CN111780921B - Calibration method of fiber bragg grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor - Google Patents
Calibration method of fiber bragg grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a calibration method of a fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor, which comprises the following steps: 1. the method is carried out in a laboratory, and the relation between the grating wavelength change and the strain which are only influenced by deformation is obtained through experiments; 2. establishing a model according to parameters such as the size of a sensor, the size of a surrounding rock body, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of elastic steel, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of rock, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of epoxy resin and the like; 3. establishing a relation [ D ] { sigma } ═ epsilon }, and respectively applying unit force of six stress components in three-dimensional stress to obtain a strain capacity under the condition of the unit stress; 4. obtaining each quantity in the stress-strain relation matrix according to the obtained strain quantity to obtain a D matrix; 5: nine strain quantities are obtained according to the wavelength change values of the nine strain gratings, so that six stress components, namely three-dimensional stress values of rock mass around the sensor, are obtained. The calibration coefficient of the three-dimensional stress sensor is effectively obtained, and the problem that the measurement precision of the sensor cannot be guaranteed in the prior art is solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of stress testing of geotechnical engineering, mining engineering and underground engineering, and particularly relates to a calibration method of a fiber grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor, which is suitable for stress measurement of surrounding rock bodies of tunnels and coal mines and the like.
Background
The mining process of the coal rock mass will certainly cause disturbance to surrounding rock stress of the stope, so that the stress field is redistributed, and the stress concentration occurs in the stope. The three-dimensional stress of the surrounding rock is a direct factor causing instability and damage of engineering, so that the monitoring of the three-dimensional stress of the surrounding rock is very important, and the method is particularly applied to the fields of underground engineering such as mining, geotechnical engineering and the like.
Before mining, the coal rock body is in a three-dimensional stress balance state, mining activity breaks through the original stress balance, the overburden rock layer moves in a large range and even breaks, a macroscopic stress field in a three-dimensional space of a stope is redistributed, and the dynamic evolution and development of the stress field inevitably create conditions for the inoculation, generation and development of rock burst; in the early stage of rock burst, the energy in the coal rock is not released, and the internal stress concentration degree is suddenly increased. Therefore, the occurrence of the disaster is firstly reflected on the change of the stress state, the stress change is the key for predicting the dynamic disaster, and the measurement of the stress state is the basis for realizing the accurate prediction of the dynamic disaster. For coal mining, the mining stress change under the strong disturbance of a high ground stress state is particularly concerned, and the spatial-temporal evolution rule of mining stress distribution is researched. Therefore, the accurate monitoring of the three-dimensional stress of the coal rock mass has important significance for predicting and controlling the rock burst disaster.
Compared with a traditional strain gauge type stress monitoring device, the fiber bragg grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor has the advantages of long measuring time, high monitoring frequency, no electromagnetic interference and better corrosion resistance, can meet the advantages of long-term and dynamic monitoring of the three-dimensional stress of the coal rock mass, but still adopts a single-layer structure analytic solution of a hollow inclusion at present, and lacks a mature calibration technology.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects or shortcomings of the existing method for obtaining stress through wavelength change, the invention aims to provide the calibration method of the fiber grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor, which is easy to implement, simple and convenient to operate, capable of conveniently and effectively obtaining the calibration coefficient of the three-dimensional stress sensor, and solving the problem that the measurement accuracy of the sensor cannot be ensured in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical measures:
a calibration method of a fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor comprises the following steps:
the three-dimensional stress sensor is a hollow bag body type sensor, measuring elements of the three-dimensional stress sensor are optical fiber Bragg gratings, at least six directions of the three-dimensional stress sensor are different from each other and are arranged between the inner layer and the outer layer of the hollow bag body, the length of a grid region of each optical fiber Bragg grating is 5-10mm, and the interval of the grid regions is larger than 10 mm.
Step 1: in the laboratory, the relation epsilon between the wavelength change of the grating and the strain only influenced by deformation is obtained by experimentsi＝kΔλiIn the formula, Δ λiIs the variation of the center wavelength of the reflected light of the ith grating, k is the strain sensitivity coefficient of the grating, epsiloniThe strain quantity corresponding to the ith grating; fixing the fiber grating connected with the demodulator in a force application member, applying a set load to the force application member, measuring the wavelength of the fiber grating under the condition of keeping the temperature (20-25 ℃) constant, obtaining the displacement and the strain corresponding to the fiber grating to be tested through a loader acquisition system, and obtaining the relationship between the wavelength change of the grating and the strain through the change condition of the central wavelength of the grating and the strain;
step 2: establishing a model according to parameters such as the size of a sensor, the size of a surrounding rock body, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of elastic steel, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of rock, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of epoxy resin and the like; in the step, the model is a homogeneous cubic sample and is used for simulating a surrounding rock body at the installation position of the stress sensor, the elastic modulus of the surrounding rock body is determined according to the actual situation of the installation position, the side length of the cubic is 300mm, a drill hole is formed in the center of one face of the homogeneous cubic sample and perpendicular to the surface of the homogeneous cubic sample, the length of the drill hole is the length of a hollow inclusion, the diameter of the drill hole is the inner diameter of the hollow inclusion, the outer layer of a round hole is sequentially made of elastic steel with the thickness of 1.5mm and epoxy resin with the thickness of 2mm, and therefore the whole model is composed of three materials and is a cubic test piece with a round.
And step 3: establishing a relation [ D ]]Wherein, { epsilon } is a strain quantity array matrix containing strain values of 9 strain gratings of the sensor, and { sigma } is a stress component array matrix containing 6 three-dimensional responsesForce component, [ D ]]The relation matrix between the rock three-dimensional stress and the strain measurement value of the fiber grating three-dimensional sensor is obtained. Respectively applying unit force of six stress components in three-dimensional stress to obtain strain capacity under unit stress condition
In the formula, σjFor six stress components, three positive stresses sigmax、σy、σzAnd three shear stresses τxy、τyz、τzx，εi(i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 9) is a strain value. When sigma isxD is obtained when the stress is 1 and the other stress is 0i1(i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 9), and other parameters can be obtained when other stress components are 1 once.
And 4, step 4: calculating each quantity d in the stress-strain relation matrix according to the strain quantity obtained in the step 3ij＝εi/σjObtaining a D matrix;
and 5: and finally, obtaining an [ E ] matrix in a { sigma } - [ E ] { epsilon } relational expression, and obtaining six stress components of the surrounding rock body according to the wavelength change values of the nine gratings. Through conversion, an E matrix can be obtained, nine strain quantities are obtained according to the wavelength change values of the nine strain gratings, and six stress component values are obtained through the product of the E matrix and the strain values. The six stress component values are the three-dimensional stress values of the rock mass around the sensor.
Because the traditional stress-strain relationship is obtained according to a theoretical solution and can only adapt to a single-layer hollow inclusion material, the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor is not only adhered with an inner-layer hollow inclusion structure of a grating, but also has a layer of epoxy resin structure outside the grating, and the problem of strain transfer is also involved.
The above steps can be divided into two processes, one is to determine the relationship between the center wavelength of the sensor grating and the amount of strain, as in step 1 above. Secondly, determining the relation between the grating position strain quantity and the three-dimensional stress of the surrounding rock mass, as in the step 2-5. The relation between the grating center wavelength variation and the surrounding rock three-dimensional stress state can be determined through the two processes, so that the surrounding rock stress value can be known only by recording the wavelength variation data obtained on the monitoring site in real time.
In the step 1, it is a precondition that the calibration coefficient is correct to accurately obtain the relationship between the central wavelength variation and the strain of the grating of the sensor, and the wavelength variation and the strain of different gratings on the surfaces of different materials are different, so that the step is a precondition. The specific process is that a standard cylinder sample with the diameter of 50mm and the height of 100mm is made of the same hollow inclusion material of the sensor, and then a plurality of vertical fiber gratings similar to the sensor are embedded on the surface of the standard cylinder sample of the elastic steel at equal intervals along the same circumference, and the suggested number is 4. Keeping the temperature in the laboratory constant, fixing the elastic steel sample adhered with the grating on an MTS press (or other similar loading machines), and then carrying out uniaxial graded loading on the sample, wherein the loading values are about 10 MPa-100 MPa respectively. In the loading process, the central wavelength of the fiber grating and the axial strain value of the sample are recorded, and the average value of the central wavelength variation and the strain coefficient of different fiber gratings is taken as the coefficient between the central wavelength variation and the strain coefficient.
In the step 2, correct establishment of the model is the key to successful calibration, and correct field detection parameters such as the elastic modulus, poisson ratio and the like of the rock mass around the monitoring site need to be given to the model, and the parameters can be obtained by sampling and then performing a basic mechanical experiment.
In the step 3, the step 4 and the step 5, for a specific calculation process of the model, it is necessary to note that the strain output point in the model needs to be consistent with the actual grating pasting point.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
the fiber grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor calibration method is easy to implement, simple and convenient to operate, can conveniently and effectively obtain the calibration coefficient of the three-dimensional stress sensor, can be matched with the monitoring field condition, and solves the problem that the measurement precision of the sensor cannot be ensured in the prior art.
The calibration method combines indoor test and numerical simulation, greatly simplifies the test process, reduces the material consumption and the cost, does not need a loss sensor in the calibration process, can modify the model according to the parameter change at any time, and has the advantages of easy operability, repeatability and the like.
The method is suitable for single-layer bag body materials, can be suitable for double layers and multiple layers, and has wide applicability.
In conclusion, the combination of the indoor test and the numerical model can ensure the accuracy of the result, simplify the process and reduce the cost.
Drawings
Other features, objects and advantages of the present application will become more apparent upon reading of the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments thereof, made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a three-dimensional stress monitoring device;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the central wavelength of a grating and strain;
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of a fiber Bragg grating layout;
FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of a fiber Bragg grating layout;
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of a calibration model;
FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of a calibration model;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a strain cloud.
Wherein, 1-a guide rod; 2-a seal ring clamping groove; 3-glue outlet; 4-a plunger; 5-a glue outlet channel; 6-a fixed pin; 7-hollow cylinder glue storage cavity; 8-a grating sensor; 9-independent grating sensor; 10-temperature compensated grating sensor; 11-an orientation pin; 12-an optical fiber; 13-front end seal; 14-back end seal; 15-hollow cylinder, 16-connecting rod.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the present application will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the invention and not all embodiments. For convenience of description, only portions related to the present invention are shown in the drawings.
The sensor adopted by the invention is a specific structural form, the method can be used by utilizing the method that the fiber bragg grating is arranged on the base material, the deformation of the measured structure directly causes the deformation of the base material, the deformation of the base material is measured by utilizing the change of the central wavelength of the fiber bragg grating, and then the calibration method for determining the stress of the surrounding rock mass is determined.
For the convenience of understanding the calibration method, a specific fiber grating three-dimensional stress monitoring sensor is taken as an example for explanation. The sensor structure is as shown in figure 1, and mainly comprises a guide rod, a plunger and a hollow cylinder body: the foremost end is guide bar 1, and guide bar 1 is connected with plunger 4, and 4 front ends of plunger set up multilayer rubber seal and regard as front end sealing gasket 13, and front end sealing gasket 13 passes through sealing washer draw-in groove 2 fixedly. The lower part of the front end sealing pad 13 is provided with a circle of glue outlet holes which are connected with the glue outlet channel 5 inside the plunger 4. The hollow cylinder body of the main body part is a cylindrical hollow cylinder, the material of the hollow cylinder body is elastic steel, the elastic modulus is about 210GPa, the Poisson ratio is 0.28, the inner diameter of the hollow cylinder body is 34mm, the outer diameter of the hollow cylinder body is 36mm, and the fiber bragg grating sensor 8 is embedded at a preset position. An independent grating sensor 9 is arranged at the rear end of the hollow cylinder glue storage cavity 7 and can be used for judging whether the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor reaches a specified position during installation. When the plunger 4 reaches the bottom of the glue storage cavity 7 of the hollow cylinder body, the independent grating sensor 9 can be extruded and broken, the wavelength data of the channel correspondingly lacks, so that the fact that the cementing agent is completely extruded is inferred, and the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor reaches a specified position and is bonded with the wall of the hole. A rear end seal 14, a connecting rod 16 and a transmission optical fiber 12 are arranged below the hollow cylinder 15. The connecting rod 16 is internally provided with a freely telescopic temperature compensation fiber grating sensor 10 for eliminating the influence of temperature change. The orientation pin 11 is arranged at the bottom of the connecting rod 16 and serves to determine the orientation during sensor mounting.
Since there are 6 components to the three-dimensional stress, at least 6 independent equations are required to solve. This requires that at least 6 measurement grating sensors are embedded. In order to obtain a sufficient number of independent equations, ensure calculation accuracy, and simultaneously consider the convenience of an embedded grating sensor, a specific layout scheme of the grating sensor as shown in fig. 2 is provided. A, B, C three groups of grating strain patterns are embedded on the surface of the elastic steel hollow cylinder at equal intervals along the same circumference, each group consists of 3 grating sensors and is mutually spaced by 45 degrees.
A calibration method of a fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor comprises the following steps:
(1) the relation epsilon between the grating wavelength change and the strain only influenced by the deformation is obtained by experimentsi＝kΔλi: the method comprises the steps of manufacturing a standard cylindrical sample with the diameter of 50mm and the height of 100mm by taking elastic steel of an inner layer structure of a hollow inclusion of a sensor as a material, embedding a plurality of vertical fiber gratings similar to the sensor on the surface of the standard cylindrical sample of the elastic steel at equal intervals along the same circumference, and sticking four gratings as shown in figure 3A by taking the figure as an example. The elastic steel sample adhered with the grating is fixed on an MTS press, and then the sample is subjected to uniaxial graded loading, wherein the loading values are about 10MPa, about 20MPa, about 30MPa, about 50MPa and about 100 MPa respectively. In the loading process, the central wavelength of the fiber grating and the axial strain value of the sample are recorded, the results of the four gratings are very close, and the result obtained by averaging is shown as a curve in fig. 3B. Obtaining a wavelength variation value epsilon through mathematical fittingi＝1.2815ΔλiI.e., k is 1.2815 where the strain is in units of μ ε and the wavelength change is in units of pm. The temperature of the experimental environment is kept constant during the experiment.
(2) Establishing a calibration model: as shown in fig. 4A, the model is a homogeneous cubic sample used for simulating a rock mass surrounded by the mounting position of the stress sensor, the side length of the cubic sample is about 300mm, a drill hole is arranged in the center of one surface of the homogeneous cubic sample, the drill hole is perpendicular to the surface of the homogeneous cubic sample, the length of the drill hole is the length of a hollow inclusion, the diameter of the drill hole is the inner diameter of the hollow inclusion, and the outer layer of the round hole is sequentially made of elastic steel with the thickness of 1.5mm and epoxy resin with the thickness of 2 mm; the elastic modulus of the elastic steel is about 210GPa, the Poisson ratio is 0.28, the elastic modulus of the epoxy resin is 6.3GPa, the Poisson ratio is 0.25, and the elastic modulus of the surrounding rock body is determined according to the actual situation of the installation position, so that the whole model is composed of three materials and is a cubic test piece with a round hole.
(3) Obtaining the strain under the unit stress condition: the relationship between the three-dimensional stress of the rock body and the strain measurement value of the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor is shown in the following formula (1).
In the formula (d)11、d12、……、d96Equal to the scaling factor, σx、σy、σz、τxy、τyz、τzxThe strain measurement values of measurement gratings C90, C45, C0, B45, B90, B-45, A90, A45 and A0 in the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor caused by the three-dimensional stress of the rock body are respectively epsilon 1, epsilon 2, epsilon 3, epsilon 4, epsilon 5, epsilon 6, epsilon 7, epsilon 8 and epsilon 9. This formula can be abbreviated as: [ D ]]{ σ } - { ε }, as-used σ1、σ2、σ3、σ4、σ5、σ6Respectively represent sigmax、σy、σz、τxy、τyz、τzxThen the above formula can be written as:
in the above formula, when σjNot equal to 0 and σlWhen 0(l ═ 1 to 6 and l ≠ j), there are:
dij＝εi/σj (3)
from the above formula, the calibration coefficient dijThe meaning of (A) is: if and only if there is only a unit rock mass three-dimensional stress component sigma'j(its value is 1) the strain value of the grating i is measured. The strainValue can be recorded as epsilon'ijThen there is dij＝ε’ijAs shown in the following formula (4), and thus
From this it can be seen that the matrix [ D ] is determined]Is to solve epsilon'ijThe process of (1).
When unit rock mass three-dimensional stress component sigma 'is applied'1When the pressure is 1, a pressure of 1Pa is applied to one surface and displacement restraint is applied to the other surface in the x direction. In the displacement constraint, the displacement in the x direction and the rotation angle in the y and z directions are constrained. Strain epsilon of fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor measuring position under cylindrical coordinate systemθ、εzAnd gammaθzThe calculation results are shown in fig. 5. In this example, the resulting calibration factor ε'11、ε’21、ε’31、ε’41、ε’51、ε’61、ε’71、ε’81、ε’91Are respectively 5.953X 10-11、-1.602×10-11、-9.159×10-11、-4.288×10-12、8.117×10-11、 -4.288×10-12、5.947×10-11、-1.590×10-11、-9.134×10-11. Similarly, a unit rock mass three-dimensional stress component σ 'is applied to the numerical calculation model'jObtaining epsilon'1j、ε’2j、ε’3j、ε’4j、ε’5j、ε’6j、ε’7j、ε’8j、ε’9jThe value of (c). Thus, the matrix [ D ]]It is fully determinable. The resulting matrix is:
(4) finally, an E matrix in a relation of { sigma } - [ E ] { epsilon } is obtained: the E matrix can be obtained through conversion, nine strain quantities are obtained according to the wavelength change values of the nine strain gratings, and six stress component values are obtained through the product of the E matrix and the strain values. The six stress component values are the three-dimensional stress values of the rock mass around the sensor. The resulting E matrix in this example is as follows:
therefore, the final relation of the stress and the wavelength variation of the surrounding rock mass obtained by combining the steps is as follows:
the above example is the calibration process of a specific fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor, and the relationship between the grating center wavelength variation and the surrounding rock stress state is accurately and quickly obtained by the method in combination with the actual monitoring parameters,
the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the application and is illustrative of the principles of the technology employed. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the scope of the invention as referred to in the present application is not limited to the embodiments with a specific combination of the above-mentioned features, but also covers other embodiments with any combination of the above-mentioned features or their equivalents without departing from the inventive concept. For example, the above features may be replaced with (but not limited to) features having similar functions disclosed in the present application.
Claims (4)
1. A calibration method of a fiber bragg grating three-dimensional stress sensor is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
A. in laboratory, the relation epsilon between the wavelength change of the grating and the strain only influenced by deformation is obtained by experimenti＝kΔλiIn the formula, Δ λiOf the ith gratingThe variation of central wavelength of reflected light, k is the strain sensitivity coefficient of grating, epsiloniThe strain quantity corresponding to the ith grating;
B. establishing a model according to the parameters of the size of the sensor, the size of the surrounding rock body, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of the elastic steel, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of the rock, the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of the epoxy resin and the Poisson ratio;
C. establishing a relation [ D ]]{ σ } - { ε }, where { ε } is a strain quantity column matrix containing strain values of nine strain gratings of the sensor, { σ } is a stress component column matrix containing six three-dimensional stress components, [ D ]]Respectively applying unit forces of six stress components in the three-dimensional stress to a relationship matrix between the three-dimensional stress of the rock body and the strain measurement value of the fiber grating three-dimensional sensor to obtain the strain amount under the unit stress condition
In the formula, σjFor six stress components, three positive stresses sigmax、σy、σzAnd three shear stresses τxy、τyz、τzx，εi(i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 9) is a strain value;
D. determining each quantity d in the stress-strain relationship matrix from the strain quantities determined in step (C)ij＝εi/σjObtaining a D matrix;
E. obtaining an [ E ] matrix in a { sigma } - [ E ] { epsilon } relational expression, obtaining six stress components of the surrounding rock mass according to the wavelength change values of the nine gratings, obtaining the [ E ] matrix through conversion, obtaining nine strain quantities according to the wavelength change values of the nine strain gratings, obtaining six stress component values by the product of the [ E ] matrix and the strain values, and obtaining the three-dimensional stress values of the rock mass around the sensor by the six stress component values.
2. The method for calibrating the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step A, the fiber grating connected with the demodulator is fixed in the force application member, a set load is applied to the force application member, the wavelength of the fiber grating is measured under the condition that the temperature is kept constant, the displacement and the strain corresponding to the tested fiber grating are obtained through the acquisition system of the loading machine, and the relationship between the wavelength change of the grating and the strain is obtained through the change condition of the central wavelength of the grating and the strain.
3. The method for calibrating the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the model in the step B is a homogeneous cubic sample and is used for simulating a surrounding rock body at the installation position of the stress sensor, the elastic modulus of the surrounding rock body is determined according to the actual situation of the installation position, the side length of the cube is 300mm, a drill hole is formed in the center of one surface of the homogeneous cubic sample and is perpendicular to the surface of the homogeneous cubic sample, the length of the drill hole is the length of a hollow inclusion, the diameter of the drill hole is the inner diameter of the hollow inclusion, the outer layer of the round hole is sequentially made of elastic steel with the thickness of 1.5mm and epoxy resin with the thickness of 2mm, the whole model is composed of three materials, and the whole model is a.
4. The method for calibrating the fiber grating three-dimensional stress sensor according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step C and the step D, { epsilon } has 9 quantities respectively representing strain values corresponding to 9 measurement fiber gratings in the sensor, { sigma } is 6 three-dimensional stress components of the surrounding rock body, and [ D ] is a calibration coefficient matrix, and the following steps are carried out:
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| CN115014602B (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2023-12-29 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Method for measuring sensitization type fiber bragg grating hollow inclusion stress meter |
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