CN111990143A

CN111990143A - Agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases

Info

Publication number: CN111990143A
Application number: CN202010694823.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 郭铁群; 陈卫民; 张蓓; 季娟; 马洁云
Original assignee: Xinjiang Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Agriculture Sceince Research Institute
Current assignee: Xinjiang Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Agriculture Sceince Research Institute
Priority date: 2020-07-18
Filing date: 2020-07-18
Publication date: 2020-11-27

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of disease prevention of fruit trees, and relates to an agricultural method for preventing infectious diseases of fruit trees, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting fruit trees growing for more than 5 years, constructing a waterproof ridge capable of preventing irrigation water from soaking the trunk around the trunk, wherein the distance between the ridge and the trunk is increased along with the increase of the age of the tree; for non-close planting orchards, the waterproof ridge is a closed annular ridge; for close planting orchards, parallel ridges are formed; (2) reinforcing and compacting the waterproof ridges into permanent ridges to prevent water seepage and collapse; the ridging is carried out in time when watering or preventing the water bank from being damaged; (3) for the area within the waterproof ridge, the orchard soil management is carried out by adopting a natural grass growing and real-time cutting method, the grass growing height is kept not more than 20cm, perennial weeds are eliminated, and ground vegetation mainly comprising annual plant species is kept; and (5) mechanically ploughing soil in the areas outside the waterproof ridges in combination with spring and autumn organic fertilizer application. The invention can effectively prevent pathogenic bacteria of central diseased plants from spreading, has strong operability, is simple and practical, does not need investment and has obvious effect.

Description

Agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree pest control, and particularly relates to an agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases.

Background

The irrigation mode of the fruit trees in the north is mainly flood irrigation, and soil moisture is supplemented by an external water source, so that the basic requirement of the growth of the fruit trees is met. In inland arid regions such as northwest, the precipitation is less, the climate is dry, the illumination is strong, the soil evaporation capacity is large, the relative humidity of an orchard is 30-40% on average, and in the last two decades, the phenomenon of excessively overproducing underground water is common, so that the underground water level is rapidly reduced, and the water demand for orchard irrigation is particularly large. Because of drought water shortage and particularly outstanding water use contradiction, the irrigation can not be carried out on time, the problems of insufficient irrigation times and water quantity are frequent, the water shortage can cause the growth and development of fruit trees to be influenced by the water shortage due to severe fluctuation of soil water holding capacity and relative humidity of an orchard after the irrigation till the next irrigation, and the fruit trees are frequently under the stress of water, thereby causing the consequences of rot, stress resistance reduction, frequent freezing damage and the like, therefore, the water saving, the improvement of the orchard cultivation system, the improvement of the water utilization rate and the reasonable irrigation are particularly important, and the method plays a fundamental role in preventing and reducing the damage of diseases and insects, enhancing the tree vigor, and improving the yield and the quality of fruits.

Along with the growth of fruit trees, the root system is distributed in the soil, the root system is closer to the trunk part to form a big root and a straight root to play a supporting role, the capillary root extending from the big root is mainly distributed under the tree crown, the capillary root mainly has the function of absorbing mineral elements and water, and the measure of constructing the waterproof ridge is adopted, so that the limited water quantity can be concentrated, the soil distributed by the capillary root, namely the soil under the tree crown is ensured to be balanced in water retention, the physiological water demand rule of plants is met, the growth and development requirements of trees are fully met, the watering time can be shortened, the cycle of watering is accelerated, and the watering frequency is increased.

At present, the rot disease of fruit trees is one of the common main diseases, and damages the fruit trees such as walnuts, apples, pears, peaches and the like. Bacterial diseases such as apple branch blight and the like exist in fruit dominant production areas such as Xinjiang and the like, and the diseases have strong infectivity, can be rapidly diffused and spread, are difficult to control and cause gradual weakness and death of trees. The occurrence of these dangerous diseases often causes serious damage, and particularly, destructive disasters have been formed in some areas of highly diseased fine local varieties such as Korla pears. The urgent need is to control the spread of disease and to find or select high disease-resistant resources or good varieties which can replace the original varieties. Through the experimental research of a writer for many years, the disease-preventing agricultural method mainly for constructing the waterproof ridge provided by the invention is proved to be effective, can reduce the occurrence of rot and the degree of disease, and can effectively prevent pathogenic bacteria on the plant suffering from the apple branch blight from invading the main trunk of bergamot pear along with irrigation water or spreading to peripheral fruit trees through animals such as vector insects, birds and the like. At present, the technology is planned to be widely popularized and applied in Aksu areas of Xinjiang and bergamot pear producing areas of Ba Zhou.

Action principle for preventing diseases

Research shows that the fruit tree rot is formed by the infection of rot germs, the rot germs are weak parasitic bacteria and widely exist in the environment such as soil, wounds, weak hosts, high humidity and the like are favorable conditions for the disease, the grafting part of the trunk, the harm of trunk borers and the freezing injury often form wounds, the infection of the rot germs is likely to occur under the condition of contacting irrigation water, and the main branches of the weak trees, particularly the crotch parts, are easy to cause the disease. The prevention and treatment mainly comprises the methods of treating disease spots by scraping, smearing medicaments and the like, and usually treats the symptoms and the root causes, and has high recurrence rate and limited effect. By adopting the measure of constructing the waterproof ridge, the periphery of the trunk can be kept relatively dry, the trunk is prevented from being soaked in water, the humidity of the base of the trunk is reduced, and the disease condition that germs are infected from wounds is reduced, so that rot is prevented.

Apple branch blight is a bacterial disease with extremely strong infectivity, strong pathogenicity and high lethality, can be transmitted by wind, rain, insects, birds and artificial ways, host flower organs, tender tissues and wounds can cause infection, and rainfall, irrigation and other conditions are favorable for morbidity and very difficult to control. The waterproof ridge is constructed to help prevent and control the branch blight, mainly controls the diffusion of germs from the center of the outbreak of the flowing bacterium pus to the periphery along with the irrigation water, reduces the contact of biological transmission media such as insects (living biological species on trees such as ants, spiders and the like and on the ground) and birds and the like and the transfer of the pathogens to the trees, and simultaneously can also form escape places of soil-inhabiting insects during watering, avoids the escape of the trees thereon and accelerates the propagation speed of the germs.

According to the research of penniers, the apple branch blight spreads rapidly from a disease center plant or a formed disease center area (a severe disease area) to the periphery, diseased hosts often go through the processes of flowering apparatus, young shoots and young fruits with symptoms, then disease of small branches, big branches and main branches, and disease of central trunks and main trunks, when germs are infected and spread to the whole root system of a tree body, the cell structure is damaged, phloem tissues are browned and necrotized, and finally the whole host plant is dead. The dead diseased plant has a large amount of pathogenic bacteria with extremely strong infectivity, which is generally shown as the occurrence of pyogenic bacteria at the infected part of a host, the pyogenic bacteria disease is the typical characteristic of bacterial diseases, the concentration of the pathogenic bacteria in the pyogenic bacteria is extremely high, the pyogenic bacteria contain a large amount of pathogenic bacteria, can be transmitted through various ways such as biology, non-biology and the like, and is the main pathogenetic source of secondary infection, particularly, the pyogenic bacteria amount formed by the trunks of some susceptible pear varieties and the basal trunk of a birch stock is especially large, a large amount of dark brown and sticky liquid overflows from the trunks to form a central diseased plant, the pyogenic bacteria on the central diseased plant sometimes overflow and accumulate to form liquid drops, and the liquid drops can fall onto root and stem soil and can be irrigated by large water to provide convenient conditions for the pathogenic bacteria to directly infect the wounds of the trunks. By constructing the waterproof ridge, the spreading speed can be delayed, the infection way of central disease plants is blocked, and the effect of effective prevention is achieved.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides an agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases, aiming at the actual problems of drought shortage of fruit trees and spreading and disaster of diseases in the north, which achieves the purposes of improving irrigation efficiency and preventing and reducing rot and apple branch blight by constructing waterproof ridges, growing grass naturally, reducing mechanical rotary tillage and the like.

The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: an agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases comprises the following steps:

(1) selecting a fruit tree growing for more than 5 years, constructing a waterproof ridge capable of preventing irrigation water from soaking the trunk around the trunk in a mode of constructing a soil ridge by taking the trunk as a center during the growth period of the fruit tree, wherein the height of the ridge is not less than 30cm, the bottom width of the ridge is not less than 30cm, the planting distance for a non-close-planting orchard is not less than 2.5m, the waterproof ridge is constructed into a closed annular ridge, and the distance between the ridge and the trunk is 30-60 cm; for a close planting orchard, the plant spacing is less than 2.5m, a waterproof ridge is built into a parallel ridge, and the distance between the ridge and the trunk is 30-40 cm; the distance between the ridge and the trunk is correspondingly increased along with the increase of the age of the tree;

(2) reinforcing and compacting the waterproof ridge until a permanent ridge is formed, and preventing water seepage and collapse; after watering or when the waterproof ridge is damaged, the waterproof ridge is earthed up in time;

(3) for the area within the waterproof ridge, the orchard soil management is carried out by adopting a natural grass growing and real-time cutting method, the grass growing height is kept not more than 20cm, perennial weeds are eliminated, and ground vegetation mainly comprising annual plant species is kept; for the areas outside the waterproof ridges, after soil is defrosted in spring, applying organic fertilizer in spring, and mechanically ploughing and weeding the soil to a depth of 10-15 cm; or before the fruit trees fall to be frozen in autumn, applying organic fertilizer in combination with autumn, and mechanically ploughing and weeding soil to a depth of 5-10 cm; in other growing seasons, weeds outside the waterproof ridge are removed by a mowing method.

The invention also comprises an optimized or/and improved technical scheme that:

in a preferred scheme I, the fruit trees in the step (1) refer to walnut, apple and bergamot pear tree species.

And (2) preferably, in the step (1), the distance between the annular ridge and the trunk is kept 60cm in the full bearing period.

And (3) preferably, the annular ridge in the step (1) is constructed to be square or circular.

And (3) preferably, the time for constructing the waterproof ridges in the step (1) is from the leaves of the fruit trees to the water before the flowers fall or from the beginning of the current year 11 months to the beginning of the next year 3 months.

And (4) preferably, applying the organic fertilizer in spring in the step (3), performing rotary tillage or ditching after applying the organic fertilizer in the spring, and simultaneously avoiding root injury caused by mechanical operation and forming germ wound infection.

In actual operation, a square ridge is generally constructed for non-close planting orchards, a parallel ridge is more suitable for close planting orchards, and the distance between the ridge and a trunk is correspondingly increased along with the increase of the tree age; the labor can be reduced, and the working efficiency can be improved.

When the machine is used for ploughing, the rotary tillage depth of the soil during ploughing is well controlled, so that the soil insects can be eliminated, and the root system is prevented from being damaged in a large amount.

The key points for implementing the invention are as follows:

1. by constructing a waterproof ridge with a certain specification, irrigation water is prevented from directly soaking the root and the stem of the fruit tree, so that the propagation and diffusion path of pathogenic bacteria along with water is delayed or blocked, and the propagation of the propagation medium animal with bacteria is reduced. The method is beneficial to concentrating limited water resources to a distribution area with higher root absorption efficiency and improving the irrigation efficiency.

2. And (4) carrying out regional agricultural management by combining with ground facilities formed by constructing waterproof ridges. Mechanical plowing is not carried out in the area within the waterproof ridge, orchard soil management is carried out by adopting a natural grass growing and real-time cutting method, the grass growing height is kept to be not more than 20cm, perennial weeds are eliminated, and ground vegetation mainly comprising annual plant species is kept; and for the areas outside the waterproof ridges, after the soil is defrosted in spring, applying organic fertilizer in spring, and mechanically ploughing the soil to the depth of 10-15 cm.

3. The mechanical plowing operation is carried out in the area outside the waterproof ridge for no more than 1 time per year, the underground pests can be killed, and the root system is prevented from being damaged in a large amount. And (4) adopting a mowing weeding method at other times.

The invention has the main innovation points and beneficial effects that:

1. by constructing the waterproof ridges to form regional irrigation and regional farming operation management, the method better conforms to the distribution rule of the absorption roots of the fruit trees, thereby improving the irrigation efficiency.

2. The constructed waterproof ridge can keep the trunk and the periphery dry and is not beneficial to germ infection.

3. The waterproof ridge is constructed, so that the trunk can be prevented from being soaked in the irrigation process, and the diffusion of pathogenic bacteria on central diseased plants along with water can be reduced.

4. The waterproof ridges become escape places for small animals such as soil-inhabiting insects and the like during irrigation, and the insects carrying germs are prevented from spreading to trees.

5. The method for constructing the waterproof ridge and the matched fruit garden soil, fertilizer and water management measures have strong operability, are easy to accept and master by fruit growers, are simple and practical, do not need investment, only need labor input, have obvious effect of preventing and controlling diseases, and have important effects on improving irrigation modes and preventing fruit tree canker and apple branch blight.

The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples, which are all non-public experimental studies.

Example 1

Tests for preventing and controlling apple branch blight by adopting the technical scheme of the invention are carried out in partial orchards of the Kurla bergamot pear producing area by the Bazhou agricultural academy:

The prevention and control effect is investigated and verified in the test, and the specific conditions are described as follows:

a part of orchards in the Bazhou bergamot pear producing area are randomly selected, and the non-public experimental research of the measure of constructing the waterproof ridge is started in the autumn of 2018. The results show that the disease incidence and disease degree of pear trees which carefully and standardly construct the waterproof ridge are obviously smaller than those of pear trees which do not construct the waterproof ridge, and the disease degree of the pear trees is obviously reduced after the waterproof ridge is constructed in the same orchard (2019 and 2020) compared with that before the waterproof ridge is constructed (2017 and 2018).

A verification test is carried out in a Hara jade palace gawa-village poplar and Steel bergamot pear orchard, all management measures of the pear orchard are basically in place, prevention and control agents are applied according to requirements, but building of a waterproof ridge and timely cleaning of a center and plant merging are not completed in time, the morbidity, disease condition index and death rate of the orchard reach 62.76%, 24.75% and 1.38% in 2020, more pear trees with mainstream fungus purulence in the orchard are in need, the disease condition aggravates year by year, and the disease condition is increased in proportion to the number of the pear trees in the orchard. Compared with the pear gardens constructing the waterproof ridges, the orchard growing grass and the adjacent Rieger flood for intercropping rape, the disease index is respectively 37.74 percent, 18.45 percent and 3.77 percent, and the disease index is obviously lighter. And a waterproof ridge is not constructed in the Liu Shai Hai orchard of the Qing team of the Abawa province with the same management level, and the disease and the death of the pear trees in the orchard occur, which is caused by the infection of one pear strain on the ridge of the side canal of the ground, so that 15 peripheral pear strains are infected with the disease, wherein the death and 6 strains of the pus of the trunk occur and have the tendency of diffusion. The water bank prevention test carried out on the Shayidong fourteen-field Yangming orchard shows that the morbidity, disease index and death rate of the orchard reach 1.67 percent, 0.19 percent and 0.00 percent respectively in 2020, the morbidity degree of the orchard is reduced year by year, and the disease is effectively prevented and treated. The key function of constructing the waterproof ridge is to effectively prevent pathogenic bacteria of central diseased plants from spreading everywhere, reduce the diffusion path of the pathogenic bacteria, prevent continuous and flaky diseased plants after timely treatment and effectively inhibit the pathogenic bacteria from spreading. The specific data are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 investigation and verification of the effect of water barriers

Location of a site	The incidence of disease%	Index of disease condition	The plant death rate%	Prevention and control measures
					Poplar steel orchard	62.76	24.75	1.38	A waterproof ridge is not constructed; if the diseased and withered branches are not trimmed in time, the diseased and dead trees are cut off.
Hot Yima Hongyou	37.74	18.45	3.77	Constructing a waterproof ridge; growing grass in an orchard; intercropping rape
					Yangming position orchard	1.67	0.19	0	Constructing a waterproof ridge; pruning diseased dead branches in time; enough organic fertilizer input

Example 2

In 2017, a walnut garden of a certain farmer in Aksu Hostan county in Xinjiang has severe rot, the walnut garden is a non-close-planting orchard, the spacing between walnut trees is 5m, the walnut trees are all 15-year-old fruit trees, and a rot prevention and control test is performed according to the agricultural method disclosed by the invention.

(1) Before winter irrigation after leaves of the fruit tree fall, a waterproof ridge capable of preventing irrigation water from soaking the trunk is constructed around the trunk of the fruit tree by taking the trunk of the fruit tree as a center in a mode of constructing a soil ridge, and the height of the annular ridge is not less than 30cm, and the bottom width of the annular ridge is not less than 30 cm; the distance between the ridge and the trunk is 50 cm;

(3) for the area within the waterproof ridge, the orchard soil management is carried out by adopting a natural grass growing and real-time cutting method, the grass growing height is kept not more than 20cm, perennial weeds are eliminated, and ground vegetation mainly comprising annual plant species is kept; for the areas outside the waterproof ridges, after soil is defrosted in spring, applying organic fertilizer in spring, and mechanically ploughing the soil to a depth of 10-15 cm; or before the leaves of the walnut trees are fallen to be frozen in autumn, applying organic fertilizer in autumn and mechanically ploughing the soil to the depth of 5-8 cm.

The square ridge constructed in the embodiment is convenient for the field operation of agricultural implements such as mechanical auxiliary ridge raising, weeding and fertilizing in the orchard, not only reduces the manual labor, but also improves the working efficiency.

According to the survey in 2019 spring, the incidence rate of the rot disease is reduced by over 70 percent, and the disease condition is obviously controlled.

Example 3

In 2018, a serious apple deadwood disease is caused in a pear garden of a certain farmer in a Kuerle Anwati farm in Xinjiang, the row spacing of the pear garden is 4m multiplied by 5m, the tree age is 8 years, and an apple deadwood disease prevention and control test is carried out according to the agricultural method.

(1) In 3 months early in 2018, a waterproof ridge capable of preventing irrigation water from soaking a trunk is constructed around the trunk of a fruit tree in a mode of constructing a soil ridge around the trunk, the waterproof ridge is an annular waterproof ring, the height of the ridge is larger than or equal to 30cm, the bottom width of the ridge is larger than or equal to 30cm, and the inner diameter of the annular waterproof ring is 80 cm;

(3) for the area within the waterproof ridge, the orchard soil management is carried out by adopting a natural grass growing and real-time cutting method, the grass growing height is kept not more than 20cm, perennial weeds are eliminated, and ground vegetation mainly comprising annual plant species is kept; for the areas outside the waterproof ridges, after soil is defrosted in spring, applying organic fertilizer in spring, and mechanically ploughing the soil to a depth of 10-15 cm; or before leaves of the bergamot pear trees are fallen to be frozen in autumn, applying organic fertilizer in autumn, and mechanically ploughing soil to the depth of 5-8 cm.

On the basis of making other various disease prevention and control measures, the orchard is surveyed in spring 2020, the incidence rate of branch blight is 2.65%, the disease index is 0.27, the death rate is 1%, and the disease condition is obviously controlled.

Example 4

In 2016, a farmer peasant household in Aksu city, Xinjiang, has severe canker in an apple orchard, the apple orchard is a close-planting orchard, the spacing of apple trees is 1.5m, the age of the apple trees is 7 years, and management is carried out in a labor-saving cultivation mode. According to the agricultural method, the prevention and control test of the apple deadwood disease is carried out.

(1) After leaves of the fruit tree fall, parallel waterproof banks are built along two sides of a tree row, namely, two straight banks are respectively built on two sides of the tree row, the distance between each bank and a trunk is 40cm, the height of each bank is not less than 30cm, and the width of the bottom of each bank is not less than 30 cm;

(3) for the area within the waterproof ridge, the orchard soil management is carried out by adopting a natural grass growing and real-time cutting method, the grass growing height is kept not more than 20cm, perennial weeds are eliminated, and ground vegetation mainly comprising annual plant species is kept; for the areas outside the waterproof ridges, after soil is defrosted in spring, applying organic fertilizer in spring, and mechanically ploughing the soil to a depth of 10-15 cm; or before the fruit trees fall to be frozen in autumn, applying organic fertilizer in autumn and mechanically ploughing soil to the depth of 5-10 cm.

The spring application organic fertilizer is applied by rotary tillage or ditching after spreading, and simultaneously avoids root injury caused by mechanical operation and germ wound infection.

After 2 years, the incidence rate is reduced by more than 75% according to survey and statistics.

Example 5

In 2019, a test in Bazhou round-Tai county in Xinjiang shows that a peasant household in the orchard has severe rot disease in a large area, the orchard is a close-planting orchard, the planting distance is 1.5m, the tree age is 6 years, and the rot disease prevention and control test is carried out according to the agricultural method.

(1) After leaves of the fruit tree fall, parallel waterproof banks are built on two sides of a tree row, namely, a straight bank is built on each side of the tree row, the distance between each bank and a trunk is 40cm, the height of each bank is not less than 30cm, and the width of the bottom of each bank is not less than 30 cm;

The investigation in 3 months of 2020 shows that the incidence rate of the rot disease is 8.6 percent and is reduced by 51.5 percent compared with the disease before the waterproof ridge is constructed.

Claims

1. An agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) selecting fruit trees over 5 years old, and constructing a waterproof ridge capable of preventing irrigation water from soaking a trunk around the trunk in a mode of constructing a soil ridge around the trunk of the fruit trees by taking the trunk as a center during the growth period of the fruit trees, wherein the height of the ridge is not less than 30cm, and the bottom width of the ridge is not less than 30 cm; for a non-close planting orchard, namely the planting distance is not less than 2.5m, the waterproof ridge is constructed into a closed annular ridge, and the distance between the ridge and the trunk is 30-60 cm; for a close planting orchard, the plant spacing is less than 2.5m, a waterproof ridge is built into a parallel ridge, and the distance between the ridge and the trunk is 30-40 cm; the distance between the ridge and the trunk is correspondingly increased along with the increase of the age of the tree;

2. The agronomic method for preventing infectious diseases of fruit trees according to claim 1, wherein said fruit trees of step (1) are walnut, apple, pear tree species.

3. The agronomic method for preventing infectious diseases of fruit trees according to claim 1, characterized in that in step (1), the distance between the ring-shaped ridge and the trunk is kept 60cm during full bearing period.

4. The agronomic method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases according to claim 1, characterized in that in step (1), said annular ridge is constructed in a square or circular shape.

5. The agronomic method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases according to claim 1, characterized in that the waterproof ridges in step (1) are constructed from the time of leaf falling of fruit trees to the time of irrigation before blossom or from the beginning of the current year 11 months to the beginning of the next year 3 months.

6. The agricultural method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases according to claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer is applied in spring in step (3), and rotary tillage or ditching is performed after the application, and meanwhile, root injury caused by mechanical operation is avoided, and germ wound infection is formed.

7. The agronomic method for preventing fruit tree infectious diseases according to claim 1, characterized in that said mechanical plowing work of step (3) does not exceed 1 time per year.