obtained; the experimental observation of the sliding habit and the instability process of a single sliding block can be realized, and the experimental observation of the integral habit and the instability process can also be realized; displacement and force signals of the whole system, a single sliding block energy storage subsystem and a single sliding block on 3 scales can be obtained; the method can directly observe the slip habits and characteristics of the sub-fault with different energy storage environments, different contact areas and different contact surface sizes under the driving of uniform boundary displacement in a laboratory, and can directly analyze to obtain the overall response characteristics; different characteristics of sliding habit and instability of different sliding block energy storage subsystems when the connection elastic environments of the different sliding block energy storage subsystems are different can be realized through the change of the rigidity of the fault energy storage; the test observation of different characteristics of the whole fault system in the sliding habit and the instability process under the non-uniform sub-fault scale can be realized; the system experiment observation of the characteristic of the systematic slippage habit of the fault system can be realized when the elastic field rigidity and the fault scale are non-uniform; the experimental observation of the sliding habit and the instability process of the sliding block energy storage subsystem and the fault system can be realized in different combination modes of the elastic field and the total elastic field rigidity of the sliding block energy storage subsystem; and further, experimental observation and analysis of the sliding instability process of the sliding block energy storage subsystem, which tends to the integral fault system instability accumulation, and the correlation between the sliding instability processes on different scales can be realized.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without inventive exercise.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an experimental apparatus for multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub fault system in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a slider energy storage subsystem and a dimensional detection subsystem in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention aims to provide an experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub fault system, which can directly observe the instability process and characteristics of different scales of faults.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in further detail below.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, an experimental apparatus for multi-scale instability process of multi-sub fault system includes: loading system, diaphragm 4, fault system, detecting system and data acquisition monitoring system. The loading system is positioned above the transverse plate 4, the fault system is positioned below the transverse plate 4, the detection system is arranged on the fault system, and the detection system is connected with the data acquisition and monitoring system; the loading system is used for simulating surrounding rocks outside the fault system and an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system; the transverse plate 4 is used for transmitting the force applied by the loading system to the fault system; the fault system is used for simulating the slip habit and the instability process of the fault under the action of the loading system; the detection system is used for detecting the displacement and pressure of the fault system on different scales in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition monitoring system is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals and monitoring the evolution process of each signal.
The loading system specifically comprises: a loading ram 1, a loading system force sensor 2 and a loading system accumulator 3. The loading system energy accumulator 3 is arranged on the transverse plate 4, the loading system force sensor 2 is arranged on the loading system energy accumulator 3, and the loading pressure head 1 acts on the loading system force sensor 2; the loading pressure head 1 is used for loading force and simulating surrounding rocks outside the fault system, and the loading system force sensor 2 is used for measuring the total pressure applied by the loading pressure head 1; the loading system energy accumulator 3 is used for simulating an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system.
The fault layer system specifically comprises: a plurality of slider accumulator subsystems. The sliding block energy storage subsystems are respectively arranged below the transverse plate 4 and respectively simulate the sliding habit and the instability process of fault systems with different scales and different elastic energy storage environments. Each sliding block energy storage subsystem comprises a sub-fault and an elastic energy storage device which are connected in series, and the sliding block energy storage subsystems are used for simulating a sliding system and a local instability process of the sub-fault under the combined driving of a loading system and the corresponding elastic environment energy release. The sliding block energy storage subsystems are respectively arranged below the transverse plate in parallel and used for simulating the sliding habit and the instability process of the non-uniform fault system with different sizes of sub-faults and different elastic energy storage environments. The energy storage devices connected in series on each sliding block are located below the transverse plate, and the sliding blocks are located below the corresponding energy storage devices and used for simulating the sliding habits and instability processes of different sub-faults driven by different elastic environments under the action of the same loading system.
The detection system specifically comprises: a plurality of scale detection subsystems. And the scale detection subsystem is correspondingly arranged on the sliding block energy storage subsystem and is used for detecting the displacement and the pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability. A scale detection subsystem is correspondingly arranged above the transverse plate and used for monitoring the displacement and force in the whole deformation process and instability; the scale detection subsystem is used for detecting the displacement and the pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability; the other one is arranged below each sliding block and is used for monitoring the displacement of each sliding block; the slider stress is calculated by the series relation of the slider energy storage subsystems. Therefore, the deformation, force and instability processes of the whole system, each sliding block energy storage subsystem and each sliding block in 3 dimensions can be monitored.
Data acquisition monitoring system specifically includes: a signal synchronous acquisition amplifying device 41 and a data acquisition computer 42. Each scale detection subsystem is connected with a signal synchronous acquisition and amplification device 41, and the signal synchronous acquisition and amplification device 41 is connected with a data acquisition computer 42; the signal synchronous acquisition amplifying device 41 is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition computer 42 is used to monitor the evolution process of the displacement signal and the pressure signal.
Wherein,
the slider energy storage subsystem specifically includes: a fault sliding unit, fault energy storage (6, 15, 24, 33) and a steel plate 43. The fault energy accumulator is arranged below the transverse plate 4, and the fault sliding unit is arranged below the fault energy accumulator; the fault energy storage device is used for storing elastic potential energy in the loading process of the loading pressure head 1 and simulating the deformation process of the fault surrounding rock and the release of the elastic potential energy in the instability process; the fault sliding unit is used for simulating a fault structure. The top surface of the steel plate 43 is arranged in contact with the lower surface of the transverse plate 4, and the bottom surface of the steel plate 43 is arranged in contact with the upper surface of the fault energy storage device. The type and the rigidity of each fault energy storage device are different.
The fault sliding unit specifically comprises: a slider (7, 16, 25, 34), a first contact block (8, 17, 26, 35), a second contact block (9, 18, 27, 36) and a card slot (11, 20, 29, 38). The top of the sliding block is connected with the bottom of the fault energy storage device, the sliding block is arranged between the first contact block and the second contact block, and the inner surface of the clamping groove is attached to the outer surface of the first contact block and the outer surface of the second contact block; the clamping groove is used for fixing the first contact block and the second contact block; and simulating sub-faults of different sizes by changing the size of the first contact block and/or the second contact block. The sizes of the first contact blocks of each fault sliding unit are different, and the sizes of the second contact blocks of each fault sliding unit are also different. The sliding block is made of one of rock, organic glass and metal; the first contact block is made of one of rock, sandstone and organic glass; the second contact block is made of one of rock, sandstone and organic glass; the material of each sliding block is different; the contact area of each sliding block and the first contact block is different, and the contact area of each sliding block and the second contact block is different.
The scale detection subsystem specifically comprises: a first pressure sensor (5, 14, 23, 32), a second pressure sensor (10, 19, 28, 37), a first displacement sensor (13, 22, 31, 40) and a second displacement sensor (12, 21, 30, 39); the bottom of the first pressure sensor is arranged at the top of the fault energy storage device, and the top of the first pressure sensor is arranged on the lower surface of the steel plate 43; the first pressure sensor is used for measuring the vertical pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem; the second pressure sensor is arranged on the outer surface of the clamping groove and used for measuring the lateral pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem; the first displacement sensor is arranged on the steel plate 43 and is used for measuring the total displacement of the sliding block energy storage subsystem; the second displacement sensor is arranged on the lower surface of the sliding block and used for measuring the sliding displacement of the sliding block.
The invention uses slide block and contact block to form sub-fault (fault slide unit). The energy accumulator is used as a unit for storing energy in the loading deformation process, and the energy accumulator releases energy to drive the instability process of the sliding block during instability. Different fault slip characteristics are represented by sliders with different hardness and different surface contact states. Each fault sliding unit comprises a middle sliding block and two side contact blocks. The contact blocks on the two sides are fixed through steel clamping grooves, lateral pressure is applied through transverse locking, and a lateral force sensor is arranged to measure the lateral pressure. The contact block can be made of different materials such as rock, sandstone, organic glass and the like. Each sliding block is made of different materials, namely has different hardness, porosity and surface roughness, and realizes the non-uniform characteristics of the friction microstructure of the surface of each sub-fault. The areas of the contact surfaces of the sliding blocks are different, so that the size nonuniformity of the contact friction surfaces of the sub-faults is realized. Energy accumulators of different types are connected in series on each sliding block, the energy accumulators continuously store elastic energy in the loading process, and the elastic energy is released in the deformation process and the instability process of the fault surrounding rock. The nonuniformity of energy storage in different sub-fault elastic environments is realized through energy accumulators with different types and different rigidities.
And (3) arranging a force sensor with corresponding resolution above each sliding block-energy accumulator series system, and measuring the vertical loading force of each sub-fault. And each sliding block-energy accumulator-force sensor series system is connected in parallel below a transverse plate, so that a large fault system consisting of a plurality of sub fault systems is formed. A testing machine loading pressure head is arranged above the transverse plate, and a loading system on the pressure head can deform in the loading process, so that surrounding rocks outside the whole large fault system in the actual nature are simulated. And an energy accumulator with different rigidity is arranged above the transverse plate and used as an elastic energy storage environment outside the total fault system. And (4) installing a loading system force sensor above the loading system energy accumulator, and measuring the vertical total pressure. Vertical load is applied through a testing machine, the displacement of a testing machine actuator is the displacement of the whole loaded boundary, and the displacement is measured through a self-contained measuring system of the testing machine. And a probe type displacement sensor is arranged below the transverse plate and above each slide block force sensor to respectively measure the displacement of each slide block-energy accumulator-force sensor system. Meanwhile, a probe type displacement sensor is also arranged below each sliding block and used for measuring the actual sliding displacement of each sliding block. The displacement and force signals measured at different positions are connected to a multi-channel data shielding acquisition system through a shielding data wire, amplified and converted, and then transmitted to a computer for acquisition and reception.
The experimental steps of the invention comprise:
in a first step, friction contact blocks (8, 9; 17, 18; 26, 27; 35, 36) of different sizes corresponding to each sliding block are arranged in corresponding fixed clamping grooves (11, 20, 29, 38). The respective lateral pressure is measured by means of respective lateral pressure sensors (10, 19, 28, 37).
In a second step, the sliders (7, 16, 25, 34) are clamped between the respective contact blocks (8, 9; 17, 18; 26, 27; 35, 36). The sliding block and the contact block can be made of other materials, and meanwhile, the contact area can be changed by changing the cross section area of the contact block, so that the non-uniformity of the sliding contact surface of different subsystems can be realized.
And thirdly, each contact type displacement sensor (12, 21, 30, 39) is arranged at the lower end of the corresponding slide block (7, 16, 25, 34) and is in substantial contact with the lower surface of the slide block for measuring the actual sliding displacement of each slide block.
Fourthly, installing fault energy accumulators (6, 15, 24 and 33) with different rigidity and different models above the corresponding sliding blocks. And energy accumulators with different rigidities and different types are arranged on the sliding blocks, so that the nonuniformity of the elastic environment is realized.
And fifthly, installing force sensors (5, 14, 23, 32) with corresponding measuring ranges and accuracy at the top ends of the energy accumulators connected with the sliding blocks.
Sixthly, a thin steel plate 43 is pasted on the top end of each force sensor, and a contact type displacement sensor (13, 22, 31, 40) is arranged on the lower surface of one end, extending out of the thin steel plate, and used for measuring the total displacement of the sliding block-energy accumulator sub-fault system.
And seventhly, connecting the energy accumulators, the force sensors and the thin steel plates above the sliding blocks, and integrally connecting the energy accumulators, the force sensors and the thin steel plates with the lower surface of the transverse plate 4.
And eighthly, selecting the energy accumulator 3 with corresponding rigidity to realize the system response and instability characteristic change test and observation when the rigidity of the elastic environments with different external fields is different.
And ninthly, connecting the force sensor 2 with the energy accumulator 3, and installing the force sensor below a loading pressure head of the testing machine. The force sensor 2 measures the vertical total pressure in real time.
And tenth step, the upper surface of the transverse plate 4 is pasted and installed below the energy accumulator 3, so that instability in the loading process is prevented.
The eleventh step is to connect the transmission data lines of the signals measured by the sensors to the signal synchronous acquisition and amplification system 41, cover the shielding device, and connect the total transmission data lines to the acquisition and amplification system and the data acquisition computer 42.
And step twelve, starting the testing machine to move downwards until each energy converter at the lowest part of the transverse plate is contacted with the upper part of the corresponding sliding block, and carrying out small prepressing to ensure effective contact with the upper parts of the sliding blocks.
And step thirteen, setting a vertical loading program of the testing machine, implementing loading, and simultaneously acquiring all force and displacement signals.
Fourteenth, the evolution process of each signal is displayed in real time in the data acquisition computer 42.
And fifthly, monitoring the evolution process of each measurement signal, indicating that multiple times of integral instability occurs after multiple times of sudden jump increase of the average displacement of the transverse plate, and stopping the loading process according to the preset value.
The working principle of the experimental method and the experimental device is as follows:
and controlling the testing machine to carry out vertical displacement loading, transmitting the loading displacement to the energy accumulator 3 through the force sensor 2, and pushing the transverse plate to vertically walk downwards. The transverse plate vertically moves downwards to compress the force sensors and the energy accumulator below, so that the sliding blocks are pushed downwards. When the pushing process of each sub energy accumulator reaches the corresponding sliding block friction instability condition, the corresponding sliding block is caused to slide unstably. The instability of a single sliding block is determined by the friction force evolution, the rigidity of the corresponding energy accumulator above the sliding block and the amount of energy accumulation. The instability of a single slider is a small scale instability. When the system consisting of the transverse plate and all the sliders-accumulators therebelow reaches the overall instability condition, overall instability of a larger scale occurs correspondingly. Therefore, the instability process and the direct observation of the characteristics of the instability process on different scales can be realized.
In the experimental method and device, different sliding processes, destabilizing processes and characteristics can be realized by changing the rigidity of each transducer, the material of the sliding block, the roughness of the contact surface and the size of the contact surface.
The data processing principle and method for judging the unstable sliding are as follows:
the displacement U of the tester actuator is the deformation U of the transducer according to the structural mechanics principle and the deformation geometryrThe sum of the average displacements u of the transverse plates, i.e.
U＝ur+u (1)
The force F obtained by the force sensor 2 is the sliding friction force F of all the slidersiSum of (a), (b), (c) and (d)iMeasured by corresponding force sensors (5, 14, 23, 32) above each slide. Wherein
n is the number of all sliders. Deformation u of transducers (6, 15, 24, 33) in series with the sliderseiFor measuring a displacement u by a corresponding contact-type displacement sensor (13, 22, 31, 40)iCorresponding to a sliding displacement (12, 21, 30, 39) u of the slidesiA difference of (i) that
uei＝ui-usi (3)
The total displacement increment Δ u of the slider-accumulator system is theniIs the slide displacement increment Deltau of the slide blocksiAnd the incremental deformation of the accumulator DeltaueiIs a sum of
Δui＝Δuei+Δusi (4)
When a certain slide block slides past the maximum friction point, the energy accumulator connected with the slide block releases the stored elastic energy. Since the energy accumulator connected to it releases energy, its deformation increment Δ ueiIs negative. From equation (4), it can be seen that the accumulator release deformation increment Δ u is satisfiedeiIncrement of sliding displacement delta u with slide blocksiWhen they are equal, the total deformation increment of the slider-accumulator system is 0, and this is the critical point of the sliding instability of the subsystem. When in use
-Δuei>Δusi (5)
When the system is in sliding instability, the sliding displacement measured by the displacement sensor at the lower end of the sliding block can jump suddenly. Accordingly, can be derived from usiThe destabilizing sliding process of each subsystem is seen on the graph.
At the same time, a snap-through occurs in the force curve measured by the force sensor (5, 14, 23, 32) connected to the slide. Therefore, the instability process can be monitored in real time by the force arranged at the position and signals measured by the displacement sensor.
On a macroscopic scale, the displacement of the actuator loaded by the testing machine is the average displacement u of the transverse plate and the deformation u of the total energy accumulatorrAre obtained by
U＝ur+u (6)
When the total resultant force borne by the system consisting of all the sliding block-energy accumulator subsystems and the transverse plate passes through the maximum load point, the energy accumulator starts to release energy and is elastically deformed and restored. Thereafter, the deformation increment Δ u of the energy accumulatorrIs negative and is prepared from
ΔU＝Δur+Δu (7)
It can be known that when
-Δur>Δu (8)
When the subsystem is subject to slip instability, the contact displacement sensors (13, 22, 31, 40) will jump according to the displacement and their average value. While a kick occurs in the force curve measured by the force sensor 2.
Therefore, the instability of the entire system can be observed on the displacement curve measured by the force sensor 2 and the contact type displacement sensor (13, 22, 31, 40). This is a macroscopic destabilization of the entire system. From the comprehensive comparison of displacement curves of different levels measured and in experiments, it can be seen that the macro instability is the whole information and process formed by the cascade integration of the instability of a plurality of subsystems.
The invention realizes the construction and experiments of various non-uniform elastic fields and non-uniform friction sub-fault systems by changing the rigidity of each transducer, the contact area of the sliding block, the roughness of the contact surface of the sliding block and the structure of the sliding block material. Through monitoring and data processing of deformation, displacement and force signals of different scales, instability processes and characteristics of different scales can be directly observed, and a macro instability process with larger scale and corresponding data analysis of the macro instability process formed by multiple subsystem instability cascade stages can be realized.
The principles and embodiments of the present invention have been described herein using specific examples, which are provided only to help understand the method and the core concept of the present invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, the specific embodiments and the application range may be changed. In summary, this summary should not be construed to limit the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. An experimental device for a multi-scale instability process of a multi-sub-fault system is characterized by comprising:
the system comprises a loading system, a transverse plate, a fault system, a detection system and a data acquisition monitoring system;
the loading system is positioned above the transverse plate, the fault system is positioned below the transverse plate, the detection system is arranged on the fault system, and the detection system is connected with the data acquisition and monitoring system;
the loading system specifically comprises:
the loading system comprises a loading pressure head, a loading system force sensor and a loading system energy accumulator;
the loading system energy accumulator is arranged on the transverse plate, the loading system force sensor is arranged on the loading system energy accumulator, and the loading pressure head acts on the loading system force sensor;
the loading pressure head is used for loading force or loading displacement, and the loading system force sensor is used for measuring the total pressure applied by the loading pressure head; the loading system energy accumulator is used for simulating an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system;
the loading system is used for simulating surrounding rocks outside the fault system and an elastic energy storage environment outside the fault system;
the transverse plate is used for transmitting the force applied by the loading system to the fault system; the fault system is used for simulating the slip habit and the instability process of the fault under the action of the loading system; the detection system is used for detecting the displacement and the pressure of the fault system on different scales in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition monitoring system is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals and monitoring the evolution process of each signal;
the fault layer system specifically comprises:
a plurality of slider energy storage subsystems;
the sliding block energy storage subsystems are respectively arranged below the transverse plate and respectively simulate the sliding habit and the instability process of fault systems with different scales and different elastic energy storage environments;
the slider energy storage subsystem specifically includes:
a fault sliding unit and a fault energy storage device;
the fault energy storage device is arranged below the transverse plate, and the fault sliding unit is arranged below the fault energy storage device;
the fault energy storage device is used for storing elastic potential energy in the loading process of the loading pressure head and simulating the deformation process of the sub-fault surrounding rock and the release of the elastic potential energy in the instability process; the fault sliding unit is used for simulating a sub fault structure;
the sliding block and the contact block form a sub-fault; the energy accumulator is used as a unit for storing energy in the loading deformation process, and the energy accumulator releases energy to drive the slide block to be unstable when unstable; different fault sliding characteristics are represented by sliding blocks with different hardness and different surface contact states; each fault sliding unit comprises a middle sliding block and two side contact blocks; the contact blocks at two sides are fixed through steel clamping grooves, lateral pressure is applied by transverse locking, and a lateral force sensor is configured to measure the lateral pressure; wherein the contact block is made of different materials such as rock, sandstone and organic glass;
each sliding block is made of different materials, namely has different hardness, different porosity and different surface roughness, so that the non-uniform characteristic of the friction microstructure of the surface of each sub-fault is realized;
the areas of the contact surfaces of the sliding blocks are different, so that the size nonuniformity of the contact friction surfaces of the sub-faults is realized;
energy accumulators of different types are connected in series on each sliding block, the energy accumulators continuously store elastic energy in the loading process, and the elastic energy is released in the deformation process and the instability process of the fault surrounding rock; the nonuniformity of energy storage in different sub-fault elastic environments is realized through energy accumulators with different types and different rigidities.
2. The experimental apparatus for the multi-scale instability process of the multi-sub-fault system according to claim 1, wherein the detection system specifically includes:
a plurality of scale detection subsystems;
and the dimension detection subsystem is correspondingly arranged on one sliding block energy storage subsystem and is used for detecting the displacement and the pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability.
3. The experimental facility for the multi-scale instability process of the multi-sub-fault system according to claim 2, wherein the data acquisition and monitoring system specifically comprises:
the signal synchronous acquisition amplifying device and the data acquisition computer;
each scale detection subsystem is connected with the signal synchronous acquisition and amplification device, and the signal synchronous acquisition and amplification device is connected with the data acquisition computer;
the signal synchronous acquisition amplifying device is used for acquiring displacement signals and pressure signals of the sliding block energy storage subsystem in the deformation process and the instability; the data acquisition computer is used for monitoring the evolution process of the displacement signal and the pressure signal.
4. The experimental apparatus for multi-scale instability process of multi-sub fault layer system according to claim 3, wherein the slider energy storage subsystem further comprises:
a steel plate;
the top surface of steel sheet with the lower surface contact setting of diaphragm, the bottom surface of steel sheet with the upper surface contact setting of fault energy storage ware.
5. The experimental facility for the multi-scale instability process of the multi-sub fault system according to claim 4, wherein the fault sliding unit specifically comprises:
the sliding block, the first contact block, the second contact block and the clamping groove are arranged on the base;
the top of the sliding block is connected with the bottom of the fault energy storage device, the sliding block is arranged between the first contact block and the second contact block, and the inner surface of the clamping groove is attached to the outer surface of the first contact block and the outer surface of the second contact block; the clamping groove is used for fixing the first contact block and the second contact block; and simulating sub-faults of different sizes by changing the size of the first contact block and/or the second contact block.
6. The experimental facility for the multi-scale instability process of the multi-sub-fault system according to claim 5, wherein the scale detection subsystem specifically includes:
a first pressure sensor, a second pressure sensor, a first displacement sensor, and a second displacement sensor;
the bottom of the first pressure sensor is arranged at the top of the fault energy storage device, and the top of the first pressure sensor is arranged on the lower surface of the steel plate; the first pressure sensor is used for measuring the vertical pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem;
the second pressure sensor is arranged on the outer surface of the clamping groove and used for measuring the lateral pressure of the sliding block energy storage subsystem;
the first displacement sensor is arranged on the steel plate and used for measuring the total displacement of the sliding block energy storage subsystem;
the second displacement sensor is arranged on the lower surface of the sliding block and used for measuring the sliding displacement of the sliding block.
7. The experimental device for the multi-sub fault system multi-scale instability process according to claim 6, wherein the sliding block is made of one of rock, organic glass and metal;
the first contact block is made of one of rock, sandstone and organic glass;
the second contact block is made of one of rock, sandstone and organic glass;
the type and the rigidity of each fault energy accumulator are different;
the material of each sliding block is different;
the contact area of each sliding block and the first contact block is different, and the contact area of each sliding block and the second contact block is different.
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