CN111935990A - Use of guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine in aquaculture - Google Patents
Use of guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine in aquaculture Download PDFInfo
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- CN111935990A CN111935990A CN201980022309.1A CN201980022309A CN111935990A CN 111935990 A CN111935990 A CN 111935990A CN 201980022309 A CN201980022309 A CN 201980022309A CN 111935990 A CN111935990 A CN 111935990A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C225/00—Compounds containing amino groups and doubly—bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton, at least one of the doubly—bound oxygen atoms not being part of a —CHO group, e.g. amino ketones
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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Abstract
Surprisingly, it has been found that according to the present invention, growth, feed conversion ratio and meat quality of aquatic animals can be improved by adding guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and/or salts thereof to the feed of the aquatic animals in aquaculture.
Description
The present invention relates to the use of a feed comprising a compound selected from guanidinoacetic acid (guanidinoacetic acid) and/or creatine (creatine) and/or salts thereof in aquaculture, in particular for improving the growth of and/or for improving the meat quality of aquatic animals.
Aquaculture is a form of agriculture that involves the breeding and growth of aquatic animals in a controlled environment, and the subsequent use of the obtained meat as food for humans. Generally, a feed for feeding aquatic animals includes fish feed (fishermeal) as an essential component. Fish feed is usually derived from wild caught small intermediate-superfish (pelagic fish) species such as anchovy (anchovy), blue whiting (blue whiting), capelin (capelin), jack (jack), mackerel (mackerel), menhaden (menhaden) or sardine (sardine). Due to its processing, fish food is usually a pellet or tablet product.
Due to the increase in aquaculture during the last years and the simultaneous stagnation or even gradual reduction of fish feed supply, there is a need to find alternative ingredients which are useful for improving the growth of aquatic animals in aquaculture and/or improving the meat quality of such aquatic animals, and which in ideal circumstances can further be used as equivalent substitutes for fish feed.
Surprisingly, it has been found according to the present invention that guanidinoacetic acid has a positive effect on the growth of aquatic animals in aquaculture, in particular on the growth of tilapia (tilapia). Indeed, guanidinoacetic acid causes a significant increase in weight gain of aquatic animals (especially tilapia).
Furthermore, it has been found that feeding a aquatic animal with guanidinoacetic acid also leads to further improvements in properties, in particular in the survival rate, feed intake, feed conversion, nutrient retention, meat elasticity and meat hardness of the aquatic animal, in particular tilapia.
In addition, it has been found that guanidinoacetic acid qualifies as a suitable substitute for fish feed in the aquatic animal diet, in particular in combination with plant feed (plant meal) and/or in combination with terrestrial of terrestrial animal feed.
Guanidinoacetic acid is a bodily substance that is present in animals and also in humans and plays a central role in creatine biosynthesis. Creatine can be taken with food and can be formed endogenously. Biosynthesis starts from glycine and L-arginine. In mammals, the guanidino group of L-arginine is cleaved predominantly in the kidney by amidinotransferase (amidinotransferase), but also in the liver and pancreas, and the N-C-N group is transferred to glycine. In this process, L-arginine is converted into L-ornithine. In the next step, the guanidinoacetic acid thus formed is converted into creatine with the aid of a transmethylase enzyme, a process which in vertebrates only occurs in the liver. In this process, S-adenosylmethionine acts as a donor for the methyl group. Creatine then diffuses into the circulation where it is transported to the target organs. Transport across the cell membrane into the cell is affected by specific creatine transporters.
In addition, guanidinoacetic acid is known to have antibacterial activity and has been successfully applied to animal experiments against bacterial infections (Staphylococcus aureus) (agents for protecting mammals from infections (Stanley Drug Products inc., USA). neth.appl (1976),7pp.nl 7411216).
Creatine plays an important role in cellular energy metabolism, where, in addition to Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), it forms the essential energy reserve of the muscle in the form of energy-rich phosphocreatine. When muscle is in a resting state, ATP may transfer phosphate groups to creatine to produce phosphocreatine, which is then in direct equilibrium with ATP. When muscles work, it is important to replenish ATP stores as quickly as possible. Creatine phosphate may be used for this purpose during the first few seconds of maximum muscle work. The creatine phosphate is capable of transferring a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate by creatine kinase in a very rapid reaction and thus regenerating ATP. This is also known as the Lohmann reaction.
Creatine has long been recognized as a suitable food supplement and animal feed for terrestrial animals. Through the painstaking and prolonged muscle work, the naturally occurring creatine stores in the body are rapidly depleted. This is why targeted administration of creatine has a positive effect on endurance and performance, especially in athletes and women athletes, and in this case, the course of an undesirable accumulation or undesirable degradation products in the body is not clear. The reason for this is that when creatine is supplied in an excessively high amount, creatine is excreted by the body in the form of creatinine.
In addition to creatine itself, in other words creatine monohydrate, a large number of other creatine salts, such as ascorbic acid creatine, citric acid creatine, pyruvic acid creatine, etc., have also proven suitable as food supplements. The european patent EP 894083 and the german patent DE 19707694 a1 mentioned here can be mentioned as representatives of the prior art.
Creatine and guanidinoacetic acid have been shown to have a positive effect not only in humans but also in terrestrial animals, which is why their use in animal feed has likewise been described. Thus, according to international patent applications WO 00/67590 and WO 05/120246, it is known to use creatine and/or guanidinoacetic acid and salts thereof as a feed additive for breeding terrestrial and fattening animals (fattener) for increasing fertility and reproductive performance as a substitute for meat, fish and/or antibacterial growth promoters, growth hormones and anabolic steroids.
GB 2300103 teaches the use of creatine in the form of dog biscuits, for which purpose creatine monohydrate is fed together with meat as an extruded mass. Creatine monohydrate has limited bioavailability due to its poor solubility and is therefore recommended for use with other physiologically active compounds, preferably in the form of salts. German patent DE 19836450 a1 relates to the use of stable pyruvate, in particular pyruvate creatine, in formulations suitable for animal nutrition.
DE 10003835 a1 relates to a formulation for the dehydrated state which is common in elderly (in particular elderly with restricted mobility). In this case, creatine acts as a transport medium for water, thereby providing water to those tissues most affected by dehydration symptoms.
There are few publications on the use of creatine or guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) for feeding aquatic animals, since there are differences in the metabolism of aquatic animals compared to terrestrial animals for which it has been clearly demonstrated that GAA has a positive effect, and whether these compounds are beneficial to the diet of aquatic animals remains controversial.
There is an early publication which generally discloses the use of GAA for feeding salmonids (salmonids) and natania (natania) on a vegetarian diet, i.e. a diet essentially free of animal-derived components (EP 1758463).
Qin et al (Journal of the Chinese centers and Oils Association (2015),30(3),85-90) disclose a method for feeding carp wherein the carp is fed a diet comprising GAA at a concentration of 0.025 to 0.1wt. -%, and wherein the diet comprises 10wt. -% fish material. Qin et al observed that GAA supplementation did not affect the final weight, specific growth rate, rate of weight gain, average daily feed intake or survival rate of the fish.
No prior art level disclosing the positive effect of GAA on feeding tilapia or other fish of the family of the richlidaceae (cichlids) was found. Furthermore, the state of the art disclosing that GAA has a positive effect on the survival rate and/or weight gain and/or feed intake and/or nutrient retention and/or meat quality (especially meat elasticity and/or meat hardness) of aquatic animals was not found. Furthermore, the prior art disclosing the use of GAA in combination with terrestrial animal feed has generally not been found.
Thus, a first subject of the present invention is the use of a feed comprising a compound selected from guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts of these molecules and mixtures thereof for feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture, in particular for increasing the survival rate and/or weight gain and/or feed intake and/or feed conversion and/or nutrient retention and/or meat quality (in particular meat elasticity and/or meat hardness) of aquatic animals.
In this context, a preferred subject is the use of guanidinoacetic acid and/or salts thereof for feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture, in particular for increasing the survival rate and/or the weight gain and/or the feed intake and/or the feed conversion ratio and/or the nutrient retention and/or the meat quality (in particular the meat elasticity and/or the meat hardness) of the aquatic animals.
Therefore, another subject of the present invention is also a method for feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture, in particular for increasing the survival rate and/or the weight gain and/or the feed intake and/or the feed conversion ratio and/or the nutrient retention and/or the meat quality (in particular meat elasticity and/or meat hardness) of aquatic animals, preferably finfish (tilapia), in aquaculture, in which method the aquatic animals are fed with a feed comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.
In this context, a preferred subject is a method for feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture, in particular for increasing the survival rate and/or the weight gain and/or the feed intake and/or the feed conversion rate and/or the nutrient retention and/or the meat quality (in particular meat elasticity and/or meat hardness) of aquatic animals, preferably finfish, especially tilapia, in aquaculture, in which method the aquatic animals are fed with a feed comprising guanidinoacetic acid or a salt thereof.
According to the invention, "improving growth" is particularly understood to mean improving the weight gain of the aquatic animal.
According to the invention, "nutrient retention" is understood to mean in particular "energy retention" and/or "protein retention".
According to the present invention, the terms "feed" and "feed" are used interchangeably.
In a preferred embodiment for non-therapeutic purposes, the use and method according to the invention are carried out.
The aquatic animals according to the invention are preferably finfish (in particular the class Actinopterygii) or crustaceans (cruscuans). In particular, fin fish includes tilapia and other fish families, carp and other carp families (cyprinus), salmon and other salmonids, catfish (catfish), in particular silurus africanus and macrocatfish (pandasius), tuna, bass (perch), cod (cod), smelt (smelt), mullet (milkfish), millitfish (gobiam), sea bass (sea bass), in particular sea bass (barramum), sea carp (seafish), grouper (grouper) and snake head (snakehead).
In this context, preferred types of salmon and salmonids are Atlantic salmons, red salmons (sockeye salmons), masson salmons (chery salmons), king salmons (mink salmons), kena salmons (chum salmons), silver salmons (coho salmons), polygham salmons (Danube salmons), Pacific salmons (Pacific salmons), pink salmons (pink salmons) and trout (trout). The aquatic animal according to the invention is very preferably tilapia.
In particular, crustaceans include shrimp, lobster, crab, prawns (prawns), and crayfish (crayfish).
In particular, the aquatic animal may also be a fish which is subsequently processed into fish feed or fish oil. In this connection, the fish is preferably herring (herring), pollack (pollack), cod (cod) or small mid-upper fish, such as anchovies, bluefish, capelin, drift fish (driftfish), jack-fish, mackerel, herring, sardine or horse mackerel. The fish feed or fish oil thus obtained may in turn be used in aquaculture for the cultivation of edible fish or crustaceans.
The aquatic animal may also be oyster (oysters), clam (clam), cockle (cockle), red mussel (arkshell), mussel (mussel) or scallop (scallop).
However, the aquatic animals may also be small organisms used as feed in aquaculture. These small organisms may be in the form of, for example, nematodes (nematodes), crustaceans or rotifers (rotifers).
The cultivation of aquatic animals can be carried out in ponds (pond), tanks (tank), basins (bassin) or other isolated areas at sea or in lakes or in rivers, in particular in cages (cage) or net enclosures (net pen) in this case. The cultivation can be used for cultivating edible fish finished products (finished fish) and also for cultivating subsequently released fish fries so as to supplement wild fish stocks.
In salmon farming, the fish are preferably grown first in freshwater tanks or artificial waterways into smolt (smolt) and then in cages or enclosures floating in the ocean, ponds or rivers or preferably anchored in the gulf or fjord.
The feed according to the invention is therefore preferably a feed for use in the breeding of the above-mentioned animals.
According to the present invention, guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts thereof may be used in a wide dosage range. For example, the daily dosage may range from about 5mg to about 200mg per kg of live weight, especially in the range from about 10mg to about 100mg per kg of live weight, preferably in the range from about 20 to about 60mg per kg of live weight, more preferably in the range from about 35 to 50m g per kg of live weight, especially in the case of finfish, more especially tilapia.
The aquatic animals are preferably fed with a feed containing guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof or combinations thereof, preferably a feed containing guanidinoacetic acid and/or salts thereof in an amount of 0.02-0.20wt. -%, more preferably in an amount of 0.05-0.16wt. -%, in particular in an amount of 0.08-0.15wt. -%, especially in an amount of 0.11-0.14wt. -%.
Preferably, the feed is provided to the aquatic animals, in particular finfish, in an amount of 2% to 4% of the actual weight of the aquatic animals per day, more preferably in an amount of 2.5% to 3.5% of the weight of the aquatic animals per day, wherein the feed is preferably fed to the aquatic animals in 2 to 4 parts of ration per day.
The use and method according to the invention are preferably applied in commercial scale aquaculture, i.e. in particular for rearing aquatic animals (in particular finfish, preferably tilapia) while applying at least 100kg of the final total weight of the aquatic animals per aquaculture treatment, preferably at least 200, 500, 1000 or 1500kg of the final total weight per aquaculture treatment.
Very good results were observed especially for tilapia, due to feeding with feed containing guanidinoacetic acid.
Therefore, a further subject of the present invention is a method for feeding tilapia, characterized in that tilapia is fed with a feed comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts thereof and mixtures thereof, preferably with a feed comprising guanidinoacetic acid and/or salts thereof, in particular in the amounts mentioned before.
The aquatic animals may be fed guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof throughout their lives to achieve an effect according to the present invention. Alternatively, those compounds are fed to the feed only during certain meal cycles of the feed.
According to the invention, guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof may be provided for incorporation into feed, for example, as a powder (powder), as granules (granules), as lozenges (dragees), as capsules (capsules), as pellets (pellets) or as jelly (jellies) product. Depending on the respective specific intended use, it is preferred to use guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof as a feed additive in combination with other physiologically active substances, in particular carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, trace elements and derivatives thereof and any mixtures thereof.
Another subject of the invention is a feed for use in feeding aquatic animals, in particular finfish, preferably radishes, more preferably tilapia and other fish families, comprising guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof or combinations thereof, preferably guanidinoacetic acid and/or salts thereof, preferably in an amount of 0.02-0.20wt. -%, more preferably in an amount of 0.05-0.16wt. -%, in particular in an amount of 0.08-0.15wt. -%, and especially in an amount of 0.11-0.14wt. -%.
The feed comprises further feed ingredients, which are preferably selected from the group consisting of protein sources, carbohydrate sources, fat sources and furthermore from other additives (such as minerals, vitamins, pigments and amino acids).
Furthermore, in addition to nutrients, structures (structures) may be present, for example to improve the texture or appearance of the feed. In addition, binders or coatings may be applied to affect the consistency of the feed (consistency). Starch is a preferred ingredient for use and constitutes both a nutrient and a structure. A fat or polymer (e.g., ethyl cellulose) may be used as the coating.
Fats are typically provided as marine oils or vegetable oils or combinations thereof. Examples of vegetable oils are soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, mustard oil (canola oil), cottonseed oil, and linseed oil. Besides the separated oil, the defatted biomass itself, if used as a feed ingredient, also provides a certain amount of oil, in particular fish material, other marine animal or vegetable material (plant meal), such as soybean material, rapeseed material, sunflower material, mustard (canola) material, cotton seed material or flax seed material.
Plant material (such as soybean material and sunflower material) is primarily used as a source of carbohydrates, particularly carbohydrates other than corn and wheat.
Because of their protein content, vegetable materials (such as soybean, sunflower, corn gluten, cotton seed and mustard) are also sources of protein in addition to wheat gluten and rice. Animal derived protein sources are animal and/or animal by-product protein sources known to the person skilled in the art, in particular marine and land animal feeds, wherein the land animal feed is preferably selected from meat feed, meat aggregate, blood feed, liver feed, poultry feed and silkworm pupae feed. Other protein sources of animal origin are whey powder and egg powder.
Preferably, the total protein content of the feed according to the invention is 20-50 wt.%, preferably 25-45 wt.%, in particular 27-40 wt.%.
Furthermore, the total fat content of the feed according to the invention is preferably 1 to 15 wt.%, preferably 2 to 10 wt.%, in particular 3 to 8 wt.%.
Furthermore, preferably, the total carbohydrate content of the feed according to the invention is 20-60 wt.%, preferably 30-50 wt.%, more preferably 35-45 wt.%.
Furthermore, the feed according to the invention preferably contains marine animal material, in particular fish material, in an amount of less than 10wt. -%, preferably in an amount of less than 5wt. -%, more preferably in an amount of less than 2, 1 or 0.5wt. -%.
Furthermore, the feed according to the invention preferably contains a vegetable material, in particular selected from the group consisting of soybean material, rapeseed material, mustard material, cottonseed material and combinations thereof, more preferably soybean material, preferably in an amount of 10-60 wt.%, more preferably in an amount of 15-50 wt.%, in particular in an amount of 20-40 wt.%;
furthermore, the feed according to the invention preferably contains an animal and/or animal by-product protein source of a terrestrial animal, in particular a terrestrial material, in an amount of at least 2wt. -%, in particular in an amount of 2 to 30wt. -%, preferably in an amount of at least 5 or 10wt. -%, more preferably in an amount of 5 to 30wt. -% or 10 to 25wt. -%, in particular in an amount of 14 to 20wt. -%.
The feed according to the invention preferably comprises methionine, betaine and/or choline and/or other physiologically effective methyl group donors. In the presence of homocysteine, betaine and choline can be converted in vivo into methionine, which plays a role in the synthesis of creatine, in particular starting from guanidinoacetic acid. For this purpose, a methyl group transferred from S-adenosylmethionine to form homocysteine is required. If there is not enough betaine or choline, methionine is consumed, which can lead to a deficiency of methionine in metabolism.
In a preferred method according to the invention, the feed for feeding aquatic animals (preferably finfish, in particular tilapia) comprises at least one, preferably at least two, three or four, in particular at least five, six or seven, especially preferably all of the following components:
a) a vegetable material, in particular selected from the group consisting of soy bean material, rapeseed material, mustard seed material, cottonseed material and combinations thereof, more preferably soy bean material, preferably in an amount of from 10 to 60% by weight, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 50% by weight, in particular in an amount of from 20 to 40% by weight;
b) an oil or fat component, in particular a marine oil, a corn oil or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of 1-10 wt.%, in particular 3-8 wt.%;
c) wheat or wheat flour, preferably in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 45% by weight, especially in an amount of 20 or 40% by weight;
d) a land based material, in particular poultry meat material, meat aggregate or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of from 5 to 30 wt%, more preferably from 10 to 25 wt%, in particular from 14 to 20 wt%;
e) phosphates, preferably in an amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight, in particular 2 to 5% by weight;
f) cassava, preferably in an amount of 1 to 5 wt.%;
g) an amino acid, preferably selected from lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, histidine, tryptophan and mixtures thereof;
h) and (3) vitamins.
The feed preferably comprises fish feed, more preferably marine animal feed, typically in an amount of less than 10wt. -%, more preferably in an amount of less than 5wt. -%, in particular in an amount of less than 2, 1 or 0.5wt. -%, and especially in no way contains any marine animal feed.
According to the invention, "marine biomass" is generally understood to mean processed products of marine organisms, in particular processed products of marine animals. In addition to the fish feed preferably used according to the invention, this is to be understood according to the invention also as meaning in particular a shrimp feed, bivalve feed, squid feed or shrimp shell, which are classical alternatives to fish feed. However, marine feeds are particularly preferred fish feeds.
According to the present invention, "marine animal oil" or "marine oil" is generally understood to mean oil obtained from marine organisms, preferably from marine animals. In addition to the fish oil preferred according to the invention, it also refers to oil isolated from other marine organisms, in particular from marine animals, such as oil isolated from krill, bivalve, squid or shrimp. Preferably, the marine oil used according to the invention is a fish oil, in particular a fatty oil from fish, in particular preferably from fish of the family anchovy (Engraulidae), Carangidae (Carangidae), herring (clupeidaceae), smelt (Osmeridae), mackerel (Scombridae) and/or greenfish (amodydae).
According to the present invention, "terrestrial material" is generally understood to mean a foodstuff which is a processed product of terrestrial animals, and preferably means meat material, meat aggregate, blood material, liver material, poultry meat material, silkworm pupa material and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment of the invention, guanidinoacetic acid, creatine, and/or salts thereof are used as a feed additive in a primary vegetarian diet.
As used herein, "primary vegetarian diet" describes a diet that preferably complies with the european union's legal guidelines and does not include any animal components. The exception to this context is only fish feed that may be added. Furthermore, "main vegetarian diet" according to the present invention is also understood to mean the partial replacement of fish or meat material with guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and/or salts thereof. Alternatively, however, it is also possible to use guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and/or salts thereof in addition to the animal component, in particular in combination with fish feed and/or meat feed.
According to the invention, a feed comprising the following components has proved to be particularly advantageous:
a) crude protein in an amount of 25-45 wt.%, particularly 27-40 wt.%;
b) calcium in an amount of 1-5 wt%;
c) phosphorus in an amount of 0.2 to 1.5 wt.%;
d) methionine and/or cysteine in an amount of 0.25 to 1.0 wt.%;
e) lysine in an amount of 0.5 to 2.5 wt%;
f) preferably valine and threonine, in amounts of 0.5 to 2.0% by weight each;
g) guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof in an amount of 0.02 to 0.20 wt.%, preferably 0.05 to 0.16 wt.%, particularly preferably 0.08 to 0.15 wt.%, in particular 0.11 to 0.14 wt.%;
the feed and a method for feeding aquatic animals, in particular finfish, especially tilapia, in particular in aquaculture, wherein the feed is applied, are therefore also subject matter of the present invention.
According to the invention, it is preferred to use in particular a feed comprising the following components:
a) a vegetable material, in particular selected from the group consisting of soy bean material, rapeseed material, mustard seed material, cottonseed material and combinations thereof, more preferably soy bean material, preferably in an amount of from 10 to 60% by weight, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 50% by weight, in particular in an amount of from 20 to 40% by weight;
b) an oil or fat component, in particular fish oil, corn oil or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of 1-10 wt.%, in particular 3-8 wt.%;
c) wheat or wheat flour, preferably in an amount of 10 to 50% by weight, more preferably in an amount of 15 to 45% by weight, in particular 20 or 40% by weight;
d) a land based material, in particular poultry meat material, meat aggregate or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of from 5 to 30 wt%, more preferably from 10 to 25 wt%, in particular from 14 to 20 wt%;
e) phosphates, preferably in an amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight, in particular 2 to 5% by weight;
f) preferably cassava, especially in an amount of 1 to 5 wt.%;
g) an amino acid, preferably selected from lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, histidine, tryptophan and mixtures thereof;
h) and (3) vitamins.
The feed and a method for feeding aquatic animals, in particular in aquaculture, in which the feed is applied are therefore also subjects of the present invention.
Guanidinoacetic acid can be prepared in a simple and economical manner, for example, by processes such as the reaction of glycine and cyanamide in aqueous solution (production of guanidino fatty acids (Vassel, Bruno; Janssens, Walter D.) (1952), U.S. Pat. No. 2,620,354; preparation of guanidino fatty acids (Vassel, Bruno; Garst, Roger) (1953),5 pp.U.S. Pat. No. 2,654,779).
In addition, guanidinoacetic acid and its salts are significantly more stable in acidic aqueous solutions than creatine and creatine monohydrate, and it is converted to creatine only under physiological conditions. In this context, guanidinoacetic acid is only converted into creatine after its absorption, especially in the liver. Thus, in contrast to creatine, the major part of the administered or fed compound (guanidineacetic acid and/or guanidinoacetate) is not degraded by labile reactions (e.g. in the stomach) and is not secreted before absorption, but is indeed available when the corresponding physiological metabolic reactions occur.
In principle, all those nutritionally acceptable guanidinium acetate and sarcosinate salts are suitable for the purposes of the invention. Compounds which have proven to be particularly advantageous for the use according to the invention are the guanidinoacetate and sarcosinate salts obtained with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and phosphoric acid. It is also possible to use mixtures of guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine with one or more of these salts, or other mixtures of the salts with one another.
In summary, the present invention is directed to guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts thereof for a novel use as feed or feed additive in aquaculture. The following examples further illustrate the invention.
Working examples
Materials and methods
A total of 300 red tilapia mossambica (Oreochromys sp.) with an average initial weight of 5 + -0.02 g were randomly allocated to 175L aquaria. Each aquarium contained 15 fish (equivalent to 85 fish/m)3) The temperature range is 29-30 DEG CpH of 6.51-7.02, salinity of 0ppt, dissolved oxygen of 6.2-7.01ppm, total ammonia of 0.16-0.254ppm, hardness of 38-54ppm, and nitrate of 0.5-1.01 ppm. The fish were fed to apparent satiation with 4 experimental treatments over a period of 60 days, 3 times per day (08:00, 12:00 and 16: 00). Each treatment was in five replicates, with all diets containing 0% fish feed, but poultry feed from a major animal protein source and meat aggregate (table 1). All experimental diets were from the same batch, with the only difference being different levels of GAA (b
Purchased from Evonik, Germany). Control diet contained no
And the supplements in the treatments GAA0.5, GAA1.0 and GAA1.5 increased gradually from 644mg GAA to 1373mg GAA to 1861mg GAA per kg feed, respectively (table 2). The survival rate (%), the feed intake (g/tank), the average body weight (g/fish), the biomass increase (g/aquarium), the feed conversion rate (g feed/g biomass increase), and the specific growth rate (%/d) were determined. Using ANOVA and Tukey test with SPSS 16.0 (p)<0.05) the data was analyzed. In addition, the retention of energy, lipids and proteins was also determined.
Texture analysis was performed using a TA-XT2i texture analyser with a probe size of 75 to determine the meat quality of the fish product. A 5mm thick and 2x2cm large fillet sample was compressed. The sample was compressed twice to a degree of 50% at room temperature for 5 seconds at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/s. The following parameters were determined: "stiffness", defined as the maximum force (N) or first compression peak; "elasticity", defined as the second compression of the base line (mm); "cohesion" is defined as the ratio of the area under the second peak to the area under the first peak.
Table 1: ingredients and nutritional compositions for experimental diets
TABLE 2 GAA and GAA in the experimental diets 
Analysis level of (mg/kg)
Results and discussion:
feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate
Tilapia fed the 0% FM diet showed a clear response to graded lower levels of GAA supplemented in the feed (table 3). During the 2 month experiment, no mortality was recorded. Fish exposed to a control diet not supplemented with any GAA showed significantly lower growth performance compared to fish fed with a diet supplemented with 0.06 or 0.14wt. -% GAA. The biomass increase per fish and per aquarium was significantly higher for tilapia fed diet GAA1.0 (1.37 kg of GAA supplemented per MT) compared to all other treatments. The same trend was observed for other performance parameters. Although a stepwise increase in the different performance parameters relative to the control was observed through diet GAA0.5 to diet GAA1.0, the performance parameters of the fish fed diet GAA1.5 were not significantly improved compared to the negative control. Thus, the present study shows that an optimal concentration of GAA is present in the feed, which results in a significant improvement of the performance of the fish, while the positive effect of GAA is lost against the optimal concentration level. Thus, the hypothesis that tilapia can metabolize GAA well, and that GAA can significantly improve the growth performance of fish at least at low creatine (and/or low to no fish feed) levels in the feed is supported.
TABLE 3 growth performance of Tilapia fed on 4 different experimental diets (mean. + -. 1SD)
Meat quality
Table 4 shows the elasticity and hardness of tilapia meat before and after freezing.
2TABLE 4 elasticity (%) and hardness (gf/mm) of Tilapia mossambica meat
It has been found that GAA fed fish exhibit better meat quality, in particular better meat elasticity and meat hardness, compared to GAA-free control group fish. In contrast to growth performance parameters, where an optimum concentration against GAA leads to a smooth positive effect of GAA, increasing the GAA level in the feed leads to a continuous increase in meat quality parameters, at least for fish before freezing.
Nutrient retention
Table 5 shows the energy, lipid and protein retention values of tilapia after 60 days of feeding.
TABLE 5 energy, lipid and protein Retention of Tilapia fed the experimental diet
| Control | GAA0.5 | GAA1.0 | GAA1.5 | |
| Energy (%) | 35.73±1.06 | 39.14±2.39 | 40.75±3.42 | 36.12±1.45 |
| Lipid (%) | 98.54±7.03 | 93.50±6.92 | 83.16±16.21 | 83.87±8.95 |
| Protein (%) | 46.12±3.10 | 45.84±2.34 | 51.63±1.66 | 47.38±3.73 |
The results of energy and protein retention are similar to those of fish growth performance. The highest energy and protein retention was observed in fish fed diet GAA1.0, whereas violating this concentration resulted in a significant reduction in energy and protein retention values.
Claims (15)
1. Use of a feed comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts of these molecules, and mixtures thereof, for feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture.
2. Use according to claim 1 for increasing the survival rate and/or the weight gain and/or the feed intake and/or the feed conversion rate and/or the growth rate and/or the nutrient retention and/or the meat quality, in particular the meat elasticity and/or the meat hardness, of aquatic animals.
3. Use according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the aquatic animals are selected from the group consisting of finfish, in particular from the family of the families of the sketching fish (Actinopterygii), and crustaceans, preferably from the group consisting of tilapia and other fish families, carp and other fish families, salmon and other fish families, catfish, tuna, bass, cod, smelt, milkfish, capelin, flounder, sea bass, sea carp, grouper, snakehead, shrimp, lobster, crab, prawn and crayfish.
4. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts of these compounds are contained in the feed in an amount of 0.02 to 0.20% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.16% by weight, particularly preferably 0.08 to 0.15% by weight, in particular 0.11 to 0.14% by weight.
5. Use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the feed comprises fish feed in an amount of less than 10 wt%, preferably in an amount of less than 8 wt% or 5 wt%, more preferably in an amount of less than 3 wt%, 2 wt% or 1 wt%, and/or vegetable feed in an amount of at least 5 wt%, preferably at least 10 wt%, more preferably in an amount of 10 wt% to 60 wt%.
6. A method of feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture, wherein the aquatic animals are fed a feed comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of guanidinoacetic acid, creatine and salts of these molecules, and mixtures of these compounds.
7. The method according to claim 6, for improving the survival rate and/or weight gain and/or feed intake and/or feed conversion rate and/or growth rate and/or nutrient retention and/or meat quality, in particular meat elasticity and/or meat hardness, of aquatic animals.
8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the aquatic animals are selected from the group consisting of finfish, in particular from the family of the Phlebopus, and crustaceans, preferably from the group consisting of tilapia and other fish families, carp and other carp families, salmon and other salmonids, catfish, tuna, bass, cod, smelt, mullet, capelin, sea bass, sea carp, grouper, snakehead, shrimp, lobster, crab, prawn and crayfish.
9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts of these compounds are present in the feed in an amount of 0.02 to 0.20wt. -%, preferably 0.05 to 0.16wt. -%, particularly preferably 0.08 to 0.15wt. -%, in particular 0.11 to 0.14wt. -%.
10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the feed comprises fish feed in an amount of less than 10 wt%, preferably in an amount of less than 8 wt% or 5 wt%, more preferably in an amount of less than 3 wt%, 2 wt% or 1 wt%, and/or vegetable feed in an amount of at least 5 wt%, preferably at least 10 wt%, more preferably in an amount of 10 wt% to 60 wt%.
11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the feed comprises an animal and/or animal by-product protein source of a terrestrial animal, in particular a terrestrial material, in an amount of at least 2 wt.%, in particular in an amount of from 2 wt.% to 30 wt.%, preferably in an amount of from 5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, in particular in an amount of from 14 wt.% to 20 wt.%.
12. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the feed comprises at least one, preferably at least three or five, more preferably all of the following components:
a) a vegetable material, in particular selected from the group consisting of soy bean material, rapeseed material, mustard (canola) material, cottonseed material and combinations thereof, preferably soy bean material, preferably in a total amount of from 10 to 60 wt%, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 50 wt%, especially in an amount of from 20 to 40 wt%;
b) an oil or fat component, in particular fish oil, corn oil or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of from 1 to 10 wt.%, in particular from 3 to 8 wt.%;
c) wheat or wheat flour, preferably in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 45% by weight, in particular in an amount of 20 or 40% by weight;
d) a land based material, in particular poultry meat material, meat aggregate or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of from 5 to 30 wt%, more preferably from 10 to 25 wt%, in particular from 14 to 20 wt%;
e) phosphates, preferably in an amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight, in particular 2 to 5% by weight;
f) cassava, in particular in an amount of from 1 to 5% by weight;
g) an amino acid, preferably selected from lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, histidine, tryptophan and mixtures thereof;
h) and (3) vitamins.
13. The feed is characterized by comprising the following components:
a) guanidineacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof in an amount of 0.02 to 0.20% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.16% by weight, particularly preferably 0.08 to 0.15% by weight, in particular 0.11 to 0.14% by weight;
b) a vegetable material, in particular selected from the group consisting of soy bean material, rapeseed material, mustard seed material, cottonseed material and combinations thereof, preferably soy bean material, preferably in a total amount of from 10 to 60 wt%, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 50 wt%, in particular in an amount of from 20 to 40 wt%;
c) an optional oil or fat component, in particular fish oil, corn oil or a combination thereof, preferably in an amount of from 1 to 10 wt.%, in particular from 3 to 8 wt.%;
d) optionally wheat or wheat flour, preferably in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight, more preferably in an amount of from 15 to 45% by weight, especially in an amount of 20 or 40% by weight;
e) optionally terrestrial animal feed, in particular poultry feed, meat aggregate or combinations thereof, preferably in an amount of from 5 to 30 wt.%, preferably from 10 to 25 wt.%, in particular from 14 to 20 wt.%;
f) optionally phosphate, preferably in an amount of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, in particular from 2 to 5% by weight;
g) optionally tapioca, preferably in an amount of 1 to 5 wt%;
h) optionally an amino acid, preferably selected from lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, histidine, tryptophan and mixtures thereof;
i) optionally a vitamin.
14. The feed is characterized by comprising the following components:
a) a crude protein in an amount of 25 to 45 wt.%, particularly 27 to 40 wt.%;
b) calcium in an amount of 1 to 5 wt.%;
c) phosphorus in an amount of 0.2 to 1.5 wt%;
d) methionine and/or cysteine in an amount of 0.25 to 1.0 wt.%;
e) lysine in an amount of 0.5 to 2.5 wt%;
f) guanidineacetic acid and/or creatine and/or salts thereof in an amount of 0.02 to 0.20% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.16% by weight, particularly preferably 0.08 to 0.15% by weight, in particular 0.11 to 0.14% by weight.
15. Method for feeding aquatic animals in aquaculture, in particular selected from finfish, preferably selected from the family of the findae, and crustaceans, preferably selected from the group consisting of tilapia and other fish families, carp and other carp families, salmon and other salmonids, catfish, tuna, perch, cod, smelt, mullet, flounder, sea bass, sea carp, grouper, snakehead, shrimp, lobster, crab, prawn and crayfish, characterized in that the aquatic animals are fed with a feed according to claim 13 or 14.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18164212.5 | 2018-03-27 | ||
| EP18164212 | 2018-03-27 | ||
| PCT/EP2019/056905 WO2019185408A1 (en) | 2018-03-27 | 2019-03-20 | Use of guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine in aquaculture |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN111935990A true CN111935990A (en) | 2020-11-13 |
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| CN201980022309.1A Pending CN111935990A (en) | 2018-03-27 | 2019-03-20 | Use of guanidinoacetic acid and/or creatine in aquaculture |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3772985A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN111935990A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112020019467A2 (en) |
| CL (1) | CL2020002456A1 (en) |
| DK (2) | DK202070706A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2019185408A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113208012A (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2021-08-06 | 湖北嘉康生物科技有限公司 | Functional feed additive for promoting appetite and digestion of micropterus salmoides |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN110663821A (en) * | 2019-10-16 | 2020-01-10 | 固安君德同创生物工程有限公司 | Preparation method of coated guanidinoacetic acid |
| EP3816247B1 (en) | 2019-10-28 | 2022-12-07 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Curing mixture |
| CN112471367A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-03-12 | 天津现代天骄水产饲料股份有限公司 | Compound feed for reducing bait coefficient of carps and preparation method thereof |
| WO2023196159A1 (en) * | 2022-04-08 | 2023-10-12 | Can Technologies, Inc. | Fish feed or fish feed additive |
| CN115553403A (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2023-01-03 | 上海海洋大学 | Litopenaeus vannamei meat quality improver and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN1964633A (en) * | 2004-06-09 | 2007-05-16 | 底古萨股份公司 | Guanidino acetic acid used as a food additive |
| CN106721647A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙瑞多康生物科技有限公司 | A kind of feed addictive of Tilapia mossambica |
| CN106721650A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙瑞多康生物科技有限公司 | A kind of feed addictive of carp |
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| US2620354A (en) | 1951-01-12 | 1952-12-02 | Int Minerals & Chem Corp | Production of guanidino fatty acids |
| US5030657A (en) * | 1989-10-23 | 1991-07-09 | University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. | L-carnitine supplemented catfish diet |
| GB9508443D0 (en) | 1995-04-26 | 1995-06-14 | Gilbertson & Page | Biscuit for working racing or sporting dogs |
| SK283195B6 (en) | 1996-12-20 | 2003-03-04 | Degussa Ag | Creatine pyruvates and method for their production |
| DE19707694A1 (en) | 1997-02-26 | 1998-08-27 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | New stable, water-soluble creatine ascorbate |
| DE19836450A1 (en) | 1998-08-12 | 2000-02-17 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Stable animal feed formulation containing pyruvic acid, e.g. supplement for horse, dog and cat, also contains aminoacid, other organic acid and/or physiologically valuable additive |
| EP1051914A1 (en) | 1999-05-08 | 2000-11-15 | DSM Fine Chemicals Austria GmbH | Use of creatine as a feed additive |
| DE10003835A1 (en) | 2000-01-28 | 2001-08-16 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Formulations in dehydration conditions |
| WO2009102558A2 (en) * | 2008-02-11 | 2009-08-20 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Aquaculture feed, products, and methods comprising beneficial fatty acids |
-
2019
- 2019-03-20 CN CN201980022309.1A patent/CN111935990A/en active Pending
- 2019-03-20 EP EP19711907.6A patent/EP3772985A1/en active Pending
- 2019-03-20 BR BR112020019467-0A patent/BR112020019467A2/en unknown
- 2019-03-20 WO PCT/EP2019/056905 patent/WO2019185408A1/en active Application Filing
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2020
- 2020-09-24 CL CL2020002456A patent/CL2020002456A1/en unknown
- 2020-10-26 DK DKPA202070706A patent/DK202070706A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1964633A (en) * | 2004-06-09 | 2007-05-16 | 底古萨股份公司 | Guanidino acetic acid used as a food additive |
| CN106721647A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙瑞多康生物科技有限公司 | A kind of feed addictive of Tilapia mossambica |
| CN106721650A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-31 | 长沙瑞多康生物科技有限公司 | A kind of feed addictive of carp |
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| CN113208012A (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2021-08-06 | 湖北嘉康生物科技有限公司 | Functional feed additive for promoting appetite and digestion of micropterus salmoides |
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| WO2019185408A1 (en) | 2019-10-03 |
| DK202370244A1 (en) | 2023-06-06 |
| CL2020002456A1 (en) | 2020-12-28 |
| DK202070706A1 (en) | 2020-11-02 |
| EP3772985A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 |
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