CN111928382B - 一种多功能太阳能综合利用*** - Google Patents
一种多功能太阳能综合利用*** Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种多功能太阳能综合利用***,包括制冷单元、太阳能集热‑膜蒸馏一体化装置、海水供给***、盐水存储箱、热水泵送***、淡水存储箱和真空***;所述冷凝器冷却水进口与海水供给***连接,所述冷凝器冷却水出口与太阳能集热‑膜蒸馏一体化装置,所述冷凝器释放出制冷剂的热量用于海水预热;所述太阳能集热‑膜蒸馏一体化装置包括真空太阳能集热管和管壳式换热器;所述管壳式换热器与热水泵送***闭环连接,所述冷凝器冷却水出口通过若干串联的所述真空太阳能集热管后与盐水存储箱连通。本发明能够利用太阳能建筑屋顶技术为居民提供淡水、生活热水和空调用电等的供应,解决传统能源为用户供能时带来的资源缺乏和环境污染问题等。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能利用技术领域,特别涉及一种多功能太阳能综合利用***。
背景技术
随着经济的飞速增长,我国社会经济发展面临着更为严重的能源问题。在能源短缺的同时,我国又存在着能源利用率低、能源利用模式不合理等问题,没有做到“能”尽其用,造成能源利用的浪费。同时,住宅建筑用能又占我国能源的很大一部分比例。
太阳能作为可再生能源,已经引起了人们的广泛关注,全世界有很多人在屋顶安装太阳能集热器(真空管型和平板型集热器)和太阳能光伏***来满足生活热水和其他能源的需求。而且相关研究表明屋顶太阳能利用将有可能提供20%的建筑用能需求。因此,屋顶太阳能技术值得我们开展更多的研究。
膜蒸馏作为一种新型分离技术,具有操作温度低、设备简单、脱盐率高等特点,在海水淡化、苦咸水脱盐、果汁浓缩等过程具有良好的应用前景;真空式膜蒸馏(VMD)在透过侧由真空泵抽吸使其保持低压状态,并在膜组件外冷凝;由于真空度的存在,VMD过程中传热损失低,膜通量高且不易出现温差极化,是解决淡水需求的一种有效方式。但是,大多数太阳能真空式膜蒸馏***中的太阳能集热装置和膜蒸馏装置单独设置,太阳能集热装置通过换热装置加热膜蒸馏装置料液侧的海水,存在装置结构复杂、占地面积大、效率低和热损失大等问题,很难安装在建筑屋顶来满足用户的用水需求。
此外,夏季,人们对于空调***、淡水和热水需要量大,电能的消耗直接导致了住宅建筑的能耗急剧上升。同时,空调大量使用还会引起一系列的环境问题,例如,一次能源的大量消耗和大量冷凝废热排放到室外对环境造成热污染。因此,如何使用太阳能技术来解决当前的问题就显得尤为重要。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的不足,本发明提供了种多功能太阳能综合利用***,能够利用太阳能建筑屋顶技术为居民提供淡水、生活热水和空调用电等的供应,可以解决传统能源为用户供能时带来的资源缺乏和环境污染问题等。
本发明是通过以下技术手段实现上述技术目的的。
一种多功能太阳能综合利用***,包括制冷单元、太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置、海水供给***、盐水存储箱、热水泵送***、淡水存储箱和真空***;
所述制冷单元包括冷凝器、节流阀、蒸发器和压缩机;所述蒸发器依次与压缩机、冷凝器和节流阀闭环连接;所述蒸发器吸收建筑室内的热量传递给制冷剂;所述压缩机将制冷剂经过压缩变成高温高压气体;所述冷凝器冷却水进口与海水供给***连接,所述冷凝器冷却水出口与太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置连接,所述冷凝器释放出制冷剂的热量用于海水预热;
所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置包括真空太阳能集热管和管壳式换热器;所述管壳式换热器与热水泵送***闭环连接,所述冷凝器冷却水出口通过若干串联的所述真空太阳能集热管后与盐水存储箱连通;
所述真空太阳能集热管包括双层玻璃管、选择性吸收涂层、真空层、膜组件料液流道、膜组件蒸汽流道和料液引流管;所述双层玻璃管内部为膜组件料液流道,所述料液引流管一端伸入所述膜组件料液流道内部,所述料液引流管另一端作为所述真空太阳能集热管的进口,所述膜组件料液流道一侧作为所述真空太阳能集热管的出口;所述双层玻璃管内部设真空层,所述双层玻璃管的外表面涂覆选择性吸收涂层,用于将照射在所述双层玻璃管外表面的太阳光转化为热量,所述热量通过真空层加热所述膜组件料液流道内液体;所述膜组件料液流道内***由中空纤维膜组成的膜组件蒸汽流道,所述膜组件蒸汽流道与管壳式换热器的冷却介质进口连通;所述管壳式换热器的冷却介质出口依次与淡水存储箱和真空***连接,用于使膜组件蒸汽流道内产生低压。
进一步,所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置还包括反光板,所述反光板位于真空太阳能集热管的周边,所述反光板用于将透过所述真空太阳能集热管空隙的太阳能反射到所述真空太阳能集热管上。
进一步,所述中空纤维膜的材料为聚丙烯。
进一步,所述选择性吸收涂层为铝-氮/铝选择性吸收涂层。
进一步,还包括光伏发电单元,所述的光伏发电单元包括硅光伏板、充电控制器、蓄电池和逆变器;所述硅光伏板用于将太阳能转换成电能,所述硅光伏板通过充电控制器与蓄电池连接,所述逆变器用于将蓄电池输出的直流电转变成交流电。
进一步,所述海水供给***包括第一水泵和海水存储箱,所述冷凝器冷却水进口通过第一水泵与海水存储箱相连;所述热水泵送***包括第二水泵和热水存储箱,所述管壳式换热器通过第二水泵与热水存储箱闭环连接。
进一步,所述的中空纤维膜的面积是真空太阳能集热管的面积的0.1-0.5倍。
一种太阳能建筑物,所述建筑物的屋顶安装所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,所述光伏发电单元将太阳能转换成电能,用于为建筑物内用电设备供电;所述制冷单元为建筑室内提供低温环境;通过所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置为住宅建筑供应淡水和生活热水。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1.本发明所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,将真空式膜蒸馏组件内嵌到真空管型太阳能集热器内,实现太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化,这样很容易安装在建筑屋顶,充分利用太阳能建筑屋顶技术为用户供能,降低装置的初始投资和维护费用。
2.本发明所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,通过太阳能光伏发电单元、太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置和制冷单元等的优化组合,能够利用太阳能建筑屋顶技术为居民提供淡水、生活热水和空调用电等的供应,实现太阳能建筑一体化,可以解决传统能源为用户供能时带来的资源缺乏和环境污染问题等。
3.本发明所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,使用空调冷凝热对海水进行预热,提高了海水淡化效率,减小了热污染排放,绿色、环保、可靠。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***结构示意图。
图2为本发明所述的真空太阳能集热管原理图。
图中:
1、光伏发电单元;1-1、硅光伏板;1-2、充电控制器;1-3、蓄电池;1-4、逆变器;2、制冷单元;2-1、冷凝器;2-2、节流阀;2-3、蒸发器;2-4、压缩机;3、太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置;3-1、反光板;3-2、真空太阳能集热管;3-3、管壳式换热器;3-2-1、双层玻璃管;3-2-2、选择性吸收涂层;3-2-3、真空层;3-2-4、膜组件料液流道;3-2-5、中空纤维膜;3-2-6、膜组件蒸汽流道;3-2-7、料液引流管;4、海水存储箱;5、第一水泵;6、盐水存储箱;7、热水存储箱;8、第二水泵;9、淡水存储箱;10、真空泵。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图以及具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但本发明的保护范围并不限于此。
如图1和图2所示,本发明所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,包括光伏发电单元1、制冷单元2、太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置3、海水存储箱4、第一水泵5、盐水存储箱6、热水存储箱7、第二水泵8、淡水存储箱9和真空泵10;所述光伏发电单元1包括硅光伏板1-1、充电控制器1-2、蓄电池1-3和逆变器1-4;所述硅光伏板1-1接收太阳光并将其转换成电能,通过充电控制器1-2储存在所述的蓄电池1-3当中,通过所述的逆变器1-4将直流电转变成交流电;所述的充电控制器1-2用于避免蓄电池1-3的放电不足和过失;所述的蓄电池1-3用于电能存储,以便更有效地分配电力;所述的逆变器1-4是将蓄电池1-3输出的直流电转换成交流电为住宅建筑用电设备供电,比如空调用电和***中的泵用电。
所述制冷单元2包括冷凝器2-1、节流阀2-2、蒸发器2-3和压缩机2-4;所述蒸发器2-3依次与压缩机2-4、冷凝器2-1和节流阀2-2闭环连接;所述的蒸发器2-3吸收建筑室内的热量传递给制冷剂,提供舒适的低温环境;所述的压缩机2-4将制冷剂经过压缩变成高温高压气体;所述的冷凝器2-1释放出制冷剂的热量,用于来自海水存储箱4海水预热;所述的蒸发器2-3通过压缩机2-4与冷凝器2-1相连接;制冷剂经过所述的节流阀2-2变成低温低压的气体到达蒸发器2-3参与下一次的循环。
所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置3包括反光板3-1、真空太阳能集热管3-2和管壳式换热器3-3;所述管壳式换热器3-3与热水泵送***闭环连接,所述冷凝器2-1冷却水出口通过若干串联的所述真空太阳能集热管3-2后与盐水存储箱6连通;所述真空太阳能集热管3-2包括双层玻璃管3-2-1、选择性吸收涂层3-2-2、真空层3-2-3、膜组件料液流道3-2-4、膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6和料液引流管3-2-7;所述双层玻璃管3-2-1内部为膜组件料液流道3-2-4,所述料液引流管3-2-7一端伸入所述膜组件料液流道3-2-4底部,所述料液引流管3-2-7另一端作为所述真空太阳能集热管3-2的进口,所述膜组件料液流道3-2-4一侧作为所述真空太阳能集热管3-2的出口;所述真空太阳能集热管3-2的进口与冷凝器2-1冷却水出口或相邻串联的真空太阳能集热管3-2的出口连通;所述真空太阳能集热管3-2的出口与盐水存储箱6或相邻串联的真空太阳能集热管3-2的进口连通;所述双层玻璃管3-2-1内部设真空层3-2-3,所述双层玻璃管3-2-1的外表面涂覆选择性吸收涂层3-2-2,用于将照射在所述双层玻璃管3-2-1外表面的太阳光转化为热量,所述热量通过真空层3-2-3加热所述膜组件料液流道3-2-4内液体;所述反光板3-1位于真空太阳能集热管3-2的周边,所述反光板3-1用于将透过所述真空太阳能集热管3-2空隙的太阳能反射到所述真空太阳能集热管3-2上。所述膜组件料液流道3-2-4内***由中空纤维膜3-2-5组成的膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6,所述膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6与管壳式换热器3-3的冷却介质进口连通;所述膜组件料液流道3-2-4内产生的蒸汽可通过中空纤维膜3-2-5进入所述膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6;所述管壳式换热器3-3的冷却介质出口依次与淡水存储箱9和真空***连接,用于使膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6内产生低压。所述中空纤维膜3-2-5的面积是真空太阳能集热管3-2的面积的0.1-0.5倍,因为从料液引流管3-2-7引进来的料液温度比较低,需要吸收热量达到海水淡化的工作温度和中空纤维膜3-2-5的价格比较昂贵,节约成本。
一种太阳能建筑物,所述建筑物的屋顶安装所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,所述光伏发电单元1将太阳能转换成电能,为住宅建筑用电设备供电,比如空调用电和***中的泵用电;所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置3为住宅建筑供应淡水、生活热水;所述制冷单元2为建筑室内提供低温环境并释放空调冷凝热为海水预热。
工作原理
穿过真空太阳能集热管3-2空隙到达反光板3-1的太阳光和直射的太阳光照射在双层玻璃管3-2-1,选择性吸收涂层3-2-2将照射在所述双层玻璃管3-2-1外表面的太阳光转化为热量,热量通过真空层3-2-3加热所述膜组件料液流道3-2-4内的海水。膜组件料液流道3-2-4的海水吸收热量蒸发,蒸汽穿过中空纤维膜3-2-5到达膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6,由于采用的是真空式膜蒸馏组件,在膜组件蒸汽流道3-2-6保持低压状态,具有较高的膜通量。海水在膜组件料液流道3-2-4浓缩成盐水在第一水泵5的驱动作用下流出串联的真空太阳能集热管3-2。蒸汽从管壳式换热器3-3冷却介质进口进入与从管壳式换热器3-3进入的自来水进行换热,蒸汽在管壳式换热器3-3壳程中冷凝成液体在重力的作用下流出收集在淡水存储箱9中作为淡水使用,自来水在管程中温度上升通过冷出流出管壳换热器3-3后被收集在热水存储箱7中,参与下一次循环或者达到热水温度储存起来供居民使用。由于管壳式换热器3-3存在换热效率,通过真空泵10产生负压加速蒸汽的流出,因此与真空泵10安装在蒸汽出口抽吸全部蒸汽相比,真空泵10安装在淡水箱的后面,节省了能耗。从膜组件料液流道3-2-4流出的盐水流回盐水存储箱6中。第一水泵5和第二水泵8分别安装在海水存储箱6后面和管壳式换热器3-3入口,促进海水和自来水的流动。另外,在膜组件料液流道3-2-4入口处可设置加热器用于太阳光照强度低或者无光照时加热海水。
制冷单元2中的蒸发器2-3用于吸收建筑室内的热量传递给低温低压的制冷剂,提供舒适的低温环境,压缩机2-4将装置中的制冷剂经过压缩变成高温高压气体,通过冷凝器2-1释放出热量,来自海水存储箱4的海水通过冷进冷凝器吸收热量流出冷出用于海水的预热,最后制冷剂经过节流阀2-2变成低温低压的气体到达蒸发器2-3参与下一次的循环。这些过程中第一水泵5、第二水泵8、真空泵10和压缩机2-4需要消耗电能,这些电能由蓄电池1-3提供,通过逆变器1-4,将直流电转换成交流电为用电设备直接供电。蓄电池1-3所存储的电能来自硅光伏板1-1,充电控制器1-2连接在硅光伏板1-1与蓄电池1-3之间,避免蓄电池1-3的放电不足或过失。
所述实施例为本发明的优选的实施方式,但本发明并不限于上述实施方式,在不背离本发明的实质内容的情况下,本领域技术人员能够做出的任何显而易见的改进、替换或变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种多功能太阳能综合利用***,其特征在于,包括制冷单元(2)、太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置(3)、海水供给***、盐水存储箱(6)、热水泵送***、淡水存储箱(9)和真空***;
所述制冷单元(2)包括冷凝器(2-1)、节流阀(2-2)、蒸发器(2-3)和压缩机(2-4);所述蒸发器(2-3)依次与压缩机(2-4)、冷凝器(2-1)和节流阀(2-2)闭环连接;所述蒸发器(2-3)吸收建筑室内的热量传递给制冷剂;所述压缩机(2-4)将制冷剂经过压缩变成高温高压气体;所述冷凝器(2-1)冷却水进口与海水供给***连接,所述冷凝器(2-1)冷却水出口与太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置(3)连接,所述冷凝器(2-1)释放出制冷剂的热量用于海水预热;
所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置(3)包括真空太阳能集热管(3-2)和管壳式换热器(3-3);所述管壳式换热器(3-3)与热水泵送***闭环连接,所述冷凝器(2-1)冷却水出口通过若干串联的所述真空太阳能集热管(3-2)后与盐水存储箱(6)连通;
所述真空太阳能集热管(3-2)包括双层玻璃管(3-2-1)、选择性吸收涂层(3-2-2)、真空层(3-2-3)、膜组件料液流道(3-2-4)、膜组件蒸汽流道(3-2-6)和料液引流管(3-2-7);所述双层玻璃管(3-2-1)内部为膜组件料液流道(3-2-4),所述料液引流管(3-2-7)一端伸入所述膜组件料液流道(3-2-4)内部,所述料液引流管(3-2-7)另一端作为所述真空太阳能集热管(3-2)的进口,所述膜组件料液流道(3-2-4)一侧作为所述真空太阳能集热管(3-2)的出口;所述双层玻璃管(3-2-1)内部设真空层(3-2-3),所述双层玻璃管(3-2-1)的外表面涂覆选择性吸收涂层(3-2-2),用于将照射在所述双层玻璃管(3-2-1)外表面的太阳光转化为热量,所述热量通过真空层(3-2-3)加热所述膜组件料液流道(3-2-4)内液体;所述膜组件料液流道(3-2-4)内***由中空纤维膜(3-2-5)组成的膜组件蒸汽流道(3-2-6),所述膜组件蒸汽流道(3-2-6)与管壳式换热器(3-3)的冷却介质进口连通;所述管壳式换热器(3-3)的冷却介质出口依次与淡水存储箱(9)和真空***连接,用于使膜组件蒸汽流道(3-2-6)内产生低压;
所述太阳能集热膜蒸馏一体化装置(3)还包括反光板(3-1),所述反光板(3-1)位于真空太阳能集热管(3-2)的周边,所述反光板(3-1)用于将透过所述真空太阳能集热管(3-2)空隙的太阳能反射到所述真空太阳能集热管(3-2)上;
所述海水供给***包括第一水泵(5)和海水存储箱(4),所述冷凝器(2-1)冷却水进口通过第一水泵(5)与海水存储箱(4)相连;所述热水泵送***包括第二水泵(8)和热水存储箱(7),所述管壳式换热器(3-3)通过第二水泵(8)与热水存储箱(7)闭环连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,其特征在于,所述中空纤维膜(3-2-5)的材料为聚丙烯。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,其特征在于,所述选择性吸收涂层(3-2-2)为铝-氮/铝选择性吸收涂层。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,其特征在于,还包括光伏发电单元(1),所述的光伏发电单元(1)包括硅光伏板(1-1)、充电控制器(1-2)、蓄电池(1-3)和逆变器(1-4);所述硅光伏板(1-1)用于将太阳能转换成电能,所述硅光伏板(1-1)通过充电控制器(1-2)与蓄电池(1-3)连接,所述逆变器(1-4)用于将蓄电池(1-3)输出的直流电转变成交流电。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,其特征在于,所述中空纤维膜(3-2-5)的面积是真空太阳能集热管(3-2)的面积的0.1-0.5倍。
6.一种太阳能建筑物,其特征在于,所述建筑物的屋顶安装权利要求4所述的多功能太阳能综合利用***,所述光伏发电单元(1)将太阳能转换成电能,用于为建筑物内用电设备供电;所述制冷单元(2)为建筑室内提供低温环境;通过所述太阳能集热-膜蒸馏一体化装置(3)为住宅建筑供应淡水和生活热水。
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