CN111933893B - Flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111933893B CN111933893B CN202010734786.5A CN202010734786A CN111933893B CN 111933893 B CN111933893 B CN 111933893B CN 202010734786 A CN202010734786 A CN 202010734786A CN 111933893 B CN111933893 B CN 111933893B
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
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Abstract
The invention relates to a flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode and a preparation method thereof, and reduced graphene oxide and tin phosphide. The reduced graphene oxide substrate with the three-dimensional structure effectively reduces the current density of the electrode and inhibits dendritic crystals; the contact area of the metal sodium is increased, the deposited metal sodium can be attached to the surface of the metal sodium and in front of the sheet layer, the deposition of the sodium can be accommodated, the generation of 'dead sodium' is reduced, and the volume change of the sodium metal cathode in the charge-discharge cycle process is slowed down; the tin phosphide as a sodium-philic material can be used as a sodium deposition site, so that sodium ions are effectively dispersed, ion accumulation is reduced, and the possibility of forming sodium dendrites is reduced; compared with a pure metal lithium/sodium metal cathode, the lithium/sodium metal cathode has better circulation stability and more stable voltage distribution curve; the battery can be applied to flexible energy storage devices, and the safety performance of the battery is high after the battery is applied to a sodium metal battery; the preparation method of the silicon flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode is simple and easy to implement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy materials, and relates to a flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The traditional fossil fuel produces a large amount of harmful gas and smoke dust in the combustion, which not only seriously affects the natural environment and social environment, but also poses great threat to the living environment of human beings. Therefore, it is urgent to develop renewable clean energy. The sodium metal negative electrode has higher specific capacity (1166 mA h g) -1 ) And a lower redox potential (-2.714V) ofHigh energy density batteries (e.g., na-O) 2 Na — S cell). However, in the battery cycling process, because of uneven deposition, dendritic crystal is easily formed at an interface position, and along with the growth of the dendritic crystal, a diaphragm can be punctured, and then short circuit is caused to cause explosion hazard, on the other hand, a solid electrolyte interface film (SEI film) on the surface of a negative electrode can be damaged, so that exposed metal sodium reacts with an electrolyte, so that the utilization rate of the electrode is reduced, and due to the characteristic of a skeleton-free structure of the metal sodium, in the charging and discharging processes, the volume expansion is large, the stability of the electrode is seriously damaged, the SEI film is broken, the coulomb efficiency is reduced, the overpotential is increased, meanwhile, because of the poor chemical stability of the sodium metal, the binding energy is low, so that the processing difficulty is caused, and the problems provide great challenges for commercialization of the sodium metal negative electrode.
In order to solve the dendrite problem of metallic sodium, researchers have proposed various solutions. For example, sodium tablets coated with a chemically inert protective layer (e.g., al) 2 O 3 ) (ii) a Modifying the electrolyte (e.g., by using a new electrolyte salt, or by using a solid/gel polymer electrolyte, or by introducing electrolyte additives, etc.). Although the performance can be improved to a certain extent by the method, the inherent dendritic crystal formation caused by the non-uniform nucleation of the sodium metal is still inherent, the suppression of the dendritic crystal is still not fully solved in the long-term circulation process, and the problem of volume expansion caused by the non-framework structure of the sodium metal negative electrode is not effectively solved. Another scholars proposed that metallic sodium be encapsulated with hard carbon for suppressing the volume expansion during sodium metal cycling, but hard carbon does not have excellent flexibility and thus the effect is not significant. Therefore, if the dendritic growth of the negative electrode of the sodium metal battery is inhibited, the problem of volume expansion is solved, and the method has very important significance for the development of the sodium metal battery.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In order to avoid the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode and the preparation method thereof, and the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode can effectively inhibit the generation of sodium dendrite and improve the cycle stability; the preparation method is simple and feasible.
Technical scheme
A flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode is characterized by comprising reduced graphene oxide and tin phosphide, wherein the reduced graphene oxide is used as a flexible substrate, and the tin phosphide is embedded on the graphene oxide; wherein the mass ratio of the reduced graphene oxide to the tin phosphide is 1.7.
The granularity of the tin phosphide is 20 nm-50 nm.
A preparation method of the cathode of the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: carrying out ultrasonic treatment on graphene oxide by using ethanol to obtain a graphene oxide solution;
step 2: dissolving stannous chloride dihydrate in ethanol, and stirring to obtain a transparent stannous chloride ethanol solution;
and step 3: adding the graphene oxide solution into a stannous chloride solution, stirring, and transferring to a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle for hydrothermal reaction; the hydrothermal reaction condition is 120-140 ℃, and the hydrothermal time is 8-12 h;
the ratio of the stannous chloride to the graphene oxide is (3);
and 4, step 4: freeze-drying the product of the hydrothermal reaction to obtain graphene oxide coated tin oxide;
and 5: respectively placing the tin oxide coated with the graphene oxide and sodium hypophosphite at two ends in a closed ceramic crucible, placing the ceramic crucible in a tubular furnace for phosphorization and sintering, washing and performing suction filtration after sintering to finally obtain tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide;
the ratio of the graphene oxide coated tin oxide to the sodium hypophosphite is 1;
the phosphorization sintering conditions are as follows: the sintering temperature is 250-300 ℃, the atmosphere is argon, the sintering speed is 2-5 ℃/min, and the sintering time is 3-5 h.
The concentration of the graphene oxide ethanol solution is 60-80%.
The concentration of the stannous chloride ethanol solution is 60-90%.
The washing conditions are as follows: 0.1mol/L diluted hydrochloric acid, water and ethanol are respectively washed for three times.
Advantageous effects
The invention provides a flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode and a preparation method thereof, wherein the battery cathode comprises reduced graphene oxide and tin phosphide; the method comprises the following steps of taking reduced graphene oxide as a flexible substrate, and inlaying tin phosphide on the graphene oxide, wherein the mass ratio of the reduced graphene oxide to the tin phosphide is (1.7).
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode is coated by the flexible reduced graphene oxide, and the reduced graphene oxide substrate with a three-dimensional structure can effectively reduce the current density of the electrode and inhibit the generation of dendritic crystals; the three-dimensional graphene oxide structure increases the contact area of the metal sodium, and the deposited metal sodium can be attached to the surface of the three-dimensional graphene oxide structure and before the sheet layer, so that the deposition of the sodium can be accommodated, the generation of 'dead sodium' is reduced, and the volume change of a sodium metal cathode in the charge-discharge cycle process is slowed down; the tin phosphide as a sodium-philic material can be used as a sodium deposition site, so that sodium ions are effectively dispersed, ion accumulation is reduced, and the possibility of forming sodium dendrites is reduced; compared with a pure metal lithium/sodium metal cathode, the lithium/sodium metal cathode has better circulation stability and more stable voltage distribution curve; the battery can be applied to flexible energy storage devices, and the safety performance of the battery is high after the battery is applied to a sodium metal battery;
2. the preparation method of the cathode of the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery is simple and easy to implement.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an SEM result of the graphene oxide-coated tin oxide prepared in step 4 in example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 shows TEM results of the graphene oxide coated tin oxide prepared in step 4 in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an SEM result of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide prepared in step 5 in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a TEM result of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide obtained in example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 5 is XRD results of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide prepared in example 1, example 2 and example 3 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a photograph showing a bent state of tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide obtained in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 shows the BET test result of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide obtained in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 shows that the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide obtained in example 1 of the present invention is deposited at 5mA h cm -2 SEM results for sodium metal;
FIG. 9 shows the reduced graphene oxide coated with tin phosphide prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3, and the reduced graphene oxide and copper electrode at 0.5mA cm -2 Sodium nucleation overpotential curve under current density;
fig. 10 shows the coulombic efficiencies of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide electrode obtained in example 1 of the present invention at different current densities;
FIG. 11 shows the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3 of the present invention, and a symmetrical cell with copper foil and sodium foil electrodes at 0.5mA cm -2 A voltage-time curve;
fig. 12 is a graph of capacity retention rate of a full battery at 0.5C rate, which is prepared by matching a commercial sodium vanadium fluorophosphate cathode material with a cathode of a flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be further described with reference to the following examples and drawings:
example 1
And (4) SEM characterization:
SEM and TEM characterization of the graphene oxide coated tin oxide prepared in step 4 in example 1 shows that tin oxide particles are uniformly distributed on graphene oxide sheets, the grain size is not more than 5nm, and the size is uniform, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
SEM and TEM characterization of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide prepared in step 5 of example 1 shows that tin phosphide particles are uniformly distributed, the grain size is about 20nm, and the size is uniform, as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.
The XRD test results of fig. 5 show that the synthesized tin phosphide of example 1 is a pure phase.
Fig. 6 is a photograph of a bent state of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide obtained in example 1 of the present invention, which shows that the synthesized tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide has a certain flexibility.
FIG. 7 shows the BET test result of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide obtained in example 1 of the present invention, which indicates that the specific surface area is 53.29m 2 The larger specific surface area is derived from the overlapping and interlacing of the lamellar graphene structure, so that the current density is effectively dispersed, and the formation of sodium dendrites is inhibited.
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
And (3) testing the charge and discharge performance:
the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film obtained in the embodiments 1 to 3 of the invention is rolled into a flexible self-supporting pole piece, the flexible self-supporting pole piece is dried in vacuum for 12 hours, the flexible self-supporting pole piece is sliced into a round piece with the diameter of 12mm, the round piece and sodium metal are used as counter electrodes, and the electrolyte is NaPF 6 (1M) in diglyme. Meanwhile, reduced graphene oxide, copper foil and sodium foil were used as comparative samples. The 2032 button cell is assembled in a glove box filled with high-purity argon gas, and the concentration of water and oxygen is less than 0.1 ppm. After 12h of standing, the charge limit voltage of the battery was 1.0V in the constant current mode. And (4) carrying out charge and discharge performance tests under different current densities. As shown in FIG. 8, the flexible tin phosphide-coated graphene prepared in example 1 was deposited at 5mA cm -2 The SEM image shows that sodium metal is deposited on the surface of the pole piece and in the holes to form a dense and smooth continuous conductor.
The current density is 0.5mAcm -2 The following test results are shown in fig. 9, and can be seen: the minimum nucleation overpotential of the battery adopting the electrode in the embodiment 1 is about 4mV, the nucleation overpotentials of the battery adopting the electrode in the embodiments 2 and 3 are respectively 13mV and 9mV, and the nucleation overpotentials of the reduced graphene oxide and the copper foil in the comparison sample are respectively 22mV and 20mV, which shows that the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide prepared in the embodiment 1 effectively reduces the nucleation overpotential and is beneficial to inhibiting the generation of sodium dendrite. Under different current densities, the coulombic efficiency of the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide prepared in the example 1 under different current densities can be seen when the current density is increased to 5mA cm -2 The hourly coulombic efficiency was 99.4%.
Testing of symmetric cells: firstly depositing 10mA h cm -2 Sodium metal is added to the working pole piece, and constant current charging and discharging are carried out, as shown in fig. 11, during the stripping/deposition process of sodium, the overvoltage of example 1 is obviously less than that of other electrodes (20 mV), the cycling stability is better, and the voltage distribution curve is more stable.
Full battery test: as shown in FIG. 12, 10mA h cm was deposited -2 Sodium metal is added to the working pole piece and matched with a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate anode, the retention rate of 150 circles under 0.5C multiplying power is 95.6%, and the cycle stability is good.
Therefore, the tin phosphide-coated reduced graphene oxide cathode prepared by the technical scheme of the invention has the advantages of high coulombic efficiency, good cycle stability, effective inhibition of sodium dendrite and the like in electrical properties.
According to the invention, the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode, the reduced graphene oxide substrate with the three-dimensional structure can effectively reduce the current density of the electrode and inhibit the generation of dendritic crystals; the three-dimensional graphene oxide structure increases the contact area of the metal sodium, and the deposited metal sodium can be attached to the surface of the three-dimensional graphene oxide structure and in front of the sheet layer, so that the deposition of the sodium can be accommodated, the generation of 'dead sodium' is reduced, and the volume change of a sodium metal cathode in the charge-discharge cycle process is slowed down; the tin phosphide as a sodium-philic material can be used as a sodium deposition site, so that sodium ions are effectively dispersed, ion accumulation is reduced, and the possibility of forming sodium dendrites is reduced; compared with a pure metal lithium/sodium metal cathode, the lithium/sodium metal cathode has better circulation stability and more stable voltage distribution curve; the battery can be applied to flexible energy storage devices, and the safety performance of the battery is high after the battery is applied to a sodium metal battery; the preparation method of the cathode of the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery is simple and easy to implement.
Claims (5)
1. A flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode is characterized by comprising reduced graphene oxide and tin phosphide, wherein the reduced graphene oxide is used as a flexible substrate, and the tin phosphide is embedded on the reduced graphene oxide; wherein the mass ratio of the reduced graphene oxide to the tin phosphide is 1.7 to 1; the preparation method of the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode comprises the following steps:
step 1: carrying out ultrasonic treatment on graphene oxide by using ethanol to obtain a graphene oxide solution;
and 2, step: dissolving stannous chloride dihydrate in ethanol, and stirring to obtain a transparent stannous chloride ethanol solution;
and step 3: adding the graphene oxide solution into a stannous chloride solution, stirring, and transferring to a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle for hydrothermal reaction; the hydrothermal reaction condition is 120-140 ℃, and the hydrothermal time is 8-12 h;
the ratio of the stannous chloride to the graphene oxide is 3 to 1 to 5;
and 4, step 4: freeze-drying the product of the hydrothermal reaction to obtain graphene oxide coated tin oxide;
and 5: respectively placing the graphene oxide coated tin oxide and sodium hypophosphite at two ends of a closed ceramic crucible, placing the ceramic crucible in a tubular furnace for phosphorization and sintering, washing and performing suction filtration after sintering to obtain a flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film;
the ratio of the graphene oxide coated tin oxide to the sodium hypophosphite is 1 to 4 to 1;
the phosphorization sintering conditions are as follows: the sintering temperature is 250 to 300 ℃, the atmosphere is argon, the sintering speed is 2 to 5 ℃/min, and the sintering time is 3 to 5 h;
and 6: and (5) rolling the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film obtained in the step (5) to prepare a flexible self-supporting pole piece, and depositing sodium metal.
2. The negative electrode of the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the granularity of the tin phosphide is 20nm to 50nm.
3. The negative electrode of the flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the concentration of the graphene oxide ethanol solution is 60% -80%.
4. The flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the concentration of the stannous chloride ethanol solution is 60% -90%.
5. The flexible reduced graphene oxide coated tin phosphide film sodium metal battery cathode as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the washing conditions are as follows: 0.1 Washing with mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid, water and ethanol for three times respectively.
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