CN111924843B - Preparation method of cyano-modified biomass derived carbon and application of cyano-modified biomass derived carbon in potassium storage field - Google Patents

Preparation method of cyano-modified biomass derived carbon and application of cyano-modified biomass derived carbon in potassium storage field Download PDF

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CN111924843B
CN111924843B CN202010835166.0A CN202010835166A CN111924843B CN 111924843 B CN111924843 B CN 111924843B CN 202010835166 A CN202010835166 A CN 202010835166A CN 111924843 B CN111924843 B CN 111924843B
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artemia
potassium ion
derived carbon
cyanide
phytic acid
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CN111924843A (en
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柳伟
高翔
周峻安
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Ocean University of China
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/30Active carbon
    • C01B32/312Preparation
    • C01B32/342Preparation characterised by non-gaseous activating agents
    • C01B32/348Metallic compounds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01GCAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22Electrodes
    • H01G11/26Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01GCAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22Electrodes
    • H01G11/30Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32Carbon-based
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01GCAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22Electrodes
    • H01G11/30Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32Carbon-based
    • H01G11/44Raw materials therefor, e.g. resins or coal
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01GCAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/84Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
    • H01G11/86Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13Energy storage using capacitors

Abstract

The invention provides a method for preparing a cyanide-modified porous carbon material by taking marine biological waste artemia shell as a raw material and using the synergistic effect of KOH, phytic acid and metal cobalt salt thereof, and the method is applied to a potassium ion capacitor and a potassium ion battery. Adding ball-milled artemia shells into phytic acid, fully infiltrating and uniformly stirring, then adding cobalt acetate, wherein the cobalt acetate can form a cross-linked network with the artemia shells and the phytic acid due to the complexing action of amino groups of proteins in biomass and phosphate groups of the phytic acid, and finally performing freeze-drying treatment, and performing KOH activation and high-temperature carbonization on freeze-dried samples at 800 ℃, and then cleaning to obtain the three-dimensional porous cyanide-modified carbon nanomaterial, and the method has excellent electrochemical performance when being applied to electrodes of potassium ion half batteries and potassium ion capacitors due to the effect of electron withdrawing groups and the adsorption effect of defective groups alkynyl.

Description

Preparation method of cyano-modified biomass derived carbon and application of cyano-modified biomass derived carbon in potassium storage field
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electrochemical energy storage devices, and provides a preparation method of a cyanide-modified porous carbon material by using biological waste artemia shell as a raw material and using the synergistic effect of KOH, phytic acid and metal salt, and application of the cyanide-modified porous carbon material in a potassium ion battery and a potassium ion mixed capacitor.
Background
The demands of society for new energy technology breakthroughs are now becoming more and more intense, especially for large stationary energy applications, which also require energy materials with richer reserves and lower costs. Today, for commercialization of lithium ion batteries, there is a contradiction that lithium production place is unevenly distributed against price increase and lithium shortage of lithium, and demands for lithium batteries for future electronic devices and electric vehicles are further enhanced. These contradictions lay the foundation for intensive research into finding alternatives to sustainable battery technologies (e.g., sodium ion batteries, potassium ion batteries). In contrast, the abundance of sodium (23000 ppm) and the abundance of potassium (17000 ppm) in the earth are quite plentiful, and potassium and sodium batteries possess similar electrochemical reaction mechanisms as lithium ion batteries, similar redox potentials, and are promising options from the standpoint of finding alternative batteries for large-scale energy storage of lithium ion batteries.
A significant advantage of potassium cells over lithium and sodium cells is that potassium ions have weaker lewis acidity and a solvated structure that is less than lithium and sodium from the point of view of acid-base hardness. Therefore, the conductivity of potassium ions in the electrolyte is far greater than that of lithium ions and sodium ions, and the desolvation barrier of the potassium ions is also far smaller, so that the potassium ions can be rapidly diffused in the SEI film. Furthermore, for most negative electrode materials, the intercalation potential of potassium ions is relative to K + With K being equal to about 0.2V, and hard carbon negative electrode relative to Na in sodium ion battery + Na is equal to about 0.05V, resulting in a lower probability of metal deposition during the oxidation of the negative electrode, so that the potassium ion battery is also superior to the sodium ion battery in terms of safety. Another advantage is that potassium does not alloy when in contact with aluminum plates at lower voltages, which can save battery cost by using an Al current collector in place of Cu at the negative electrode. However, this technology is still in the development stage, and thus various scientific and engineering advances are required. For example, in the charge/discharge process, potassium ions which are frequently intercalated/deintercalated have a large ionic radius, which may cause damage to the cathode material, resulting in low battery capacity, poor rate capability, poor circularity, and sometimes even exhibiting no electrochemical activity. Another significant disadvantage is that the active material is relatively heavy, resulting in a relatively low energy density performance. Therefore, these problems require the development of electrode materials suitable for potassium ion batteries.
Based on the unique structure of marine crustaceans, the patent uses marine waste biomass artemia shells as raw materials, and utilizes freeze drying and high-temperature chemical activation technology to realize interlayer spacing regulation and surface functional group and defect regulation on biomass-derived carbon materials. The three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material modified by cyanide is obtained, and meanwhile, the three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material has a long-range disordered short-range ordered structure, so that excellent electrochemical performance can be obtained in a potassium ion battery and a potassium ion capacitor.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for preparing a cyanide-modified hierarchical porous carbon material by taking a artemia shell as a raw material and applying the carbon material to a potassium ion battery through freeze-drying pretreatment and chemical high-temperature activation. And applying the material to a negative electrode material of a potassium ion battery to assemble the potassium ion battery energy storage device. In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
firstly, soaking the ball-milled artemia shell in a phytic acid solution, stirring for 30min, and then adding cobalt acetate for crosslinking reaction. And obtaining the graded porous carbon material through synthesis steps such as high-temperature carbonization-chemical activation acid washing and the like after freeze drying. And mixing and coating the obtained carbon anode material, conductive acetylene black and a binder on an Al sheet according to the ratio of 8:1:1 to prepare the battery anode electrode sheet. And assembling the negative plate and the potassium block into a potassium ion battery in a glove box filled with argon, and testing the cycle performance and the multiplying power performance of the potassium ion battery in a blue electric system.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The invention uses the marine organism crustacean biological waste as the raw material to prepare the graded porous carbon material, has low price and rich resources, and provides a solution for solving the problem of marine pollution caused by excessive pollution of the biological waste. The waste crustacean is biologically recycled, the utilization degree of biological waste is greatly improved, and the operation cost is low. Meanwhile, the porous carbon obtained after activation has a stable hierarchical three-dimensional network, a pore structure with uniform distribution and a specific surface favorable for ion adsorption, and further the defect regulation and the cyanide modification in the carbon material endow the material with different potassium storage performances. In combination with the above advantages, when the bio-derived carbon material is applied to a battery material, the porous structure thereof is favorable for rapid infiltration of electrolyte, rapid diffusion of ions and construction of a high conductive network, and plays an indispensable important role in obtaining excellent potassium ion storage capacity.
(2) According to the invention, the surface complexation of the phytic acid is adopted to pretreat the crustacean biomass, phosphate radical in the phytic acid, chitin and amino in protein are crosslinked, and further cobalt ions are introduced to continue complexing with the rest phosphate radical, so that a large amount of artemia shell three-dimensional network structure for adsorbing the cobalt ions is obtained. The method introduces a large amount of cobalt ions to influence the graphitization degree of carbon, so that disordered hard carbon can still keep a carbon material with nano graphite domains locally existing but disordered as a whole after being activated, the biological derivative carbon has large specific surface area and developed porosity and rich nitrogen and oxygen doping because KOH is introduced later, and the prepared cyanide modified carbon material has a plurality of ion adsorption active sites, so that the cyanide modified carbon material has supernormal adsorption capacitance performance and metal ion intercalation performance caused by the improvement of graphitization degree, and also generates polyunsaturated alkynyl groups while cyanide is generated, and has excellent performance in a potassium ion battery due to the synergistic effect of the material characteristics.
(3) The shellfish bio-derived carbon improved by the technology has excellent potassium ion storage capacity, the preparation process is concise and basically free from pollution to the environment, the industrialized production is expected to be realized under the situation of urgent demand on the mass production of alkali metal batteries, and the prepared shellfish bio-derived carbon has excellent energy-power density and ultra-long cycle stability in the potassium ion batteries, and has a certain development prospect on how to relieve the problem of current energy supply shortage.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photograph of the hierarchical porous carbon material obtained in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photograph of the hierarchical porous carbon material obtained in example 2.
FIG. 3 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photograph of the hierarchical porous carbon material obtained in example 3.
Fig. 4 is an infrared spectrum test of the porous carbon nanomaterial prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 shows the rate performance of half cells when the porous carbon nanomaterial prepared in embodiment 1 of the present invention is used as an anode material of a potassium ion battery.
Fig. 6 is a graph showing the high current cycle performance of a half cell when the porous carbon nanomaterial prepared in example 1 of the present invention is used as an anode material of a potassium ion cell.
Fig. 7 shows charge and discharge properties of the porous carbon nanomaterial prepared in example 1 of the present invention as a potassium ion capacitor.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following specific examples, but is not limited to the examples.
Example 1
Collecting artemia husks from seawater, weighing 0.5g artemia husks, placing the artemia husks in 35ml of 1mol/L phytic acid aqueous solution, stirring for 30min to enable the surface functional groups of biomass to fully complex with phosphate radical of phytic acid, adding 0.05 ml of 5ml of cobalt acetate aqueous solution, stirring for 30min, and freeze-drying for 72h after full reaction. The freeze-dried product and 1g of potassium hydroxide are put into a mortar for grinding for 10min, so as to ensure that the freeze-dried product of the artemia cysts and KOH powder are evenly mixed. Finally, the mixture is put into a graphite crucible, and is put into a tubular heating furnace with argon as inert gas at the temperature of 3 ℃ for min -1 The temperature is raised to 900 ℃, and the calcination and activation are carried out after 3 hours of heat preservation. And naturally cooling to room temperature, and taking out the calcined sample. By 1 mol.L -1 The hydrochloric acid solution of (2) is used for removing metal impurities in the product, ethanol and deionized water are used for cleaning for three times, finally, the solution is collected after being washed to be neutral, and the water is dried in an oven at 60 ℃ to obtain the black powder product.
Example 2
The process of this example is essentially the same as that of example 1, except that cobalt acetate is replaced with ammonium molybdate which has a relatively weak graphitization catalyzing capacity, and as can be seen from the SEM of fig. 2, the final product generates a lot of molybdenum carbide which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid, but the porous network structure of biochar is still well developed.
Example 3
The embodiment of the inventionThe method does not employ KOH activation treatment in example 1, but Zncl is selected 2 The activation treatment, the subsequent treatment was the same as in example 2. As can be seen from the SEM of fig. 3, the resulting pore structure was not as rich as before with the replacement of the activator and the carbon network was not developed by KOH activated cross-linking.
Application example 1
Uniformly mixing the porous carbon material obtained after calcination and activation treatment with conductive acetylene black (Super P) and a binder (polyvinylidene fluoride) in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, dispersing the slurry and carbon powder prepared by using a 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution to obtain black viscous liquid, and finally coating the black viscous liquid on aluminum foil to prepare the electrode slice. The assembly operation was performed in an argon-filled glove box using a porous carbon negative electrode material and a potassium block to assemble a potassium ion half cell, wherein an electrolyte of 0.8 mol.L was used -1 KPF of (a) 6 Dissolved in EC/DEC electrolyte. Finally, the electrochemical performance is tested in a blue electrical workstation. The results are shown in fig. 4 to 5.
From the infrared ray of FIG. 4, it can be seen that the porous carbon has cyano groups and alkynyl groups, represents a rich defective structure and a rich surface functional group, has an extremely excellent adsorption capacity for potassium ions, and from the viewpoint that the half-cell rate performance of FIG. 5 can be verified at 0.1A g -1 Has a small current density of 350mAh g -1 Even at a high current density of 10A g -1 Can also possess 100mAh g at a current density of (2) -1 And at 2A g -1 Can maintain 230mAh g in 3000 circles of circulation under the condition of high current density -1 High reversible capacity and long cycle life.
Application example 2
The porous carbon material obtained after calcination and activation treatment, conductive acetylene black (Super P) and a binder (polyvinylidene fluoride) are uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 7:1.5:1.5, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution is used for dispersing the slurry and carbon powder prepared above to obtain black viscous liquid, and finally the black viscous liquid is coated on aluminum foil to prepare the electrode plate. Performing assembly operation in a glove box filled with argon, assembling a potassium ion half battery by using a porous carbon negative electrode material and a potassium block, then performing potassium pre-embedding by using a blue electric working station, taking a potassium pre-embedded electrode slice as a negative electrode, taking a porous carbon electrode slice without pre-embedding activation as a positive electrode, and taking the positive and negative electrode active materials with the mass ratio of 1:0.5 assembled potassium ion capacitor electrochemical performance testing of the capacitor was performed using a morning glory 660E electrochemical workstation, the test results are shown in fig. 7.
As can be seen from fig. 7, the cyclic voltammetry curve of the potassium ion capacitor is similar to a rectangle, which shows that the electrode plate-assembled potassium ion capacitor obtained in example 1 mainly shows a surface-controlled electric double layer capacitor, and the constant current charge and discharge curve of the potassium ion capacitor is substantially triangular, and can be discharged for a long time, which shows that the device has a high energy density while having a high power density. As can be seen from FIG. 7, according to the constant current charge and discharge test, the potassium ion capacitor assembled by the electrode sheet of example 2 was shown to be 2A g -1 The capacitance value under the current density of (a) can reach 107.6F g -1 When the current density increases to 10A g -1 The capacitor still has a capacitance of 46.3F g -1 The cyanide modified porous carbon has better multiplying power performance. As can be seen from fig. 7, the electrode sheet passing through example 1 has excellent rate performance while also having very high capacity, which satisfies both the requirements for high energy density and high power density devices.

Claims (2)

1. A method for preparing a cyanide-modified biomass-derived carbon, comprising the steps of: (a) screening of biomass precursors: artemia are important baits in fish culture, and artemia shells serving as wastes contain a large amount of chitin and protein, so that the prepared carbon material contains cyanide components; (b) pretreatment: washing artemia salina shell with distilled water, oven drying at 80deg.C for 24 hr, ball milling at 300rpm for 6 hr, and adding 67wt% HNO 3 Performing ultrasonic treatment for 80min, and cleaning and drying to obtain a final product; (c) mixing: weighing 0.5g of ball-milled artemia shell, and weighing 35mL of artemia shell with concentration of 1 mol.L -1 Mixing and stirring in beaker for 30min to fully combine organic macromolecular functional groups on the surface of artemia shell with phosphate radical of phytic acid, and adding 0.05M cobalt acetate aqueous solution 5Complexing phosphate radical with cobalt ion, stirring for 30min to react fully, freeze drying for 72 hr to collect green lamellar matter; (d) carbonization: grinding the green lamellar substance and 1g KOH in a mortar for 10min to ensure uniform mixing of the green lamellar substance and KOH, introducing argon-hydrogen mixed gas into a tubular heating furnace, and heating at 3deg.C for min -1 The temperature is increased to 900 ℃, the temperature is kept for 3 hours, and the black powder is obtained after the cleaning by dilute hydrochloric acid solution and deionized water.
2. The cyano-modified biomass derived carbon produced by the method of claim 1, wherein: the cyanide-modified biomass-derived carbon can be applied to an electrode material of a potassium ion capacitor and exhibits excellent properties.
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