CN111819264A - 冷却*** - Google Patents
冷却*** Download PDFInfo
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- CN111819264A CN111819264A CN201980012756.9A CN201980012756A CN111819264A CN 111819264 A CN111819264 A CN 111819264A CN 201980012756 A CN201980012756 A CN 201980012756A CN 111819264 A CN111819264 A CN 111819264A
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- Prior art keywords
- neon
- refrigerant
- helium
- crude mixture
- cooling system
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- CPBQJMYROZQQJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium neon Chemical compound [He].[Ne] CPBQJMYROZQQJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002887 superconductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
- F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
- F25J1/0234—Integration with a cryogenic air separation unit
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/042—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only
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- F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
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- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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- F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
- F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
- F25J1/0065—Helium
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0212—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a single flow MCR cycle
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
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- F25J1/0245—Different modes, i.e. 'runs', of operation; Process control
- F25J1/0249—Controlling refrigerant inventory, i.e. composition or quantity
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- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
- F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
- F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/13—Inert gases
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Abstract
本发明公开优选地适用于或包括制冷设备和/或液化器设备的具有制冷回路(1)的冷却***,所述制冷回路被构造成使用包含氦气和氖气的混合物的制冷剂;其中所述制冷剂基于粗混合物,优选地是由空气分离设备(2)从空气中提取的包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物。用于生产能够用于制冷回路(1)的制冷剂的方法,包括:从空气中提取包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物,其中所述粗混合物优选地还包含氮气和氢气;以及使用所述粗混合物作为所述制冷剂或从所述粗混合物中获得所述制冷剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种优选地用于或包括制冷设备和/或液化器设备的具有制冷回路的冷却***。本发明还涉及一种用于生产能够用于制冷回路的制冷剂的方法。
背景技术
被构造成实现80K或以下的极低温度的制冷设备通常使用氢气或氦气作为制冷剂。从EP 3 163 236 A1中已知一种工业氢气液化设备,其中借助多个闭环冷却循环将氢气流冷却至低于氢气冷凝点的温度,以便提供液态氢气流。
适于低于80K的温度的制冷设备通常应用布雷顿(Brayton)循环或克劳德(Claude)循环,其中制冷剂在环境温度处压缩、进行换热并通过膨胀而制冷。制冷剂通过螺杆式压缩机、活塞式压缩机或涡轮压缩机进行压缩。考虑到效率、流量能力和可靠性,涡轮压缩机是有利的。
如果需要达到低于54K的温度,则只有氢气、氦气、氖气或它们的混合物是适用的,因为其他流体将在这种极低温度处冻结。一般来说,制冷设备中使用的氦气比氖气更有效。另一方面,由于氢气的分子量低,通过涡轮压缩机来压缩氦气和氢气是困难的或者需要大量的压缩级。然而,氖气的摩尔量大于氦气和氢气的摩尔量。因此,氖气在例如与氦气和/或氢气结合使用时针对压缩是有利的。
已经研究了此类替代制冷剂,并且发现氦气和氖气的混合物(称为“氦氖混合物”(nelium))与纯氖气相比可以使过程效率更高;参见Hans Quack,Christoph Haberstroh,Ilka Seemann,Marcel Klaus,“Nelium,a refrigerant with high potential for thetemperature range between 27and 70K”,Physics Procedia 67(2015)176-182。
具有氦气和/或氢气的氖气混合物在制冷设备(特别是大规模的制冷设备)中的工业应用涉及许多技术和经济挑战。
图1示出了用于提供包含氦气和氖气的混合物作为用于制冷设备和/或液化设备的制冷剂的常规方法。第一生产线100包括空气分离设备101,该空气分离设备被构造成通过低温精馏将环境空气分离成其组成部分。从空气分离设备101产生的富氖气流被送入氖气精馏塔102,以产生具有更高浓度氖气的第二富氖气流。然后纯化该第二富氖气流,然后储存在氖气储存容器103中。
氦气通过第二生产线110从另一设备获得,该第二生产线与第一生产线100局部分离。通常,在分馏塔111内从天然气中获得和分离氦气,天然气中含有1%或更高比例的氦气。氦气在随后的工艺阶段112中被提取和聚积,然后被储存在氦气储存容器113中。将储存在氖气储存容器103中的纯氖气和储存在氦气储存容器113中的纯氦气按所需比率混合,并供应给制冷设备120。
氦气和氖气以及它们的混合物是相当昂贵的气体。纯氖气比氦气贵得多,并且不是在每个地方都能获得。此外,制冷***也不是完全防漏的。相当数量的产品可能会丢失,尤其是在维护工作期间。这意味着大量的初始、运行和维护成本。此外,技术和物流也是复杂的。氦气通常从天然气中提取。氖气通过应用复杂的过程从空气中分离。因此,两种气体通常被分别提取、运输和输送,并且仅随后混合以用于制冷回路或制冷设备中。
为了在制冷回路或制冷设备中保持所需的特性,必须对混合物(特别是氖气和氦气的比率)进行监控和调整,这还意味着在分析和气体管理***方面存在技术挑战和成本。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种冷却***和一种用于生产制冷剂的方法,其解决或减少上述问题中的至少一个。
该目的利用具有权利要求1的特征的冷却***和具有权利要求9的特征的方法来解决。优选的实施方案由从属权利要求、说明书和附图给出。
根据本发明的第一方面,提供了一种冷却***,该冷却***包括被构造成使用包含氦气和氖气的混合物的制冷剂的制冷回路;其中该制冷剂基于粗混合物,优选地该制冷剂包含粗混合物,并且其中该粗混合物由空气分离设备从空气中提取。
该冷却***优选地适用于或包括制冷设备和/或液化器。例如,这包括用于冷却高温超导体的制冷设备、制冷设备中的预冷却(例如粒子加速器中的屏蔽冷却)和液化器,特别是氦气或氢气液化器等。
根据本发明的冷却***具有被构造成使用包含氦气和氖气的混合物的制冷剂的制冷回路。优选地,该混合物包含氦气、氖气和氢气。该制冷剂基于粗混合物,优选地是由空气分离设备从空气中提取的包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物。优选地,该冷却***具有被构造成从空气中提取包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物的空气分离设备。换句话说,氦气和氖气这两种组分都是从空气中提取的。
该提取优选地通过相同的过程进行和/或同时地进行,使得在该过程之后,得到无需任何进一步加工的粗混合物。特别地,将用作制冷剂的粗混合物是通过从空气中提取其本身而提供的,而不是通过混合两种或更多种在单独的过程中提供的气体或从不同的原料诸如空气和天然气中提取的气体来供应的。
优选地,包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物在(低温)空气分离设备的精馏塔中从空气中提取。空气分离设备可以与制冷回路局部分离。此外,可以在任何时间提取粗混合物并储存直至使用。根据本发明,粗混合物提取物(raw mixture ex)被直接用作制冷剂或形成制冷剂的基础。换句话说,包含氦气和氖气(可能也有其他组分)的粗混合物在进行或不进行进一步处理(诸如清洁)的情况下用作制冷剂。
重要的是,包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物是通过空气分离设备从空气中提取的。与分别提取氦气和氖气并随后将这两种组分混合的常规方法相比,这有助于解决可用性问题并降低技术复杂性和成本。由于所需的粗混合物是通过“一个来源”提供的,即空气不是作为单独组分的来源而是作为粗混合物本身的来源,因此简化了获得制冷剂的物流。
优选地粗混合物还包含氮气和/或氢气。根据预期的冷却温度,允许一定量的氮气和/或氢气。在粗混合物中并且优选地也在制冷剂中保留氮气和/或氢气有助于进一步降低技术复杂性,因为提取的粗混合物无需进一步处理即可使用,特别是无需纯化,例如在吸附器中纯化。氢气在环境空气中的浓度通常为0.4ppm,它可能会以对应于2%或以下的量存在于粗混合物和/或制冷剂中。因此,从空气分离设备的塔产生的粗氦气-氖气混合物(通常由氖气、氮气、氦气和氢气组成)可以无需进行任何进一步处理而直接用于制冷回路,该制冷回路优选地被构造成用于低于80K至大约63K(氮气的三相点)的冷却温度。
优选地,该冷却***还包括被构造成从粗混合物中除去杂质(例如氮气)的纯化装置。这提供适用于较低冷却温度诸如低于80K、优选地低于70K至大约25K的制冷剂。“杂质”在此意义上应被理解为是指制冷剂中对于特定应用而言不需要的组分,但是在用于提取粗混合物的过程中,这些组分固有地包含在粗混合物中。
优选地,该空气分离设备被构造成从环境空气中提取粗混合物,其中该粗混合物包含大约等于环境空气中包含的氖气/氦气比、优选地为大约3.5的氖气/氦气比。在这种保持在全世界都是恒定的氖气和氦气自然比(在环境空气中以大约3.5的比率存在)的非常优选的情况下,不需要关于粗混合物和/或制冷剂的混合和管理的技术方案。用于获得制冷剂的物流进一步简化。
优选地该制冷回路被构造成实施特别适合于产生低温制冷温度的布雷顿循环或克劳德循环。
优选地该制冷回路包括一个或多个涡轮压缩机。例如,该制冷回路涉及制冷剂混合物的压缩(优选地在一个或多个涡轮压缩机中)、冷却、膨胀和预热。与纯氦气和氢气相比,包含氖气的混合物具有低凝固点和高摩尔质量。因此,该混合物对于涡轮压缩机特别有利。
优选地该冷却***被构造成使得在粗混合物中、优选地也在制冷剂中包含的氦气和氖气都不是由不同于空气分离设备的来源添加的。此外,氦气和氖气优选地从空气中一起提取,就好像它们是单一组分一样。这进一步降低技术复杂性和成本,并且进一步简化用于获得制冷剂的物流。
根据本发明,提供了一种用于生产能够用于例如如上所述的制冷回路的制冷剂的方法。该方法包括从空气中提取包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物,以及从该粗混合物中获得制冷剂。
关于冷却***所述的技术效果、优选的或可选的特征以及技术贡献和优点类似地适用于生产制冷剂的方法。
根据本发明的利用如上所述的制冷剂的冷却方法包括:根据以上描述的用于生产制冷剂的工艺或方法;以及使制冷剂在制冷回路中循环,该制冷回路优选地用于或包括制冷设备和/或冷凝器。
关于冷却***所述的技术效果、优选的或可选的特征以及技术贡献和优点类似地适用于冷却方法。
附图说明
当结合附图考虑时,通过参考以下详细描述将更容易地理解本公开。
图1示意性地示出了用于提供氖气与氦气的混合物作为用于制冷设备和/或液化设备的制冷剂的常规方法。
图2示意性地示出了用于获得和供应粗氦气-氖气混合物作为用于制冷设备和/或液化器的制冷剂的***和方法。
图3示意性地示出了具有空气分离设备和制冷回路的冷却***。
图4示意性地示出了根据另一个实施方案的冷却***。
图5示意性地示出了根据另一个实施方案的冷却***。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将参考附图描述本发明的优选的实施方案。在图中,相同、相似或者具有相同或相似作用的元件具有相同的附图标号。为了避免多余的描述,可能省略对此类元件的重复描述。
如上文已经论述,图1示出了用于提供包含氦气和氖气的混合物作为用于制冷设备和/或液化设备的制冷剂的常规方法。第一生产线100包括空气分离设备101,该空气分离设备被构造成通过低温精馏将环境空气分离成其组成部分。从空气分离设备101产生的富氖气流被送入氖气精馏塔102,以产生具有更高浓度氖气的第二富氖气流。然后纯化该第二富氖气流,然后储存在氖气储存容器103中。氦气通过第二生产线110获得,该第二生产线与第一生产线100局部分离。通常,在分馏塔111内从天然气(石油气)中获得和分离氦气,天然气(石油气)中含有1%或更高比例的氦气。氦气在随后的工艺阶段112中被提取和聚积,然后被储存在氦气储存容器113中。将储存在氖气储存容器103中的纯氖气和储存在氦气储存容器113中的纯氦气按所需比率混合,并供应给制冷设备120。
图2示意性地示出了根据本公开的***和方法,该***和方法用于获得和供应粗氦气-氖气混合物(氦氖混合物)作为用于包括制冷回路1的制冷设备和/或冷凝器的制冷剂。粗氦气-氖气混合物通过空气分离设备2获得,该空气分离设备包括一个或多个精馏塔。之后,可以通过纯化装置3(在下文中进一步描述)清洁或进一步处理粗氦气-氖气混合物,并将其供应至制冷回路1。
建议使用氦气和氖气的混合物作为制冷剂,优选地以在环境空气中存在的比率(大约3.5)。这有利地意味着无需进一步处理即可由空气分离设备2提供混合物。该混合物由于缺乏应用而通常被视为废品。由于环境空气中自然存在,因此氖气与氦气之间的比率几乎恒定。由于从空气中获得纯氖气需要付出巨大的技术努力,因此,全世界仅运行有少量的空气分离设备来从空气中分离和聚积氖气。因此,直接利用由空气分离设备2供应的“废”氦气-氖气混合物大大减少了用于获得制冷剂的成本和技术装备。
粗氦气-氖气混合物可以用作用于低于80K至大约25K的冷却温度的制冷剂。在这种情况下,冷却***可以配备纯化装置3或吸收器级,被构造成除去杂质(主要是氮气,但也有其他杂质)。另选地,从空气分离设备2的塔提取的粗氦气-氖气混合物(即,通常是氦气、氖气、氮气和氢气的混合物)可以直接用作制冷剂。氖气、氮气、氦气和氢气的氦气-氖气混合物可以在冷却***的制冷回路1中使用,该制冷回路适于低于80K至63K(氮气的三相点)的冷却温度。在建议的25K以上的温度范围内,一小部分氢气不会干扰冷却***的运行。
从空气分离设备2的精馏塔获得的粗混合物例如在制冷设备和/或液化器的制冷回路中用作制冷剂(或制冷剂的基础)。特别地,粗混合物可用于包括膨胀涡轮的低温制冷回路(布雷顿回路)和/或包括膨胀涡轮和至少一个另外的膨胀级(例如包括膨胀阀或膨胀装置)的低温制冷回路(克劳德回路)。
在下文中,参照图3至图5描述根据不同实施方案的应用本文所述的方法和混合物的冷却***。主要部件可以包括:被构造成压缩混合物的压缩机和/或被构造成消除杂质的纯化装置或吸附器和/或换热器和/或膨胀涡轮和/或膨胀阀。与氦气和氢气相比,用作制冷剂的混合物具有低凝固点和高摩尔质量。因此,该混合物特别有利于与涡轮压缩机和膨胀涡轮一起使用。与氮气不同,用于低于77K的冷却温度的氦气-氖气混合物不必在次大气压处运行。
图3示出了示例性的冷却***,该冷却***直接应用由空气分离设备2提供的粗氦气-氖气混合物作为在被构造为布雷顿循环的制冷回路1中循环的制冷剂。
制冷剂(优选氦气、氖气、氮气和氢气的混合物)通过压缩机11(优选地被构造为涡轮压缩机)压缩,并且随后在冷却器12和换热器13a(优选地被构造为板式换热器)中进行预冷却。之后,制冷剂通过膨胀装置14膨胀。膨胀装置14优选地包括一个涡轮或多个涡轮级。膨胀的功用于冷却和/或液化物体20或流体。然后,制冷剂在换热器13a、13b中被加热并被供应至压缩机11的吸入侧。
如图3所示,在方法和制冷回路1中使用的氦气-氖气混合物适用于低于80K至63K(氮气的三相点)的冷却温度。
图4示出了另一种冷却***,该冷却***使用由空气分离设备2提供的粗氦气-氖气混合物作为用于被构造为克劳德循环的制冷回路1'的制冷剂。
粗氦气-氖气混合物通过压缩机11(优选地被构造为涡轮压缩机)压缩,并且随后在冷却器12和换热器13a(优选地被构造为板式换热器)中进行预冷却。之后,粗氦气-氖气混合物通过膨胀装置14a和膨胀阀(焦耳-汤姆逊(Joule-Thomson)阀)14b膨胀。在膨胀装置14a中膨胀的制冷剂用于进一步冷却制冷剂的部分流。此外,在吸附剂罐15中纯化粗氦气-氖气混合物。特别地,将氮气从粗氦气-氖气混合物中分离出来。制冷剂在换热器13b、13c中冷却并在膨胀阀14b中释放。膨胀的功用于冷却和/或液化物体20或流体。然后,制冷剂在换热器13a、13b、13c中被加热并被供应至压缩机11的吸入侧。
图4所示的示例性方法适用于介于80K和25K之间的冷却温度。因此,被设计为包括膨胀阀14b和吸附剂罐15的克劳德回路的制冷设备与图3的实施方案相比能够实现更低的温度。
图5示出了另一种冷却***,该冷却***使用由空气分离设备2提供的粗氦气-氖气混合物作为用于制冷回路1”的制冷剂。根据本实施方案的冷却***包括在纯化装置3中的进一步纯化,并且适于介于80K和25K之间的冷却温度。
在纯化装置3中通过分离氮气而纯化粗氦气-氖气混合物。然后,可以将所得的氦气-氖气-氢气混合物用作如图5所示的制冷回路1”中的制冷剂,以用于达25K的极低冷却温度。在纯化装置3中纯化粗混合物之后,将制冷剂供应给压缩机11。之后,该过程基本上对应于图4所示的过程。
从空气分离设备2的精馏塔中提取的氦气-氖气混合物的可能应用包括用于冷却高温超导体(HTS,高温超导体冷却)的涉及低于80K的温度的制冷设备。进一步的应用包括:制冷设备中的预冷却(例如,粒子加速器中的屏蔽冷却)和液化器,特别是氦气或氢气液化器。该制冷剂和方法可用于适于介于25K和80K之间、优选介于30K和75K之间的冷却温度的制冷设备。
根据所描述的实施方案,空气分离设备2直接用于生产包含氦气和氖气的制冷剂或粗混合物。与基于分别提取氦气和氖气并随后将这两种组分混合的常规方法相比,这解决了可用性问题并降低了技术复杂性和成本。
在保持存在于环境空气中并且在全世界都是恒定的大约3.5的氖气和氦气自然比的优选的情况下,不需要关于组合物的混合和管理的技术方案。由于所需的混合物是通过“一个来源”提供的,即空气不是作为单独组分的来源而是作为所得混合物的来源,因此简化了用于获得制冷剂的物流。可以通过包括少量压缩机级的涡轮压缩机来压缩粗氦气-氖气混合物。
可以在氦气-氖气混合物中添加或保持对应于2%或以下的少量氢气(通常在环境空气中为0.4ppm)。因此,从空气分离设备的塔产生的粗氦气-氖气混合物(通常由氖气、氮气、氦气和氢气组成)可以无需进行任何进一步处理而直接用于制冷回路,该制冷回路被构造成用于低于80K至大约63K(氮气的三相点)的冷却温度。
对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是,实施方案和项目仅描绘了多种可能性的示例。因此,不应将此处所示的实施方案理解为对这些特征和配置进行限制。可以根据本发明的范围来选择所述特征的任何可能的组合和配置。
附图标号列表
1 制冷回路
1' 制冷回路
1” 制冷回路
2 空气分离设备
3 纯化装置
11 压缩机
12 冷却器
13a 换热器
13b 换热器
13c 换热器
14 膨胀装置
14a 膨胀装置
14b 膨胀阀
15 吸附剂罐
20 待冷却物体
100 第一生产线
101 空气分离设备
102 氖气精馏塔
103 氖气储存容器
110 第二生产线
111 分馏塔
112 随后的工艺阶段
113 氦气储存容器
120 制冷设备
Claims (15)
1.冷却***,所述冷却***优选地适用于或包括制冷设备和/或液化器设备,
所述冷却***包括被构造成使用包含氦气和氖气的混合物的制冷剂的制冷回路(1);其中
所述制冷剂基于粗混合物,优选地所述制冷剂包含所述粗混合物,并且其中所述粗混合物由空气分离设备(2)从空气中提取。
2.根据权利要求1所述的冷却***,还包括被构造成从空气中提取包含氦气和氖气的所述粗混合物的空气分离设备(2),其中所述粗混合物被用作所述制冷剂或形成所述制冷剂的基础。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的冷却***,其中所述粗混合物还包含氮气和/或氢气。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,还包括被构造成从所述粗混合物中除去杂质、优选氮气的纯化装置(3)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,其中所述空气分离设备(2)被构造成从环境空气中提取所述粗混合物,并且所述粗混合物优选地包含大约等于所述环境空气中存在的氖气/氦气比、优选地为大约3.5的氖气/氦气比。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,其中所述冷却***和所述制冷剂被构造成用于低于80K、优选地低于70K或63K至大约25K的冷却温度。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,其中所述制冷回路(1)被构造成实施布雷顿循环或克劳德循环,并且/或者所述制冷回路(1)包括一个或多个涡轮压缩机(11)。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,其中包含氦气和氖气的所述粗混合物在低温空气分离设备(2)的精馏塔中从空气中提取。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,其中所述冷却***被构造成使得在所述粗混合物中、优选地也在所述制冷剂中包含的氦气和氖气都不是由不同于所述空气分离设备(2)的来源添加的。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的冷却***,其中所述制冷回路(1)被构造成用于冷却和/或液化气体,优选氦气和/或氖气和/或氢气。
11.用于生产能够用于制冷回路(1)的制冷剂的方法,包括:
从空气中提取包含氦气和氖气的粗混合物,其中所述粗混合物优选地还包含氮气和氢气;以及
使用所述粗混合物作为所述制冷剂或从所述粗混合物中获得所述制冷剂。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的方法,还包括从所述粗混合物中除去杂质,优选氮气。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粗混合物从环境空气中提取,并且所述粗混合物包含大约等于所述环境空气中包含的氖气/氦气比、优选地为大约3.5的氖气/氦气比。
14.冷却方法,包括:
根据权利要求9至12中任一项所述的用于生产制冷剂的方法;以及
在制冷回路(1)中循环所述制冷剂,优选地所述制冷剂回路用于或包括制冷设备和/或液化器设备。
15.根据权利要求14所述的冷却方法,其中所述制冷回路(1)实施布雷顿循环或克劳德循环,并且所述制冷回路(1)优选地包括一个或多个涡轮压缩机(11)。
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GB1803389.4A GB2571569A (en) | 2018-03-02 | 2018-03-02 | Cooling system |
GB1803389.4 | 2018-03-02 | ||
PCT/EP2019/054634 WO2019166383A1 (en) | 2018-03-02 | 2019-02-25 | Cooling system |
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WO2019166383A1 (en) | 2019-09-06 |
KR20200130252A (ko) | 2020-11-18 |
GB2571569A8 (en) | 2019-10-09 |
GB201803389D0 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
US20200400371A1 (en) | 2020-12-24 |
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