CN111817791B - Quantum remote state transfer device for improving communication safety of power system - Google Patents
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- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
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- H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
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- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/66—Non-coherent receivers, e.g. using direct detection
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Abstract
The invention provides a quantum remote state transfer device for improving the communication safety of a power system, which comprises: quantum satellite and at least two ground terminals; the quantum satellite is communicated with all ground terminals and used for distributing photons in the entangled photon pairs to all ground terminals; each ground terminal is connected with a system protection device for receiving traveling wave signals on the power grid and performing relay protection actions according to the traveling wave signals; and the ground terminal is used for transmitting the traveling wave signals acquired by the ground terminal to other ground terminals based on the quantum satellite, and after receiving the traveling wave signals, the ground terminal transmits the traveling wave signals to the system protection device to perform relay protection action. Because the device adopts the quantum remote state transmission technology based on the quantum satellite, even if the transmitted photons are blocked maliciously, an attacker cannot recover the binary number of the traveling wave signal according to the blocked information, the normal operation of the power grid cannot be interfered, and the requirement of safely transmitting information by a remote power transmission line is met.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of quantum communication, and particularly relates to a quantum remote state transfer device for improving the communication security of a power system.
Background
With the increasing demand of people for electric energy in production and life, large-scale power failure accidents occurring at home and abroad have attracted people's attention in recent years, the safety problem of the power system is increasingly prominent, and how to improve the safety of the existing power system is related to the national safety.
The existing power system has a relatively complex structure, the structure of the power system becomes more complex due to the rapid development of a power grid, and the space range of the power grid is larger and larger, so that the safety of the power system is reduced; when the power communication network is damaged artificially or by natural disasters in the operation process, the serious consequences from the damage point to the whole communication system can be caused. When the power grid fails, related information of the failure needs to be transmitted to a remote protection device in time.
Quantum communication is the safest communication mode at present, and the quantum communication technique in the current electric wire netting is quantum key technique mainly to adopt optical fiber transmission, for the electric wire netting that the region scope is bigger and bigger, the continuous extension of optic fibre also, the risk of breaking down has also been increased to the optic fibre that increases, has reduced the security of system.
In summary, the existing power grid communication technology has the following defects: the fault is easy to occur, the safety is not high, and the method cannot be adapted to the development of a power grid.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a quantum remote state transfer device for improving the communication safety of a power system. The apparatus includes a quantum satellite and at least two ground terminals. Adopt quantum satellite can communicate to a plurality of terminals in different places simultaneously, compare the structure with traditional electric wire netting fiber communication simpler, safer, can not receive human factor and natural environment's destruction.
The adopted solution for realizing the purpose is as follows:
in a quantum remote state transfer device for enhancing communication security in a power system, the improvement comprising: quantum satellite and at least two ground terminals;
the quantum satellite is communicated with all the ground terminals and is used for distributing photons in the entangled photon pairs to all the ground terminals;
each ground terminal is respectively connected with a corresponding system protection device, and the system protection devices are used for receiving traveling wave signals on a power grid and performing relay protection actions according to the traveling wave signals;
the ground terminal is used for generating photons which are not in an entangled state according to the traveling wave signals received from the system protection device and the photons in the entangled photon pair received from the quantum satellite and transmitting the photons;
and the ground terminal is also used for recovering the traveling wave signal according to the photons which are not in the entangled state and are received from other ground terminals and the photons in the entangled photon pair received from the quantum satellite, and sending the traveling wave signal to a system protection device, and the system protection device performs relay protection.
In a first preferred aspect of the present invention, the improvement is that the quantum satellite includes: entanglement source and orbital photon transceiver;
the entanglement source is connected to the orbital photon transceiver for generating entangled photon pairs;
the track photon transceiver is in communication with the ground terminals and is configured to distribute photons of the entangled photon pairs to different ground terminals.
In a second preferred technical scheme provided by the invention, the improvement is that the entanglement source comprises a laser and barium metaborate crystals;
the laser emits laser to irradiate the barium metaborate crystal, and the barium metaborate crystal generates entangled photon pairs through a spontaneous parameter down-conversion method.
In a third preferred embodiment, the improvement of the orbital photonic transceiver comprises: a quantum entanglement transmitter;
the quantum entanglement transmitter is connected with the entanglement source and used for respectively transmitting photons in entangled photon pairs generated by the entanglement source to different ground terminals.
In a fourth preferred aspect of the present invention, the improvement is that the ground terminal includes: a signal converter and a ground photon transceiver;
the ground photon transceiver is connected with the signal converter and is used for receiving photons in the entangled photon pair from the quantum satellite;
the signal converter is connected with the system protection device and used for generating a sending code binary number based on the photons in the entangled photon pair and the traveling wave signal and sending the sending code binary number to the ground photon transceiver;
the ground photon transceiver is also used for converting the binary number of the transmitted code into photons which are not in an entangled state and transmitting the photons; the system is also used for receiving photons which are not in an entangled state, generating a receiving code binary number according to the photons which are not in the entangled state and sending the receiving code binary number to the signal converter;
and the signal converter is also used for recovering the traveling wave signal according to the binary number of the receiving code and the photon in the entangled photon pair and sending the traveling wave signal to a system protection device.
In a fifth preferred technical solution provided by the present invention, the improvement is that the ground terminal further comprises a quantum memory;
the quantum memory is connected with the ground photon transceiver and used for storing photons in the entangled photon pairs.
In a sixth preferred aspect, the improvement of the terrestrial photonic transceiver includes: the device comprises a photoelectric conversion module, an optical transceiver module and a network interface;
the optical transceiver module is respectively connected to the quantum memory and the photoelectric conversion module, and is configured to receive photons in the entangled photon pair and transfer the photons to the quantum memory, and is further configured to receive photons which are not in an entangled state and are sent by the other ground terminals and transfer the photons to the photoelectric conversion module, and send the photons which are not in the entangled state to the other ground terminals according to a signal generated by the photoelectric conversion module based on the binary number of the sent code;
the photoelectric conversion module is connected to the network interface, and is used for generating a receiving code binary number according to the photons which are received by the optical transceiver module and are not in the entangled state, transmitting the receiving code binary number to the signal converter through the network interface, and generating a signal according to the transmitting code binary number received from the network interface to drive the optical transceiver module to transmit the photons which are not in the entangled state to the other ground terminals;
the network interface is respectively connected with the photoelectric conversion module and the signal converter and is used for sending the sending code binary number generated by the signal converter to the photoelectric conversion module and sending the receiving code binary number sent by the photoelectric conversion module to the signal converter.
In a seventh preferred technical solution provided by the present invention, the improvement is that the photoelectric conversion module is a photoelectric medium conversion chip ML 6652.
In an eighth preferred technical solution provided by the present invention, the improvement is that the optical transceiver module includes a fabry-perot laser.
In a ninth preferred technical solution provided by the present invention, the improvement is that the ground terminal transmits photons that are not in an entangled state to other ground terminals through an optical fiber or a quantum satellite.
Compared with the closest prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the beneficial effect of this application is: due to the adoption of the quantum remote transmission technology based on the quantum satellite, even if the transmitted photons are maliciously blocked, an attacker cannot recover the binary number of the traveling wave signal according to the blocked information, the normal operation of a power grid cannot be interfered, and the requirement of safely transmitting information by a remote power transmission line is met.
The quantum satellite has the function of transmitting quantum information and the function of transmitting classical information, and can easily establish communication between nodes no matter how complex a power transmission line and a network is and no matter how large the network span is; because signals are mainly transmitted in free space and/or atmosphere and/or outer space, the speed of photons in the media obviously exceeds the transmission speed in optical fibers, information can be transmitted rapidly, and in a complex network structure, the influence of the switch on information delay is eliminated without passing through the switch for many times, so that the information transmission delay is obviously reduced, and the real-time performance of power communication is improved; the main transmission path of the information is not the optical fiber and the switch, so that the cost of ground construction is saved, the maintenance cost of the system is reduced, the risks caused by artificial damage and natural disasters in the optical fiber transmission process can not occur, and the safety of power communication is improved; for the power transmission line which is thousands of kilometers long and even crosses the ocean, the quantum satellite can obviously reduce the signal transmission delay and improve the capability of the power grid for resisting natural disasters and artificial damages, thereby improving the safety and meeting the requirement of low-delay information transmission of the remote power transmission line.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a quantum remote state transfer device for improving communication security of a power system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a quantum remote state transfer device for improving communication security of a power system according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an entanglement source in accordance with the present invention;
the system comprises a quantum satellite 1, a ground terminal 2, a winding source 3, an orbital photon transceiver 4, a system protection device 5, a quantum memory 6, a ground transceiver 7, a signal converter 8, a power transmission line 9, a laser 10, a reflector 11, a lens 12 and a barium metaborate crystal 13.
Detailed Description
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a quantum remote state transfer device for improving communication security of a power system, including: quantum satellite and at least two ground terminals;
the quantum satellite is communicated with all ground terminals and used for distributing photons in the entangled photon pairs to all ground terminals;
each ground terminal is respectively connected with a corresponding system protection device, and the system protection devices are used for receiving traveling wave signals on the power grid and performing relay protection actions according to the traveling wave signals;
the ground terminal is used for generating photons which are not in an entangled state according to the traveling wave signals received from the system protection device and the photons in the entangled photon pair received from the quantum satellite and transmitting the photons;
and the ground terminal is also used for recovering the traveling wave signal according to the photons which are not in the entangled state and are received from other ground terminals and the photons in the entangled photon pair received from the quantum satellite, transmitting the traveling wave signal to the system protection device and carrying out relay protection by the system protection device.
When the system protection device collects the traveling wave signal, the system protection device can be regarded as the system protection device of the sending end, and when the system protection device carries out relay protection action, the system protection device can be regarded as the system protection device of the receiving end.
Adopt quantum satellite can communicate to a plurality of terminals in different places simultaneously, compare the structure with traditional electric wire netting fiber communication simpler, safer, can not receive human factor and natural environment's destruction.
Specifically, quantum satellites include entanglement sources and orbital photon transceivers. Fig. 2 is a structure in which a quantum satellite and a ground terminal constitute bidirectional information transmission in one embodiment. The entanglement source is placed in the satellite, so that photons can be distributed to different ground terminals conveniently, the difficulty of distributing the photons is reduced, and the probability of successfully distributing the photons is improved.
In the examples, the entanglement source utilizes the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process of barium metaborate BBO crystal to prepare the polarization entangled state of two-photon. The BBO crystal adopts a beta-phase barium metaborate crystal, the spontaneous parametric down-conversion is a commonly used method for generating entangled photon pairs at present, an entanglement source of the scheme uninterruptedly generates entangled photon pairs with high efficiency, each entangled photon pair has two photons, and the requirement of the quantum satellite and the ground terminal for the entangled photon pairs is well met. The beta-phase barium metaborate crystal has light weight and small volume and is more suitable for being carried on a satellite.
In an embodiment, the orbital photon transceiver comprises a quantum entanglement transmitter, wherein the quantum entanglement transmitter is an important component in a quantum satellite, and the quantum entanglement transmitter transmits entangled photon pairs to two ground terminals respectively.
Photons that are not in an entangled state may be forwarded through a quantum satellite or transmitted through an optical fiber.
When the optical fiber is adopted between the ground terminals to send photons which are not in an entangled state, the all-dielectric self-supporting optical cable can be adopted to connect the ground terminals.
The photon transceiver may also include a single photon detector when further transmission of photons not in an entangled state is desired using quantum satellites. The single photon detector adopts an Avalanche Photodiode (APD) made of silicon materials to be used for a very weak light detection module for detecting single photons, the working wavelength band of the avalanche photodiode is 500 nm-1820 nm, the avalanche photodiode is used for detecting photon information from a ground terminal, and the photon information is converted into classical information. In the wave band of 500 nm-1820 nm, photons with multiple wavelengths are not easy to be absorbed by the atmosphere, the communication requirement of a quantum satellite and a quantum terminal can be met, the success rate of the photons is improved, and the cost of equipment is reduced. The classical information converted by the single-photon detector is sent to the quantum entanglement transmitter, and the quantum entanglement transmitter converts the classical information into photons which are not in an entangled state and sends the photons to other remote ground terminals.
The orbit photon transceiver receives and transmits photons through a free space and/or an outer space and/or an atmospheric layer, and can also respectively transmit photons in entangled photon pairs to different ground terminals. The photons which are not in the entangled state carry classical information, and the ground terminal sends or receives the photons which are not in the entangled state, so that the fast and effective information transmission between the quantum satellite and the ground terminal can be realized. The photon is obviously faster than the transmission speed in the optical fiber in free space and/or outer space and/or atmosphere, and the quantum satellite and the ground terminal are in linear transmission, so the transmission time is short, the photon does not need to pass through a plurality of switches, and the speed of transmitting information through the satellite is obviously faster than the speed of transmitting information through the optical fiber communication in the power grid on the whole.
The ground terminals are respectively connected with the receiving and transmitting ends of the system protection device. The receiving and transmitting end points can conveniently detect the faults of the power transmission line and can also conveniently control the circuit protection device.
The ground terminal comprises a quantum memory, a signal converter and a ground photon transceiver, wherein the signal converter, the ground photon transceiver and the quantum memory are sequentially connected, and the signal converter is connected to a system protection device of a receiving end and a transmitting end.
The ZSIPROTEC7SJ600 type relay contained in the system protection device in the embodiment has timing limit overcurrent protection or inverse time limit overcurrent protection of overhead lines, cables, transformers and motors of a high-voltage distribution system with single-ended input, radial lines or open-loop feeders, can realize the protection function through various power logic operations, and only needs to acquire traveling wave signals on a high-voltage transmission line. The system protection device is also used for receiving traveling wave signals on the power grid and generating traveling wave signal binary numbers. Even if the transmitted photons are maliciously blocked, an attacker cannot recover the binary number of the traveling wave signal according to the blocked information, the normal operation of the power grid cannot be disturbed, and the safety of the power grid can be improved.
The signal converter in the embodiment is composed of an 50/50 optical beam splitter, a single photon detector, a high-speed circuit and a computer data acquisition system. 50/50 optical splitter is made of two triangular glass prisms bonded together on a substrate using polyester, epoxy or polyurethane adhesives to split a beam into two or more beams. The photon flow passing through 50/50 optical beam splitter is recorded by the following single photon detector, and converted into binary random number flow by high speed circuit and computer data acquisition system. The traveling wave signal binary number is converted into a local quantum state, which is represented by the polarization state of the photon. In the embodiment, the signal converter measures the local quantum state and the entangled photons transmitted by the quantum satellite in the Bell state and generates a binary number of the transmitted code.
Embodiments of the terrestrial photon transceiver include an optical system that receives photons emitted from a satellite. An optical system comprising: the device comprises a photoelectric conversion module, an optical transceiver module and a network interface; the optical transceiver module is respectively connected to the quantum memory and the photoelectric conversion module, and is used for receiving entangled photon pairs emitted by a quantum satellite, converting the entangled photon pairs into the quantum memory, receiving photons which are not in an entangled state and are sent by a far-end ground terminal, converting the photons into the photoelectric conversion module, and sending photons which are not in the entangled state to the far-end ground terminal according to signals generated by the photoelectric conversion module based on the binary number of the sent codes; the photoelectric conversion module is connected to the network interface, and is used for generating a receiving code binary number according to the photons which are received by the optical transceiver module and are not in the entangled state, transmitting the receiving code binary number to the signal converter through the network interface, and generating a signal according to the transmitting code binary number received from the network interface, and driving the optical transceiver module to transmit the photons which are not in the entangled state to a remote ground terminal; the network interface is respectively connected with the photoelectric conversion module and the signal converter and is used for sending the sending code binary number generated by the signal converter to the photoelectric conversion module and sending the receiving code binary number sent by the photoelectric conversion module to the signal converter. Among them, the photoelectric conversion module may employ a photo-dielectric conversion chip ML 6652.
When the optical transceiver module receives and transmits photons which are not in an entangled state, the optical fiber can be used for directly transmitting the photons between different ground terminals, and the photons can also be transmitted between different ground terminals through a quantum satellite.
A Fabry-Perot laser is adopted as a light source in an optical system of the ground photon transceiver, the wavelength is 1550nm, a 9-pin packaging mode is adopted, a positive emitter coupling logic level PECL signal is received, and an optical signal is sent. And generating photons which are not in an entangled state according to the binary number of the transmitted code, transmitting the photons which are not in the entangled state to a remote ground terminal, and generating the binary number of the received code according to the received photons which are not in the entangled state. When the ground photon transceiver transmits photons which are not in an entangled state to a far-end ground terminal, the photons can be transmitted through the optical fiber or can be forwarded through the satellite terminal.
The ground photon transceiver and the satellite photon transceiver can receive photons which are not in an entangled state, and can also receive photons in the entangled state, so that the cost of the system can be reduced, the volume of the system can be reduced, the maintenance cost can be reduced on the ground or the satellite, particularly, the weight of the satellite can be reduced, and the satellite emission cost can be reduced.
In the embodiment, the signal converter recovers the traveling wave signal binary number according to the receiving code binary number and the photon in the entangled photon pair, and the system protection device generates various relay protection actions according to the traveling wave signal binary number.
The quantum memory in embodiments stores the polarization state of a photon.
The signal converter in the embodiment has the function of unitary conversion. A unitary transformation is represented by a unitary matrix, which is a transformation of one representation to another. The signal converter detects the single photon carrying the quantum information through the single photon detector, converts the single photon carrying the quantum information into an electric signal, outputs the electric signal, and finally obtains the information carried by the single photon through measurement.
The quantum satellite is in geosynchronous orbit. The quantum satellite communication in the embodiment has the function of transmitting quantum information, and can easily communicate no matter how complex the power transmission line and the network are and no matter how large the network span is.
The entanglement source is a two-photon polarization entangled state prepared by a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process of BBO crystal. In the embodiment, the BBO adopts a beta-phase barium metaborate crystal, which is a nonlinear crystal, and has a wide band range (410-.
FIG. 3 is an embodiment of an entanglement source. Laser emitted by the laser sequentially passes through the reflector, the lens and the reflector to be modulated and then is emitted to the BBO crystal to excite the BBO crystal to generate entangled photon pairs.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present application may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present application may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present application may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present application is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the application. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present application and not for limiting the scope of protection thereof, and although the present application is described in detail with reference to the above-mentioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that after reading the present application, they can make various changes, modifications or equivalents to the specific embodiments of the application, but these changes, modifications or equivalents are all within the scope of protection of the claims to be filed.
Claims (9)
1. A quantum remote state transfer device for improving communication security of a power system, comprising: quantum satellite and at least two ground terminals;
the quantum satellite is communicated with all the ground terminals and is used for distributing photons in the entangled photon pairs to all the ground terminals;
each ground terminal is respectively connected with a corresponding system protection device, and the system protection devices are used for receiving traveling wave signals on a power grid and performing relay protection actions according to the traveling wave signals;
the ground terminal is used for generating photons which are not in an entangled state according to the traveling wave signals received from the system protection device and the photons in the entangled photon pair received from the quantum satellite and transmitting the photons;
the ground terminal is also used for recovering a traveling wave signal according to the photons which are not in the entangled state and are received from other ground terminals and the photons in the entangled photon pair received from the quantum satellite, sending the traveling wave signal to a system protection device, and carrying out relay protection by the system protection device;
the ground terminal includes: a signal converter and a ground photon transceiver;
the ground photon transceiver is connected with the signal converter and is used for receiving photons in the entangled photon pair from the quantum satellite;
the signal converter is connected with the system protection device and used for generating a sending code binary number based on the photons in the entangled photon pair and the traveling wave signal and sending the sending code binary number to the ground photon transceiver;
the ground photon transceiver is also used for converting the binary number of the transmitted code into photons which are not in an entangled state and transmitting the photons; the system is also used for receiving photons which are not in an entangled state, generating a receiving code binary number according to the photons which are not in the entangled state and sending the receiving code binary number to the signal converter;
and the signal converter is also used for recovering the traveling wave signal according to the binary number of the receiving code and the photon in the entangled photon pair and sending the traveling wave signal to a system protection device.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the quantum satellite comprises: entanglement source and orbital photon transceiver;
the entanglement source is connected to the orbital photon transceiver for generating entangled photon pairs;
the track photon transceiver is in communication with the ground terminals and is configured to distribute photons of the entangled photon pairs to different ground terminals.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the entanglement source comprises a laser and a barium metaborate crystal;
the laser emits laser to irradiate the barium metaborate crystal, and the barium metaborate crystal generates entangled photon pairs through a spontaneous parameter down-conversion method.
4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the orbital photonic transceiver comprises: a quantum entanglement transmitter;
the quantum entanglement transmitter is connected with the entanglement source and used for respectively transmitting photons in entangled photon pairs generated by the entanglement source to different ground terminals.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, the ground terminal further comprising a quantum memory;
the quantum memory is connected with the ground photon transceiver and used for storing photons in the entangled photon pairs.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the terrestrial photonic transceiver comprises: the device comprises a photoelectric conversion module, an optical transceiver module and a network interface;
the optical transceiver module is respectively connected to the quantum memory and the photoelectric conversion module, and is configured to receive photons in the entangled photon pair and transfer the photons to the quantum memory, and is further configured to receive photons which are not in an entangled state and are sent by the other ground terminals and transfer the photons to the photoelectric conversion module, and send the photons which are not in the entangled state to the other ground terminals according to a signal generated by the photoelectric conversion module based on the binary number of the sent code;
the photoelectric conversion module is connected to the network interface, and is used for generating a receiving code binary number according to the photons which are received by the optical transceiver module and are not in the entangled state, transmitting the receiving code binary number to the signal converter through the network interface, and generating a signal according to the transmitting code binary number received from the network interface to drive the optical transceiver module to transmit the photons which are not in the entangled state to the other ground terminals;
the network interface is respectively connected with the photoelectric conversion module and the signal converter and is used for sending the sending code binary number generated by the signal converter to the photoelectric conversion module and sending the receiving code binary number sent by the photoelectric conversion module to the signal converter.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the photoelectric conversion module is a photoelectric medium conversion chip ML 6652.
8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the optical transceiver module comprises a fabry-perot laser.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ground terminals transmit photons that are not in an entangled state to other ground terminals through optical fibers or quantum satellites.
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