CN111724665A - time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device and demonstration method - Google Patents
time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device and demonstration method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device and a demonstration method, which extend the demonstration of a Wholer delay selection experiment to a hybrid system consisting of large-mass particles and no-mass photons, and realize the superposition of the collective excitation and leakage pulses of the announced single photons divided into atoms based on the Raman quantum storage of cold atoms, thereby realizing the action of a beam splitter. In addition, the proportion adjustability of the beam splitter can be realized by changing the relative proportion of the quantum random number generator, the storage efficiency of the second memory type beam splitter and the relative storage time of the two memory type beam splitters, so that the wave particle complementarity of the light is shown; in addition, the time mach zehnder interference can combine two paths in a single-mode optical fiber at the same time, so that the experimental configuration is greatly simplified, and the time-Whitler delay selection demonstration device and the demonstration method which are novel in structure, easy to construct and strong in anti-interference performance are provided.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to a cold atom quantum storage-based time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device and a demonstration method, belonging to the technical field of optical information and quantum information.
Background art:
since the seventeen century, there have been two contradictory theories of human thinking about the nature of light: particle theory represented by newton and wave theory represented by huygens, macrevir established the electromagnetic theory of light in the nineteenth century and sixties, proving that light is an electromagnetic wave. In 1905, einstein developed the quantum theory of light and successfully explained the photoelectric effect, and the nature of light caused renewed thinking. Bol suggests that the volatility and the particle nature are complementary, and the detection result will determine whether the ion exhibits the volatility or the particle nature.
The wave-particle complementarity of light is one of the most peculiar phenomena in the quantum world, and the wheeler famous delay selection experiment proves the wave-particle duality or complementarity in quantum physics, wherein the behavior of light is determined by measurement selection to violate human intuition. Scientists have studied delay-selective experiments in linear optical systems, nuclear magnetic resonance, and integrated photonic systems through various experiments, and all relevant experiments so far have been the idea of wheeler proof by single photons of no mass or large particles such as atoms, but there is no report of wave-particle complementarity proof using a hybrid system of photon and atomic compositions. In order to understand well the Bohr complementary principle of the macroscopic system, the research on the wave-particle complementarity of the large-mass particles (such as metastable hydrogen atoms, which have the spin interference of neutrons and atoms) attracts people's interest, and the method has a certain application prospect in the wave-particle superposition experiment excited by different atomic spins.
The invention content is as follows:
the invention aims to design a time-Wheatstone delay selection demonstration device and a demonstration method which are novel in structure, easy to construct and strong in anti-interference performance, demonstrate and verify the wave particle complementarity of light, extend the demonstration of the Wheatstone experiment to a hybrid system consisting of large-mass particles and non-mass photons, and never detect in other experiments.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a time-wheeler delay selection presentation apparatus comprising:
a first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a for generating stokes photons and anti-stokes photons in a spontaneous four-wave mixing process, wherein the stokes photons are a first optical signal 2a, the anti-stokes photons are a second optical signal 2b, the first optical signal 2a and the second optical signal 2b are emitted from the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a in opposite directions, the second optical signal 2b is collected by a first convex lens 3a and detected in a second single photon meter digital-analog block 4b, and the first optical signal 2a is coupled into a first single-mode optical fiber 5a by a second convex lens 3 b;
a first pump light 6a and a second pump light 6b with orthogonal polarization are collinearly propagated and incident to the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a along opposite directions for generating the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, the first pump light 6a and the second optical signal 2b form a small angle included angle, and the second pump light 6b and the first optical signal 2a form a small angle included angle;
the first optical signal 2a transmitted by the first single-mode optical fiber 5a enters the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b after passing through a third convex lens 3c, then exits from the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b, and is coupled into a second single-mode optical fiber 5b after passing through a fourth convex lens 3 d;
the first coupling light beam 7a is incident into the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b and is used for adjusting the storage time of the first optical signal 2a in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 b;
a third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, wherein the first optical signal 2a transmitted by the second single-mode fiber 5b enters the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c after passing through a fifth convex lens 3e, then exits from the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, and is collected by a sixth convex lens 3f into a first single photon counting module 4a to be detected;
a second coupling light beam 7b is incident into the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c and is used for adjusting the storage time of the first optical signal 2a in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 c;
an electro-optical modulator 8 connected in said second single mode fiber 5b introducing an amount of phase shift to said first optical signal 2a when said first optical signal 2a is transmitted in said second single mode fiber 5 b.
Preferably, the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a, the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b, and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c are each confined with an alkali metal radical, wherein the alkali metal radical in the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a is used to generate a declared single photon, and two alkali metal radicals in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c are used as a memory type beam splitter.
Preferably, the switches of the first pump light 6a and the second pump light 6b are controlled by a first acousto-optic modulator 9a and a second acousto-optic modulator 9b, respectively, the switches of the first coupled light 7a and the second coupled light 7b are controlled by a third acousto-optic modulator 9c and a fourth acousto-optic modulator 9d, respectively, and all the acousto-optic modulators are modulated by an arbitrary function generator, respectively.
Preferably, the optical thickness of the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a is 40, the optical thickness of the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b is 35, and the optical thickness of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c can be adjusted between 0 and 40.
Preferably, the length ranges of the first single mode fiber 5a and the second single mode fiber 5b are both 200-250 meters.
Preferably, the alkali metal radicals are rubidium radicals or cesium radicals.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a demonstration method for verifying the complementary wave-particle characteristics of light by using the demonstration apparatus, comprising the following steps:
step 1, controlling the switching of a first pump light 6a and a second pump light 6b by a first acousto-optic modulator 9a and a second acousto-optic modulator 9b respectively, so that the first pump light 6a and the second pump light 6b with orthogonal polarization propagate collinearly in opposite directions and are incident into a first two-dimensional magneto-optic trap 1a to generate an spontaneous four-wave mixing process, the first two-dimensional magneto-optic trap 1a generates stokes photons and anti-stokes photons in the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, the stokes photons are first optical signals 2a, the anti-stokes photons are second optical signals 2b, the first optical signals 2a and the second optical signals 2b exit from the first two-dimensional magneto-optic trap 1a in opposite directions, the first pump light 6a and the second optical signals 2b form a small angle, and the second pump light 6b and the first optical signals 2a form a small angle, the second optical signal 2b is collected into a second single-photon counting module 4b through a first convex lens 3a, and the first optical signal 2a is coupled into a first single-mode optical fiber 5a through a second convex lens 3 b;
step 3, coupling the first optical signal 2a coming out of the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b into a second single-mode optical fiber 5b after passing through a fourth convex lens 3d to generate a certain optical delay, and generating a certain phase shift on the storage part through an electro-optical modulator 8 in the process that the first optical signal 2a is transmitted in the second single-mode optical fiber 5 b;
step 5, collecting the first optical signal 2a coming out of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c into a first single photon counting module 4a through a sixth convex lens 3 f;
and 6, sending the electric signals from the second single-photon counting module 4b and the first single-photon counting module 4a to a single-photon counting system related to time, and measuring the time correlation function of the single-photon counting system.
Preferably, in the step 4, the relative proportion of the quantum random number control generator may be changed to adjust the degree of insertion of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c as a memory type beam splitter in the experimental apparatus, so that the variation of the wave particle behavior is observed by the variation of the interference intensity.
Preferably, in the step 4, the storage efficiency of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c can be adjusted by changing the draw ratio frequency of the second coupling beam 7b, and the change of the wave-particle behavior is observed through the change of the interference intensity.
Preferably, in the step 4, the storage time of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c may be changed, and the variation of the wave particle behavior may be observed through the variation of the interference intensity.
The invention has the advantages that:
atomic-based quantum storage can coherently transfer a single photon to a quasi-particle consisting of a large number of ground state atoms, which can also be used to construct a time domain beam splitter. Therefore, the idea of Wholer is examined by quantum storage, and the cognition of the principle of complementarity of light and substances is expanded. The invention designs a novel time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device and a demonstration method, which mainly realize the superposition of separating a declared single photon into atomic collective excitation and leakage pulses based on the Raman quantum storage of cold atoms, thereby realizing the action of a beam splitter. In addition, the proportion adjustability of the beam splitter can be realized by changing the relative proportion of the quantum random number generator, the storage efficiency of the second memory type beam splitter and the relative storage time of the two memory type beam splitters, so that the variation behavior among the wave particles is shown; in addition, the time Mach-Zender interference can combine two paths in a single-mode optical fiber at the same time, so that the experimental configuration is greatly simplified, and therefore the time-Whitler delay selection demonstration device and the demonstration method which are novel in structure, easy to construct and strong in anti-interference performance are provided.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 structure diagram of the experimental apparatus
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the gradual transition between the wave particle behavior observed by adjusting the relative proportions of a memory-type beam splitter
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the gradual transition between wave particle behaviors observed by adjusting the storage efficiency of a memory-type beam splitter
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the gradual transition between wave particle behaviors observed by adjusting the storage time of a memory-type beam splitter
Description of reference numerals:
1 a: first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 b: second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 c: third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap
2 a: first optical signal 2 b: second optical signal
3 a: first convex lens 3 b: second convex lens 3 c: third convex lens
3 d: fourth convex lens 3 e: fifth convex lens 3 f: sixth convex lens
4 a: the first single-photon counting module 4 b: second single photon counting module
5 a: first single-mode optical fiber 5 b: second single mode optical fiber
6 a: first pump light 6 b: second pump light
7 a: first coupled light beam 7 b: second coupled light beam
8: electro-optic modulator
9 a: first acousto-optic modulator 9 b: second acousto-optic modulator
9 c: third acousto-optic modulator 9 d: fourth acousto-optic modulator
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
in order to clearly explain the technical scheme of the invention, the demonstration device and the demonstration method of the invention are explained in detail by the specific embodiment and the attached drawings.
Example 1
As shown in FIG. 1, a time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device comprises three two-dimensional magneto- optical traps 1a, 1b and 1c, wherein each two-dimensional magneto-optical trap is trapped with an alkali metal radical, the alkali metal radical can be rubidium 85 radical or cesium radical, each two-dimensional magneto-optical trap is a Raman memory, the radical in the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a is used for generating declared single photon, a quantum memory used as a quantum device in quantum information synchronization can separate photon pulses on a time domain, and the time interval and the amplitude of separation can be configured randomly, so that the time-Wholer delay selection demonstration device is called a kinetic controllable time beam splitter. Here, the present invention constitutes a Mach-Zender interferometer in the time domain using two raman memories (i.e., the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c) as two memory type beam splitters (M-BS1 and M-BS2), which divides a single photon wave packet into atomic and photon parts when the memory efficiency is less than 1.
First, orthogonally polarized first pump light 6a and second pump light 6b are incident into the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a for generating a spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) process, and co-linearly propagate in the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a having an optical thickness (OD) of 40. The spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) process in the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1a generates stokes and anti-stokes photons, the stokes photons being the first optical signal 2a and the anti-stokes photons being the second optical signal 2b, as shown in fig. 1. Here, the wavelength of the first pump light 6a is 795nm, the draw ratio frequency is 2 pi × 1.19MHz, the wavelength of the second pump light 6b is 780nm, the draw ratio frequency is 2 pi × 14.79MHz, and the angle between the pump light and the optical signal is preferably a small acute angle within 0 to 10 °, preferably 2.8 °, so as to satisfy a two-photon phase matching condition, so that the count is maximized, the wavelengths of the first optical signal 2a and the second optical signal 2b and the wavelengths of the two pump lights 6a and 6b satisfy a phase matching condition of spontaneous four-wave mixing, and thus the wavelength of the first optical signal 2a is 795nm, and the wavelength of the second optical signal 2b is 780 nm. The first pump light 6a and the second pump light 6b are respectively controlled by the first acousto-optic modulator 9a and the second acousto-optic modulator 9b, and the two pump lights are diffracted by the acousto-optic crystal of the acousto-optic modulator, so that the control of diffraction light power, frequency and turn-off can be realized. An input radio frequency signal can be generated by adopting an arbitrary function generator (Tektronix, AFG3252), and the acousto-optic modulator is modulated by adjusting the parameters of the input radio frequency signal.
The present invention uses a first convex lens 3a and a second convex lens 3b, each having a focal length of 300mm, to collect the second optical signal 2b and the first optical signal 2 a. The second optical signal 2b is received by the second single photon counting module 4b and its time correlation function is measured. The second single-photon counting module 4b is an avalanche diode 2, a PerkinElmer SPCM-AQR-15-FC, the maximum dark counting rate is 50/s, and the declared single-photon first optical signal 2a is coupled into the first single-mode optical fiber 5a through a second convex lens 3 b.
The first optical signal 2a is transmitted through a first single-mode optical fiber 5a, is received by a third convex lens 3c (with a focal length of 300mm), and then enters a second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b, and radicals in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b serve as a raman memory. The specific storage process is as follows: the first optical signal 2a passes directly through the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b with an optical thickness of 35 while adiabatically switching off the first coupled beam 7a, whose ratio frequency ΩC1At 2 pi × 20.61.61 MHz, with a beam waist of 2mm, the stored atomic collective excited states are then obtained:
kS＝kc1-ks1is the wave vector, k, of the atomic spin wavec1And ks1Is the vector of the first coupled light beam 7a and the first optical signal 2a, riThe position of the ith atom of the atomic group in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b is shown. This state is composed of many atoms with mass, corresponding to a state of matter, different from a single photon state. After a controllable storage time, the first coupling beam 7a is switched on again, converting the spin wave back to photon excitation.
The first optical signal 2a is split into two parts by the memory type beam splitter M-BS1 (i.e. the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b), having the following states:
here, η1conIs the conversion efficiency of the optical signal into spin waves in the memory type beam splitter M-BS 1. The two terms on the right in equation (1) represent the respective leakage fractions | L during quantum storage>And a storage section | Ra1>Split state, coefficient and
and
is the amplitude of these two portions. θ 1 ═ ω · Δ t is a relative phase between states having a Δ t storage time, ω denotes an optical frequency of the storage section. Storage section | Ra1>Corresponding to a collective excited state of atoms, which is a state composed of many atoms with mass. The expression given by formula (1) corresponds to the state of superposition of a photon and an atom, and therefore it is not known whether the photon is converted into an atomic state or leaked.
After the storage time Δ t of 200ns has elapsed, the first coupling beam 7a is turned on by the control of the third acousto-optic modulator 9c, and the spin wave in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b is read as | R >.
The first optical signal 2a has a photon superposition state
Here, η1＝η1conη1storedIt is the total storage efficiency of the first optical signal 2a in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b, including the efficiency η of the conversion of the first optical signal 2a into spin waves1conAnd efficiency η of recovery of spin waves into optical excitation1stored. The two split photon wave packets that differ in the time domain correspond to the two arms of the interferometer.
Between the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, the first optical signal 2a is coupled into the second single-mode fiber 5b through the fourth convex lens 3d, and the optical delay is about 1 microsecond, so as to increase the length of the interferometer. In order to enable photons to meet the time delay requirement, the length of the single-mode fiber cannot be less than 200m, but the system stability is deteriorated due to the fact that the fiber is too long, therefore, the lengths of the first single-mode fiber 5a and the second single-mode fiber 5b are preferably within the range of 200-250 m, and in the experiment, the lengths of the first single-mode fiber 5a and the second single-mode fiber 5b are both 200 m.
During the transmission of the first optical signal 2a in the second single-mode optical fiber 5b, it passes through an electro-optical modulator (EOM)8, the relative phase between the two interferometer arms being changed by modulating the phase shift on the storage section | R > by the electro-optical modulator 8, so that the state becomes:
here, the first and second liquid crystal display panels are,
is the phase increased by the electro-optical modulator 8.
The first optical signal 2a transmitted from the second single-mode optical fiber 5b enters the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c after passing through the fifth convex lens 3e, and once the leaked portion reaches the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, random selective insertion or removal of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c has been made to realize a wheatler delay selection experiment, which is controlled by a quantum random number control generator (QRNG). The random number is generated by performing a logical and gate operation between the electrical signal after detection of the stokes photon and a 100kHz logic (TTL) signal generated by an arbitrary function generator. Essentially, the emission of single photons is a spontaneous four-wave mixing process, and thus, random numbers are generated in a quantum random process. The option of inserting or removing the memory-type beam splitter M-BS2 (i.e. the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c) is controlled by the fourth acousto-optical modulator 9d controlling the switching of the second coupled beam 7b, which is randomly decided by the quantum random number control generator QRNG.
The first optical signal 2a coming out of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c is received by the first single-photon counting module 4a after passing through the sixth convex lens 3f and its time correlation function is measured. The time correlation function is measured as follows: the two detectors, the first single photon counting module 4a and the second single photon counting module 4b, were gated in an experimental window and the electrical signals from the two detectors were sent to a time dependent single photon counting system (TimeHarp 260) for measurement of the time correlation function. The first single-photon counting module 4a is an avalanche diode with a maximum dark count rate of 25/s. The six convex lenses used in the experiment of the invention are all used for converging the light path, enhancing the interaction of light and atomic groups and obtaining higher signal-to-noise ratio.
The entire system can be described by a density operator:
ρ＝(1-ξ)|ψ1><ψ1|+ξ|ψ2><ψ2| (3)
here, | ψ2>And | ψ1>The entire system is a mixture of the two states, namely the particle state and the wave state of the first optical signal 2a, which are referred to as the waveshape or the waveshape complementarity.
|ψ2>Corresponding to the case of inserting the memory-type beam splitter M-BS2 (i.e., the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c), the entire device formed a closed Mach-Zender interferometer and had a pull-down ratio frequency of Ω by turning offC2The leaked portion is converted into a spin wave in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c by the second coupled light beam 7b of 2 pi × 24.21 MHz.
ξ denotes the random probability of insertion into the memory-type splitter M-BS2, | ψ2>Can be expressed as:
η2conis the leakage part | L in equation (2)>To the efficiency of spin wave in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 c. After the same storage time of 200ns, the relative phase θ1＝θ2The present invention turns on the second coupling beam 7b to spin the spin wave | R ═ Δ θa2>Restored to an optical signal and then transformed into a restored portion | R by projecting the density matrix ρ into the restored portion | R>Checking the behavior of the photons, wherein the probability of the photons has the following function:
and η1Similarly, η2＝η2conη2storedIs the total storage efficiency of the optical signal in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, wherein η2storedIs the efficiency of the spin wave recovery to photon excitation.
As shown in fig. 2, the present invention explains the complementary wave-particle characteristics corresponding to ξ ═ 0 to 1. Fig. 2(a) to 2(c) correspond to the case of the time correlation function when ξ is 0%, ξ is 50%, and ξ is 100%, respectively, in the figures, the abscissa indicates the amount of phase change of the electro-optical modulator (EOM)8, and the ordinate indicates the coincidence count of recording. If a memory-type beam splitter M-BS2 (corresponding to ξ ═ 1) is inserted, the two arms of the interferometer recombine and the wave phenomenon depicted by the red curve is observed by the present invention. When the memory type beam splitter M-BS2 (corresponding to ξ ═ 0) was removed, the interferometer remained open and no interference was observed, corresponding to the case where the leaked portion was not converted into spin waves and passed directly through the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, revealing particle-like properties, as shown by the red curve.
The coincidence counts recorded in fig. 2(a) -2 (c) the electro-optic modulator 8 changes phase in steps of pi/4. The red curve is fit to:
n is total photon number N650 +/-10, η1＝0.151±0.002，η1con＝0.874±0.011， η20.247 ± 0.005, ξ derived from fig. 2(a) -fig. (c) are 0.001, 0.530 and 0.960, respectively, fig. 2(d) is N650, η1＝0.151，η1con＝0.874，η2When the value is 0.247, the wave behavior is continuously transformed into the simulation result of the particle behavior.
The invention further discloses a gradual change phenomenon among wave particle behaviors by changing the relative proportion (xi ═ 0, 50% and 1) of the quantum random number control generator (QRNG). In general, quantum delay selection experiments require preparation of a superposition state to assist, then measurement by inserting or removing a memory-type beam splitter, and then observing the wave-particle variations. In the solution of the invention, the assistance can be described by the density operator ρ. In fig. 2, ξ takes different values, the phenomenon of going from particle to wave is observed in the present invention. In the closed Mach-Zender interference as shown in fig. 2(c), the calculated visibility of the interference is not very high because the two recovered signals do not match, which is caused by the different bandwidths of the two memories. In fig. 2(a), the interference disappears, revealing the particle nature of the photons. The present invention also investigated intermediate states between the wave-particle behaviors, as shown in fig. 2(b), which revealed the variation between the wave-particle behaviors. In addition, as shown in fig. 2(d), the present invention simulates the variation of continuous wave particles through experimental parameters to further illustrate the delay selection experiment of wheeler, thereby illustrating that the observed photon behavior is essentially dependent on the detection device.
Example 2
The presentation apparatus of the present invention can also describe the wave particle characteristics by adjusting the relationship between the interference capability of the interferometer and the stored parameters (e.g., storage efficiency and storage time) by observing "can" or "cannot" interfere with, and thus observe and prove the complementarity of the wave particles in the light-substance interaction.
As shown in FIG. 3, the storage efficiency in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c is varied by varying the draw ratio frequency of the second coupled beam 7b from 2 π × 27.86.86 to 0, and the visibility of interference varies according to different storage efficiencies, wherein the abscissa represents the amount of phase change of the electro-optical modulator (EOM)8, the ordinate represents the recorded coincidence count, and the red curves are respectively represented as
(where N568 ± 40, η1＝0.122±0.011，η1con0.850 from fig. 3(a) -fig. 3(e), η20.331, 0.259, 0.114, 0.015, 0) fig. 3(f) is a graph of the simulated interference intensity as a function of the effective storage efficiency in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, which shows the simulated interference intensity as a function of η2Change (set N568, η)1＝0.122， η1con0.850). As shown in FIG. 3(a), maximumThe visibility corresponds to a storage efficiency of 33.1% in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 c. Here, in order to obtain perfect interference, the invention balances the restoration signals after the two storage processes. Therefore, the present invention selects an appropriate spin-wave storage efficiency in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical well 1c by changing the draw ratio frequency of the second coupled beam 7 b. In addition to this, it is also important to select an appropriate storage efficiency in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 b. Because if the storage efficiency in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b is too large, the leak portion as the input of the second storage process is too small to obtain a sufficient recovery signal after leaving the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 c. Since the raman storage efficiency strongly depends on the optical thickness of the radicals, we can also control the leaking photon fraction by controlling the optical thickness of the radicals. Therefore, in the experiment of the present invention, the storage efficiency in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1b and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c was practically optimized to achieve the best interference. As shown in fig. 3(e), the minimum visibility corresponds to the case where the storage efficiency of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c is 0, revealing the properties of the particles.
Example 3
The presentation apparatus of the present invention can also observe the change from wave to particle properties by changing the storage time of the spin wave in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 c.
Fig. 4 is a demonstration of a quantum memory acting as a time domain beam splitter. Fig. 4(a) -4 (f) reflect the interference phenomenon in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c in which the spin-wave storage time is from T160 ns to 280 ns. The abscissa in the figure represents the phase change amount of the electro-optical modulator (EOM)8 and the ordinate represents the recorded coincidence count. The dots are experimental data and the red curve is a sinusoidal or constant function. The optimum interference is shown in FIG. 4(c), where the storage time is 200ns, which is the same as the storage time in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1 b. In essence, the visibility of the interference is positively correlated with the degree of coincidence between the two recovered signals. When the storage time of the spin wave in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical well 1c is changed, the degree of coincidence of the two portions of the first optical signal 2a in the time domain also changes. In the case of a storage time of 160ns or 280ns, there are almost no interference fringes in fig. 4(a) and 4(f), where the two recovered signals are almost completely separated. The overlap time window is about 120ns (280 ns-160 ns), approaching a coherence time of the recovered light of 110 ns. In addition, the coincidence degree of the two recovery signals can be controlled by adjusting the waveforms or bandwidths of the two recovery wave packets. In the embodiment of the present invention, the complementarity of the wave particles is investigated by changing the storage time of the spin wave in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap 1c, and the change from the wave to the particle characteristics is observed. These experimental results obtained with these flexible and controllable time Mach-Zender interferometers are useful for our understanding of the bohr's complementary principle in light and substance interactions.
In the invention, the repetition rate of the experiment is 100Hz, the period corresponding to each experiment is 10ms, the trapping time of the two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (namely the preparation time of the cold atoms) is 8.7ms, and the experimental window (the time interval between the completion of data acquisition and the next experiment within one complete experimental period, namely the experimental blank time) is 1.3 ms. The experimental time is controlled by switching the optical path through the acousto-optic modulator.
The demonstration apparatus and the demonstration method of the present invention have verified the wheeler delay selection experiment using two radical raman storage time splitters, which together with the 200m fiber form a time Mach-Zender interferometer. The variation behavior among the ripples is shown by changing experimental parameters such as the relative proportion, the storage efficiency, the storage time and the like of the M-BS. The results of the wheeler delay selection experiments performed under light-atom interactions indicate that it is not meaningful to state the wave or particle behavior of light and a substance before the measurement occurs. The experimental device can be used as an experimental teaching device in a classroom, and further lays a foundation for realizing the basic principle verification and application of quantum mechanics under the appearance of light-atom interaction.
The above-described embodiments should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, and any alternative modifications or alterations to the embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The present invention is not described in detail, but is known to those skilled in the art.
Claims (9)
1. A time-wheeler delay selection presentation device, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:
a first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 a) for generating stokes photons and anti-stokes photons in a spontaneous four-wave mixing process, wherein the stokes photons are a first optical signal (2 a), the anti-stokes photons are a second optical signal (2 b), the first optical signal (2 a) and the second optical signal (2 b) are emitted from the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 a) in opposite directions, the second optical signal (2 b) is collected by a first convex lens (3 a) into a second single-mode optical fiber (5 a) and detected by a second convex lens (3 b), and the first optical signal (2 a) is coupled into a first single-mode optical fiber (5 a);
a first pump light (6 a) and a second pump light (6 b) with orthogonal polarization are transmitted collinearly in opposite directions and are incident into the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 a) for generating the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, the first pump light (6 a) and the second optical signal (2 b) form a small angle included angle, and the second pump light (6 b) and the first optical signal (2 a) form a small angle included angle;
the first optical signal (2 a) transmitted by the first single-mode optical fiber (5 a) enters the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) after passing through a third convex lens (3 c), then exits from the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b), and is coupled into a second single-mode optical fiber (5 b) after passing through a fourth convex lens (3 d);
a first coupling beam (7 a) is incident into the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) for adjusting a storage time of the first optical signal (2 a) in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b);
a third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c), wherein the first optical signal (2 a) transmitted by the second single-mode optical fiber (5 b) enters the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) after passing through a fifth convex lens (3 e), then exits from the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c), and is collected by a sixth convex lens (3 f) into a first single photon counting module (4 a) to be detected;
a second coupling beam (7 b) is incident into the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) for adjusting a storage time of the first optical signal (2 a) in the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c);
an electro-optical modulator 8 connected in the second single mode fiber (5 b) for introducing an amount of phase shift into the first optical signal (2 a) when the first optical signal (2 a) is transmitted in the second single mode fiber (5 b).
Alkali metal atomic groups are trapped in the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 a), the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c), wherein the alkali metal atomic groups in the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 a) are used for generating declared single photons, and the two alkali metal atomic groups in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) and the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) are used as a memory type beam splitter.
2. The presentation device of claim 1, wherein: the first pump light (6 a) and the second pump light (6 b) are respectively controlled by a first acousto-optic modulator (9 a) and a second acousto-optic modulator (9 b), the first coupled light (7 a) and the second coupled light (7 b) are respectively controlled by a third acousto-optic modulator (9 c) and a fourth acousto-optic modulator (9 d), and all the acousto-optic modulators are respectively modulated by an arbitrary function generator.
3. The presentation device of claim 1, wherein: the optical thickness of the first two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 a) is 40, the optical thickness of the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) is 35, and the optical thickness of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) can be adjusted between 0 and 40.
4. The presentation device of claim 1, wherein: the length ranges of the first single mode fiber (5 a) and the second single mode fiber (5 b) are preferably 200-250 meters.
5. The presentation device of claim 1, wherein: the alkali metal atomic group is rubidium atomic group or cesium atomic group.
6. A demonstration method for verifying the complementary wave-particles of light using the demonstration apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, controlling the switching of a first pump light (6 a) and a second pump light (6 b) by a first acousto-optic modulator (9 a) and a second acousto-optic modulator (9 b), respectively, so that the first pump light (6 a) and the second pump light (6 b) with orthogonal polarization propagate collinearly into a first two-dimensional magneto-optic trap (1 a) in opposite directions to generate an spontaneous four-wave mixing process, the first two-dimensional magneto-optic trap (1 a) generates a stokes photon and an anti-stokes photon in the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, the stokes photon is a first optical signal (2 a), the anti-stokes photon is a second optical signal (2 b), the first optical signal (2 a) and the second optical signal (2 b) exit from the first two-dimensional magneto-optic trap (1 a) in opposite directions, the first pump light (6 a) makes a small angle with the second optical signal (2 b), the second pump light (6 b) and the first optical signal (2 a) form a small-angle included angle, the second optical signal (2 b) is collected into a second single-photon counting module (4 b) through a first convex lens (3 a), and the first optical signal (2 a) is coupled into a first single-mode optical fiber (5 a) through a second convex lens (3 b);
step 2, enabling the first optical signal (2 a) coming out of the first single-mode optical fiber (5 a) to enter a second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) after passing through a third convex lens (3 c), adiabatically turning off a first coupling light beam (7 a) so that the first optical signal (2 a) is stored in the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b), and after a controllable storage time, turning on the first coupling light beam (7 a) again so that the first optical signal (2 a) is released from the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b), wherein the first optical signal (2 a) is divided into a storage part and a leakage part in terms of time, and the two parts respectively form two arms of a time mach-interferometer;
step 3, coupling the first optical signal (2 a) coming out of the second two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 b) into a second single-mode optical fiber (5 b) after passing through a fourth convex lens (3 d) to generate a certain optical delay, wherein a certain phase shift is generated on a storage part through an electro-optical modulator (8) in the process that the first optical signal (2 a) is transmitted in the second single-mode optical fiber (5 b);
step 4, enabling the first optical signal (2 a) transmitted from the second single-mode optical fiber (5 b) to enter a third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) after passing through a fifth convex lens (3 e), and controlling the on-off of a second coupling light beam (7 b) through a fourth acoustic-optical modulator (9 d), so as to control the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) to be inserted or removed in the experimental device as a memory type beam splitter;
step 5, collecting the first optical signal (2 a) coming out of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) into a first single photon counting module (4 a) through a sixth convex lens (3 f);
and 6, sending the electric signals from the second single-photon counting module (4 b) and the first single-photon counting module (4 a) to a single-photon counting system related to time, and measuring the time correlation function of the single-photon counting system.
7. The presentation method as claimed in claim 6, wherein: in the step 4, the relative proportion of the quantum random number control generator can be changed to adjust the insertion degree of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) as a memory type beam splitter in the experimental device, so that the variation of the wave particle behavior can be observed through the variation of the interference intensity.
8. The presentation method as claimed in claim 6, wherein: in the step 4, the storage efficiency of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) can be adjusted by changing the draw ratio frequency of the second coupling light beam (7 b), and the wave particle behavior change is observed through the change of interference intensity.
9. The presentation method as claimed in claim 6, wherein: in the step 4, the storage time of the third two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (1 c) can be changed, and the change of the wave particle behavior can be observed through the change of the interference intensity.
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