CN111859664B - Method for determining horizontal evacuation speed of old people in evacuation model - Google Patents
Method for determining horizontal evacuation speed of old people in evacuation model Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111859664B CN111859664B CN202010698237.7A CN202010698237A CN111859664B CN 111859664 B CN111859664 B CN 111859664B CN 202010698237 A CN202010698237 A CN 202010698237A CN 111859664 B CN111859664 B CN 111859664B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- evacuation
- elderly
- extinction coefficient
- speed
- evacuation speed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 230000004304 visual acuity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004438 eyesight Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010219 correlation analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/13—Architectural design, e.g. computer-aided architectural design [CAAD] related to design of buildings, bridges, landscapes, production plants or roads
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/40—Controlling or monitoring, e.g. of flood or hurricane; Forecasting, e.g. risk assessment or mapping
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Computational Mathematics (AREA)
- Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
- Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
- Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
- Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
Abstract
A method for determining the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in an evacuation model. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining basic characteristics of the elderly, wherein the basic characteristics comprise visual acuity VA, sight line level height and evacuation speed V in a smokeless environment 0 Minimum evacuation speed V min The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Determining extinction coefficient K when evacuation speed of old people begins to drop c0 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the elderly is reduced to a minimum c1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Fire disaster simulation is carried out on a building needing fire disaster evacuation simulation through PyroSim software, and an extinction coefficient of the sight line level height H of the elderly at any moment of the building is obtained and is recorded as K c The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Will K c 、K c0 K is as follows c1 And after comparison, determining the horizontal evacuation speed V of the elderly according to a formula. The horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly people in the fire disaster determined by the method is closer to the actual evacuation speed of the elderly people, and scientific basis can be provided for the escape management of the elderly people and the establishment of emergency evacuation plans.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of simulation models, in particular to a method for determining the horizontal evacuation speed of old people in an evacuation model smoke environment.
Background
By the end of 2018, the number of elderly people over 60 years old in China is 2.49 hundred million, accounting for 17.9% of the total population, and by 2035, china is expected to enter a super-aging society. With the continuous deepening of the population aging degree of China, the safety problem of the old in the building is widely paid attention to by all communities.
At present, the emergency evacuation research of the old is mainly focused on the aspect of evacuation models, and the evacuation time, the congestion position, the flow of each exit person and other information of all people can be obtained through evacuation simulation, so that the whole evacuation process of the people is known, and the fire safety of a building is evaluated or optimized. However, the existing evacuation model has defects in the aspect of aiming at the old people, namely, the evacuation speed is set to be a fixed value, and the influence of factors such as visual acuity of the old people, low visibility in a smoke environment caused by fire and the like on the evacuation speed is not considered. In fire, visibility plays a vital role in the evacuation of people. Visibility generally consists of three aspects, ambient conditions, conditions of the object being observed, and the visual ability of the person. The first two factors form visual stimuli, the last factor being visual acuity. The visual acuity of elderly people is typically half that of adults under the same illumination. When the evacuation model is built for the elderly population, the influence of visual acuity on the evacuation speed needs to be considered, and the determination of the evacuation speed is a key link for building the evacuation model. If the set value of the evacuation speed deviates greatly from the actual evacuation speed of the old, the reliability of the evacuation model is seriously affected.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems in the background art, the invention provides a method for determining the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in an evacuation model, and the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in a fire disaster determined by the method is closer to the actual evacuation speed of the elderly, so that scientific basis can be provided for the escape management of the elderly and the establishment of an emergency evacuation plan.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the method for determining the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in the evacuation model comprises the following steps:
first, basic characteristics of the elderly are obtained, wherein the basic characteristics comprise visual acuity VA, sight line level H and horizontal evacuation speed V in a smokeless environment 0 Minimum evacuation speed V min ；
The visual acuity VA is measured through an eye chart and recorded by adopting a decimal method;
the sight line level H is obtained by measuring the eye height;
horizontal evacuation speed V in the smokeless environment 0 Obtained by counting walking distance and time of old people, and the formula is V 0 S/t, where s is walking distance, unit m, t is walking time, unit s, V 0 Units of m/s;
horizontal minimum evacuation velocity V in the smokeless environment min The method comprises the steps of (1) calculating and obtaining the walking distance and time of the old people by wearing an eye shield with the light transmittance of 10%; obtaining the formula V min =s min /t min Wherein s is min For walking distance, units m, t min Is the walking time, unit s, V min Units of m/s;
step two, determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the aged begins to decrease according to a formula (1) through the visual acuity VA obtained in the step one c0 ；
K c0 =0.6201-0.7862×(VA)+2.9203×(VA) 2 Formula (1)
Wherein K is c0 Is the extinction coefficient in m when the evacuation speed of the elderly begins to drop -1 VA is visual acuity of the elderly, and VA is more than or equal to 0.3;
third, determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the elderly is reduced to a minimum value according to a formula (2) c1：
K c1 =(V 0 -V min )/0.31+K c0 Formula (2)
Wherein V is 0 And V min All obtained through the first step; k (K) c0 Obtained via the second step;
fourthly, performing fire disaster simulation on a building needing fire disaster evacuation simulation through PyroSim software to obtain an extinction coefficient of sight line level height H of the elderly at any time of the building, wherein the extinction coefficient is recorded as K c ；
The specific path is as follows:
firstly, a simulated building is selected, and the building for fire simulation and the building for evacuation simulation are ensured to be the same building model; thereafter, at PyrThe oisim software is run for the selected building according to 1:1, establishing a fire simulation model according to the proportion, and carrying out grid division on the fire simulation model; then, according to the most unfavorable principle, a scene with large fire risk is selected to set the position of a fire source, and the size of the fire source, the material of the fire source and the heat release rate are set according to the technical Specification of a building smoke prevention and exhaust system (GB 51251-2017); enable Plat 3D Output is selected from Output-Plat 3D Data, and [ specifies: SOOT ] is selected from Quantity]A Visibility option, after which simulation is performed; simulation of the obtained visibility information D vis Looking in a Result viewer;
the specific path is as follows: through FDS Results-Plot3 d-slots, right keys select Add Slice, in Add Slice dialog, quantity is selected from SOOT VISIBILITY, axis is selected from Plane Type, Z is selected in Axis direction, Z Axis height is the sum of the floor height of each layer and the sight line level height H, VISIBILITY data information can be stored in xlsx format, and can be checked by Excel.
Visibility information D vis The extinction coefficient K is converted into an extinction coefficient through a formula (3), and the extinction coefficient K of the aged at any horizontal position and at any moment in time when the sight line level height H is obtained c ；
D vis ={x|x=A/K c Formula (3)
Wherein D is vis The unit m is visibility; a is 3 or 8, the self-luminous mark is 8, the surface reflection mark is 3, and the default setting in pyrosim software is 3; k (K) c Is the extinction coefficient, unit m -1 ；
Fifth, K obtained through the fourth step is to be c And K obtained through the second step c0 And K obtained via the third step c1 After comparison according to the following mode, determining the horizontal evacuation speed V of the elderly in the evacuation model, namely:
when K is c ≤K c0 When v=v O ;
When K is c0 <K c ≤K c1 When v=v 0 -0.31×(K c -K c0 );
When K is c >K c1 When v=v min 。。
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention mainly aims to solve the modeling defect problem in the background technology and provide scientific basis and corresponding strategy for the escape management and emergency evacuation plan establishment of the aged people. The invention provides a more accurate acquisition method for determining the evacuation speed of the elderly in fire evacuation simulation, which is a dynamic calculation method considering the visual acuity and the smoke concentration of the elderly. The invention is realized by calculating the evacuation speed of the elderly in a smoke environment based on visual acuity of the elderly, judging the evacuation state of the elderly by judging the spatial position of the elderly, further determining the extinction coefficient when the evacuation speed of the elderly is influenced by the smoke concentration and the extinction coefficient when the elderly is not influenced by the smoke concentration by the visual acuity, distinguishing the evacuation process of the elderly, carrying out fire simulation on a building needing evacuation simulation, obtaining the data of the smoke concentration in the whole process of the building, comparing with the extinction coefficient calculated before, selecting different functions for calculation, and finally obtaining the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in the smoke. For example, when the calculation method is used for carrying out evacuation simulation, the speed of the old is in a dynamic change process, the process is influenced by the stimulus of visual acuity and current smoke concentration of the old and the spatial position of the old, the traditional evacuation simulation is a constant for setting the speed of people, and the calculation method is different from the actual evacuation condition, so that the calculation method is more in line with the evacuation process of the old in a smoke or fire environment. The application of the calculation method can refine the evacuation model, forecast the evacuation speed of the old, provide a basis for the fire safety design of the building, create a safer building environment for the old, be more in line with the actual situation, provide a reference for safer rescue decisions, improve the precision of the evacuation model, and provide a more reliable basis for the fire safety design of the building.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a calculation function of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of an embodiment building model.
Fig. 4 is a view of the visibility at the line-of-sight level H (h=1.5m) of the aged of each layer when the fire was simulated to 300 s.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the calculation result verification of the method.
FIG. 6 is a graph of visual acuity versus age.
Fig. 7 is an experimental environment diagram.
Fig. 8 is a graph of evacuation rates of each elderly person in different experimental environments.
Fig. 9 is a graph of extinction coefficient versus visual acuity at the onset of a decrease in evacuation rate for elderly people.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
the invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the main reference for determining the speed of people in smoke is the method proposed by Karl Fridolf, which calculates the people evacuation speed through the visibility in the current environment, wherein the visibility is obtained through the obtained extinction coefficient according to a formula. The visibility for starting to affect the speed of evacuation of people is a constant 3m, and the speed decreases by 0.34m/s with every 1m decrease in visibility. The initial speed of the person evacuating in the smoke is the speed in a smokeless environment and as the visibility decreases, the speed drops to a minimum of 0.2m/s, after which the speed remains unchanged even if the visibility drops again. The existing method for determining the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in the smoke environment has the following defects;
the data sources of the above model for determining the speed of persons in a smoke environment are based on sound adults, without taking into account some physical characteristics of the elderly, in particular the influence of visual acuity on evacuation speed. From the studies of Tokiyoshi Yamada and Yuki Akizuki et al, it is known that under the same lighting conditions, the vision of the elderly is typically half that of the young, so that the influence of the visual acuity of the elderly needs to be considered when modeling the elderly. If the problem of visual acuity is not considered, the time node of the old people affected by the visibility is later than the time node of the old people in consideration of the visual acuity, and the evacuation speed of the old people still keeps higher when the old people are affected in the simulation process to evacuate, so that the problem of shortening the evacuation time of a building is caused, and the simulation result is inaccurate. Moreover, when the evacuation simulation is performed by the method, the congestion time and the congestion nodes of personnel in the evacuation process are different, and the building is optimized or fire-fighting safety is designed according to the result, so that the method is also not accurate.
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for determining the horizontal evacuation speed of the elderly in a smoke environment in an evacuation model, which comprises the following steps:
first, basic characteristics of the elderly are obtained, wherein the basic characteristics comprise visual acuity VA, sight line level height and evacuation speed V in a smokeless environment 0 Minimum evacuation speed V min ；
The visual acuity VA is measured through an eye chart and recorded by adopting a decimal method;
the sight line level is obtained by measuring the eye height, noted as H;
evacuation speed V in the smokeless environment 0 Obtained by counting walking distance and time of old people, and the formula is V 0 S/t, where s is walking distance, unit m, t is walking time, unit s, V 0 Is the speed in unit of m/s in a smokeless environment;
said minimum evacuation speed V min The eye cover with the light transmittance of 10% is worn for the old people, and the walking distance and time of the old people are counted, so that the eye cover is obtained by calculation, and the formula is V min S/t, where s is walking distance, unit m, t is walking time, unit s, V min Is the speed in m/s in a smokeless environment.
Step two, determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the aged begins to decrease according to a formula (1) through the visual acuity VA obtained in the step one c0 ；
K c0 =0.6201-0.7862×(VA)+2.9203×(VA) 2 Formula (1)
Wherein K is c0 Is the extinction coefficient in m when the evacuation speed of the elderly begins to drop -1 VA is visual acuity of the elderly, and VA is more than or equal to 0.3;
third, determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the elderly is reduced to a minimum value according to a formula (2) c1：
K c1 =(V 0 -V min )/0.31+K c0 Formula (2)
Wherein V is 0 V for the speed in the smokeless environment obtained through the first step min For minimum evacuation speed obtained via the first step, units m/s, K c0 Unit m for extinction coefficient at the beginning of decrease of the evacuation speed of elderly people obtained via the third step -1 ；
Fourthly, performing fire disaster simulation on a building needing fire disaster evacuation simulation through PyroSim software to obtain an extinction coefficient of sight line level height H of the elderly at any time of the building, wherein the extinction coefficient is recorded as K c ；
The specific path is as follows: in PyroSim software, first, for building 1 needing fire evacuation simulation: 1, building a fire simulation model, wherein the evacuation simulated building and the fire simulated building are the same building model, performing grid division on the building model needing fire simulation, selecting a scene with large fire risk to set a fire source position according to the most unfavorable principle, setting information such as the fire source size, the fire source material, the heat release rate and the like according to the specification of the building smoke prevention and exhaust system (GB 51251-2017), selecting an Enable Plot3D Output in Output-Plot3D Data, selecting a [ Species: SOOT ] visual option in quality, and finally performing simulation.
The Result is viewable in the Result viewer. The specific path is as follows: through FDS Results-Plot3 d-slots, right keys select Add Slice, in Add Slice dialog, quantity is selected from SOOT VISIBILITY, axis is selected from Plane Type, Z is selected in Axis direction, Z Axis height is the sum of the floor height of each layer and the sight line level height H, VISIBILITY data information can be stored in xlsx format, and can be checked by Excel.
The visibility is converted into an extinction coefficient through a formula (3), and the extinction coefficient of the sight line level height H of the aged at any time at any horizontal position is obtained;
D vis ={x|x=A/K c formula (3)
Wherein D is vis The unit m is visibility; a is 3 or 8, the self-luminous mark is 8, the surface reflection mark is 3, and the default setting in pyrosim software is 3; k (K) c Is the extinction coefficient, unit m -1 And the extinction coefficient of H at the sight line level of the aged at any time and any horizontal position in the fire simulation process is represented.
Fifth, K obtained through the fourth step is to be c And K obtained through the second step c0 And K obtained via the third step c1 The evacuation speed V of the elderly is determined after comparison in the following manner, and is the speed of the elderly at any horizontal position at any moment in the fire building model, namely:
when said K is c ≤K c0 At this time, the evacuation speed v=v for the elderly O ;
When said K is c0 <K c ≤K c1 At this time, the evacuation speed v=v for the elderly 0 -0.31×(K c -K c0 );
The K is c >K c1 At this time, the evacuation speed of the elderly is kept constant at a minimum value, v=v min ；
Wherein V is 0 For evacuation speed in a smokeless environment obtained through the first step, V min Is the minimum evacuation speed in a smokeless environment obtained through the first step.
Specific embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
First, basic characteristics of the elderly are obtained, wherein the basic characteristics comprise visual acuity VA, sight line level height and evacuation speed V in a smokeless environment 0 Minimum evacuation speed V min ；
The visual acuity VA is measured through an eye chart and recorded by adopting a decimal method, wherein the visual acuity VA is 0.5 in the case;
the eye level is obtained by measuring the eye level, denoted H, in the case h=1.5m;
evacuation speed V in the smokeless environment 0 Obtained by counting walking distance and time of old people, and the formula is V 0 S/t, where s is walking distance, unit m, t is walking time, unit s, V 0 In units of m/s, in case V, for speeds in a smokeless environment 0 =0.8m/s；
Said minimum evacuation speed V min The eye cover with the light transmittance of 10% is worn for the old people, and the walking distance and time of the old people are counted, so that the eye cover is obtained by calculation, and the formula is V min S/t, where s is walking distance, unit m, t is walking time, unit s, V min In units of m/s, in case V, for speeds in a smokeless environment min =0.27m/s。
A second step of determining an extinction coefficient K at the beginning of the decline of the evacuation speed of the elderly person according to the formula (1) by setting the visual acuity VA of the elderly person to 0.5 in the first step c0 Calculating to obtain K c0 0.957m -1 ；
K c0 =0.6201-0.7862×(VA)+2.9203×(VA) 2 =0.957m -1
Wherein K is c0 Is the extinction coefficient in m when the evacuation speed of the elderly begins to drop -1 VA is visual acuity of the elderly, and VA is more than or equal to 0.3;
third step, V obtained by the above steps 0 =0.8m/s，V min =0.27m/s，K c0 =0.957m -1 Determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the elderly is reduced to a minimum value according to a formula (2) c1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Calculate K c1 Is 2.667m -1 。
K c1 =(V 0 -V min )/0.31+K c0 =2.667m -1
Wherein V is 0 V for the speed in the smokeless environment obtained through the first step min For minimum evacuation speed obtained via the first step, units m/s, K c0 For the elderly people to evacuate the speed obtained by the third stepExtinction coefficient at the beginning of the decrease in the degree, unit m -1 ；
Fourthly, performing fire disaster simulation on a building needing fire disaster evacuation simulation through PyroSim software to obtain an extinction coefficient of sight line level height H of the elderly at any time of the building, wherein the extinction coefficient is recorded as K c ；
Taking a certain old apartment as an example, establish 1:1 fire simulation model, building layer height 3.3m, total 3 layers, as shown in figure 3; mesh size 0.25 x 0.25m 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The fire source type is rapid fire, and the fire development coefficient is 0.0469kw/s 2 The fire source is arranged in a room in the middle of the second floor, the fire source size is set to be 6MW according to the specification, and the fire source area is set to be 0.4X0.5 m 2 The fire source material is polyurethane, the indoor initial temperature is 20 ℃, the Enable Plot3D Output is selected from Output-Plot3D Data, and the [ specifications: SOOT ] is selected from the quality]The Visibility option, finally, simulation is performed.
The Result is viewable in the Result viewer. The specific path is as follows: by FDS Results-Plot3 d-slots, right key selects Add Slice, in Add Slice dialog, quantity selects SOOT VISIBILITY, plane Type selects Axis-aligned, axis direction selects Z, Z Axis height is the sum of floor height of each layer and sight line level H, in this case Slice heights of each layer are 1.5m,4.8m and 8.1m, respectively, as shown in FIG. 4 for 300s of VISIBILITY when fire develops.
The visibility is converted into an extinction coefficient through a formula (3), and the extinction coefficient of the sight line level height H of the aged at any time at any horizontal position is obtained;
D vis ={x|x=A/K c formula (3)
Wherein D is vis The unit m is visibility; a is 3 or 8, the self-luminous mark is 8, the surface reflection mark is 3, and the default setting in pyrosim software is 3; k (K) c Is an extinction coefficient, the unit is m -1 And the extinction coefficient of H at the sight line level of the aged at any time and any horizontal position in the fire simulation process is represented.
Fifth, K obtained through the fourth step is to be c And via a secondK obtained in the step c0 And K obtained via the third step c1 The evacuation speed V of the elderly is determined after comparison in the following manner, and is the speed of the elderly at any horizontal position at any moment in the fire building model, namely:
when said K is c ≤0.957m -1 When the elderly evacuation speed v=0.8 m/s;
when said 0.957m -1 <K c ≤2.667m -1 At this time, the evacuation speed v=0.8 to 0.31× (K c -0.957);
The K is c >2.667m -1 At this time, the evacuation speed of the elderly remains unchanged at the minimum value, v=0.27 m/s;
establishing an evacuation speed model of the elderly in smoke through the steps, as shown in fig. 5; compared with the Fridolf model established by the method, the change condition of the evacuation speed of the old in the smoke is closer to the model calculated in the case.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method of the present invention, the following experimental data and analysis were presented:
1. the participants.
By collecting physical characteristics of the elderly involved in the experiment, including gender, age, height and visual acuity, of which men are 20 and women are 17. The results are shown in Table 1, with visual acuity versus age data shown in FIG. 6.
2. Experimental environment.
The experimental environment is shown in fig. 7 as a corridor with a length of 23.5m and a height of 3 m. A group of equipment for measuring extinction coefficients is arranged at intervals of 4m at the average horizontal sight height of 1.55m, two fire emergency lighting sign lamps are arranged at the height of 0.5m, a ceiling lamp is arranged at the top of a corridor, and the illuminance of the corridor is measured to be 10.0lx-30.0lx, so that the real building environment is simulated. The fumes are produced by a fume maker, which is harmless to the human body. In order to avoid the influence of discomfort caused by suddenly entering a smoke environment, an adaptation space is arranged at the 2m long part at the left side of a corridor, a shading curtain grid is used for blocking, the space environment is the same as the 20m experiment environment in the middle, and the old performs experiments after the space stays for 3 min. In the experiment, the old people started to count time through the left side window shade and ended until the old people passed through the right side window shade.
The extinction coefficient is affected by the smoke density, and cannot be set to a fixed value in the practical experimental process, and can float up and down in a certain range. The smoke development process in a fire disaster is simulated by setting five different stages of extinction coefficient environments, and the old is tested three times in the same environment, and the average value of evacuation speed and the average value of extinction coefficients in the current environment are used as data of the old in the stage. In addition, the evacuation speed of the elderly in a smokeless environment was also measured.
3. A derivation process.
The evacuation speed data in the different experimental environments are shown in table 2.
The evacuation speed of each aged person in different experimental environments is shown in fig. 8, and it can be seen from fig. 8 that the decrease of the evacuation speed of the aged person is not obvious in the environment where the extinction coefficient is small, the evacuation speed starts to decrease when the extinction coefficient is larger than a certain value, and the evacuation speed approaches to the minimum value of 0.2m/s of the evacuation speed of people in smoke counted by other documents when the extinction coefficient is large enough.
Firstly, according to the obtained data, carrying out correlation analysis on the evacuation speed of each stage and the characteristics of the old people, and obtaining that in a smokeless environment, the correlation degree of age and height and the evacuation speed is high, and the correlation degree of gender and visual acuity and the evacuation speed is low. As the extinction coefficient increases, the degree of correlation between age and height and evacuation speed decreases, and the degree of correlation between visual acuity and evacuation speed gradually increases. In six experimental environments, the determination coefficients of each feature and evacuation speed are shown in table 3. Through analysis, the decision coefficient of visual acuity and evacuation speed is gradually increased along with the increase of the extinction coefficient, but in the environment of experiment five, the decision coefficient is reduced, the height and age are increased along with the increase of the extinction coefficient, the decision coefficient shows a trend of reduction, the evacuation speed of the aged in a smoke environment is mainly influenced by the visual acuity, and in a smokeless environment, the influence of the visual acuity on the evacuation speed of the aged is not great. According to analysis, the evacuation speed of the aged in the smoke is divided into three cases, namely, case 1, namely, the extinction coefficient is smaller and is insufficient to influence the evacuation speed of the aged, and the evacuation speed of the aged is consistent with the evacuation speed in a smokeless environment; in case 2, the extinction coefficient is sufficient to affect the evacuation speed of the elderly, and the speed gradually decreases as the extinction coefficient increases; in case 3, the evacuation speed of the elderly is reduced to a minimum at this time, and the evacuation speed remains unchanged as the extinction coefficient increases.
TABLE 3 determination coefficients of the characteristics and evacuation rates of elderly people in different experimental environments
| Features (e.g. a character) | Smokeless environment | Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | Experiment 3 | Experiment 4 | Experiment 5 |
| Visual acuity | 0.092 | 0.113 | 0.256 | 0.376 | 0.400 | 0.332 |
| Height of body | 0.634 | 0.554 | 0.458 | 0.462 | 0.484 | 0.415 |
| Age of | 0.377 | 0.301 | 0.257 | 0.299 | 0.265 | 0.263 |
Next, the case 2 is discussed, and statistics is performed on the extinction coefficient when the evacuation speed of the elderly is significantly reduced, as shown in the relationship between the extinction coefficient and visual acuity in fig. 9. According to correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient is 0.7559 (p is less than 0.005), and the extinction coefficient and visual acuity relation at the beginning of the decline of the evacuation speed of the aged are positively correlated, and the correlation degree is high. And carrying out fitting analysis on the group of data to obtain the relation between the extinction coefficient and visual acuity of the aged when the evacuation speed begins to decrease, as shown in a formula 1. Since the sample aged has a minimum visual acuity of 0.3 and is a vision impairment when the visual acuity is below 0.3, the formula is not applicable to aged with vision below 0.3.
K c0 =0.6201-0.7862×(VA)+2.9203×(VA) 2 VA is greater than or equal to 0.3 formula (1)
Then, by calculating the change amount of the evacuation speed of the elderly along with the extinction coefficient, the calculation method is shown in a formula 2. The calculation result is that when the evacuation speed of the old begins to decrease, the extinction coefficient is decreased by 1m -1 The speed was reduced by 0.31m/s, which is the average value.
W=(V 0- V min )/(K c0 -K c1 ) Formula (2)
Finally, a conclusion is drawn as shown in equation 3.
Equation (3).
According to the analysis, the method provided by the invention can refine the evacuation model, accurately predict the evacuation speed of the old, provide a basis for the fire safety design of the building, create a safer building environment for the old, be more in line with the actual situation, provide a reference for safer rescue decisions, improve the precision of the evacuation model, and provide a more reliable basis for the fire safety design of the building.
Claims (1)
1. A method for determining a horizontal evacuation speed of an elderly person in an evacuation model, comprising the steps of:
first, basic characteristics of the elderly are obtained, wherein the basic characteristics comprise visual acuity VA, sight line level H and horizontal evacuation speed V in a smokeless environment 0 Minimum evacuation speed V min ；
The visual acuity VA is measured through an eye chart and recorded by adopting a decimal method;
the sight line level H is obtained by measuring the eye height;
horizontal evacuation speed V in the smokeless environment 0 Obtained by counting walking distance and time of old people, and the formula is V 0 S/t, where s is the walking distance, the unit m, t is the walking time,units s, V 0 Units of m/s;
horizontal minimum evacuation velocity V in the smokeless environment min The method comprises the steps of (1) calculating and obtaining the walking distance and time of the old people by wearing an eye shield with the light transmittance of 10%; obtaining the formula V min =s min /t min Wherein s is min For walking distance, units m, t min Is the walking time, unit s, V min Units of m/s;
step two, determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the aged begins to decrease according to a formula (1) through the visual acuity VA obtained in the step one c0 ；
K c0 =0.6201-0.7862×(VA)+2.9203×(VA) 2 Formula (1)
Wherein K is c0 Is the extinction coefficient in m when the evacuation speed of the elderly begins to drop -1 VA is visual acuity of the elderly, and VA is more than or equal to 0.3;
third, determining an extinction coefficient K when the evacuation speed of the elderly is reduced to a minimum value according to a formula (2) c1：
K c1 =(V 0 -V min )/0.31+K c0 Formula (2)
Wherein V is 0 And V min All obtained through the first step; k (K) c0 Obtained via the second step;
fourthly, performing fire disaster simulation on a building needing fire disaster evacuation simulation through PyroSim software to obtain an extinction coefficient of sight line level height H of the elderly at any time of the building, wherein the extinction coefficient is recorded as K c ；
The specific path is as follows:
firstly, a simulated building is selected, and the building for fire simulation and the building for evacuation simulation are ensured to be the same building model; thereafter, the following is 1 for the selected building in PyroSim software: 1, establishing a fire simulation model according to the proportion, and carrying out grid division on the fire simulation model; then, according to the most unfavorable principle, a scene with high fire risk is selected to set the position of the fire source, and the size of the fire source, the material of the fire source and the heat release rate are according to the technology of a building smoke prevention and exhaust systemSpecification (GB 51251-2017) settings; enable Plat 3D Output is selected from Output-Plat 3D Data, and [ specifies: SOOT ] is selected from Quantity]A Visibility option, after which simulation is performed; simulation of the obtained visibility information D vis Looking in a Result viewer;
visibility information D vis The extinction coefficient K is converted into an extinction coefficient through a formula (3), and the extinction coefficient K of the aged at any horizontal position and at any moment in time when the sight line level height H is obtained c ；
D vis ={x|x=A/K c Formula (3)
Wherein D is vis The unit m is visibility; a is 3 or 8, the self-luminous mark is 8, the surface reflection mark is 3, and the default setting in pyrosim software is 3; k (K) c Is the extinction coefficient, unit m -1 ；
Fifth, K obtained through the fourth step is to be c And K obtained through the second step c0 And K obtained via the third step c1 After comparison according to the following mode, determining the horizontal evacuation speed V of the elderly in the evacuation model, namely:
when K is c ≤K c0 When v=v O ;
When K is c0 <K c ≤K c1 When v=v 0 -0.31×(K c -K c0 );
When K is c >K c1 When v=v min 。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010698237.7A CN111859664B (en) | 2020-07-20 | 2020-07-20 | Method for determining horizontal evacuation speed of old people in evacuation model |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010698237.7A CN111859664B (en) | 2020-07-20 | 2020-07-20 | Method for determining horizontal evacuation speed of old people in evacuation model |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111859664A CN111859664A (en) | 2020-10-30 |
| CN111859664B true CN111859664B (en) | 2023-12-12 |
Family
ID=73001052
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010698237.7A Active CN111859664B (en) | 2020-07-20 | 2020-07-20 | Method for determining horizontal evacuation speed of old people in evacuation model |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN111859664B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112816234A (en) * | 2021-01-05 | 2021-05-18 | 应急管理部四川消防研究所 | Smoke discharge performance test method for subway distribution interval smoke discharge system |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103394171A (en) * | 2013-08-02 | 2013-11-20 | 重庆大学 | Large high-rise building indoor fire urgent evacuation indication escape method and system |
| KR20140071835A (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2014-06-12 | 한국건설기술연구원 | Fire evacuation simulation system based 3d modeling and simulation method |
| CN107427701A (en) * | 2014-12-05 | 2017-12-01 | 杰弗里·L·戴克斯 | direction indicator for protecting mask |
| CN107909190A (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2018-04-13 | 天津理工大学 | Crowd evacuation behavior dynamic prediction simulator and its method of work under a kind of accident to leak the poison gas |
| CN111125903A (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-05-08 | 武汉科技大学 | Method for calculating evacuation reliability of fire personnel in subway tunnel train |
| CN111368395A (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2020-07-03 | 清华大学 | Design method of outdoor emergency guide signboard system |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2975562A1 (en) * | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-20 | Fujitsu Limited | System, method, and program for supporting intervention action decisions in hazard scenarios |
-
2020
- 2020-07-20 CN CN202010698237.7A patent/CN111859664B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20140071835A (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2014-06-12 | 한국건설기술연구원 | Fire evacuation simulation system based 3d modeling and simulation method |
| CN103394171A (en) * | 2013-08-02 | 2013-11-20 | 重庆大学 | Large high-rise building indoor fire urgent evacuation indication escape method and system |
| CN107427701A (en) * | 2014-12-05 | 2017-12-01 | 杰弗里·L·戴克斯 | direction indicator for protecting mask |
| CN107909190A (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2018-04-13 | 天津理工大学 | Crowd evacuation behavior dynamic prediction simulator and its method of work under a kind of accident to leak the poison gas |
| CN111125903A (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-05-08 | 武汉科技大学 | Method for calculating evacuation reliability of fire personnel in subway tunnel train |
| CN111368395A (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2020-07-03 | 清华大学 | Design method of outdoor emergency guide signboard system |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 老年公寓火灾场景人群疏散模拟;黄丽蒂;罗开洲;刘莹;徐结晶;许欣欣;王曦晨;;中国安全科学学报(第03期);全文 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN111859664A (en) | 2020-10-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Fridolf et al. | The impact of smoke on walking speed | |
| VanSciver et al. | Particle image velocimetry of human cough | |
| Zaninotto et al. | Forecasting obesity to 2010 | |
| KR102375246B1 (en) | intelligent evacuation guidance simulation system for disaster situation | |
| Levin | EXITT-a Simulation Model of Occupant Decisions and Actions in Residential Fires:. | |
| Van Duijnhoven et al. | Ambiguities regarding the relationship between office lighting and subjective alertness: An exploratory field study in a Dutch office landscape | |
| CN111859664B (en) | Method for determining horizontal evacuation speed of old people in evacuation model | |
| KR102348358B1 (en) | Simulation apparatus and method for fire evacuation based on virtual reality | |
| CN109166630B (en) | Infectious disease data monitoring and processing method and system | |
| CN111611297B (en) | Propagation model establishment method considering parameter time variability and prediction method thereof | |
| Van Loon et al. | Socioeconomic status and lung cancer incidence in men in The Netherlands: is there a role for occupational exposure? | |
| Leffondre et al. | A weighted Cox model for modelling time‐dependent exposures in the analysis of case–control studies | |
| Kim et al. | The scope of the glare light source of the window with non-uniform luminance distribution | |
| CN108733881B (en) | Treatment method for dealing with sudden indoor air pollution of public building | |
| Altamimi et al. | Cell-DEVS models with BIM integration for airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors | |
| CN113313895A (en) | Building escape self-adaptive guiding system and control method thereof | |
| Huang et al. | Experimental study on the elderly’s walking speed considering smoke density and visual acuity in buildings | |
| KR20220082529A (en) | A system and method for fire safety management using a space safety index, and a recording medium recording a computer-readable program for executing the method | |
| Wang et al. | An intelligent anti-infection ventilation strategy: From occupant-centric control and computer vision perspectives | |
| Sørensen et al. | Evacuation from a complex structure–The effect of neglecting heterogeneous populations | |
| Rahman et al. | Evaluation of environmental performance in academic building by indoor environmental quality (IEQ) | |
| Zhong et al. | Mathematical Modeling and Simulation Experiment of Psychological Factors Affecting Pedestrian Evacuation Efficiency | |
| Zhang et al. | Towards Behavioral-aware Crowd Management System | |
| CN109273095B (en) | Popularization and construction method based on SI infectious disease model | |
| Broome et al. | Source-specific impacts of PM2. 5 on mortality in the Greater Metropolitan Region of Sydney, Australia |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |