CN111722275B - Broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation, which comprises the following steps: according to the micro-logging data and the interpretation result, the stratum speed of each stratum is obtained, and stratum factors Q of each stratum are obtained; establishing a near-surface multilayer model according to the layer thickness, the layer velocity and the formation factor explained by the micro-logging, and solving a time-domain near-surface attenuation factor p by using inverse Fourier transform according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on seismic waves; according to the convolution principle of the seismic waves and the inverse Fourier transform, a near-surface absorption attenuation time domain compensation factor p is obtained ‑1 (ii) a Given a desired vibroseis sweep signal x according to the frequency requirements of the survey area B (t); obtaining the controllable seismic source scanning signal x after absorption attenuation compensation A (t) of (d). The invention can obtain the vibroseis broadband scanning signal, and the scanning signal can obtain the expected high-resolution seismic signal after being excited and attenuated by near-surface absorption, thereby finally expanding the frequency width of the received signal and improving the seismic data quality of the vibroseis.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of seismic exploration of controllable seismic sources of oil fields, in particular to a broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation.
Background
High resolution seismic is a necessary means for the fine exploration of oil and gas nowadays, and the guarantee of higher received seismic wave frequency is the basis for the effective implementation of the exploration methods. It is known that the formation absorption attenuation effect is an important factor causing the time variation of seismic wavelets, which seriously affects the improvement of resolution, and especially the attenuation of high frequency components is a main reason for narrowing the frequency band of a reflected signal. Compared with the deep stratum, the near-surface incomplete elastomer has more prominent properties, the deep stratum has more serious absorption attenuation, and the abrupt change of near-surface lithology and speed is more severe than the deep stratum, which is the main reason for reducing the seismic resolution. Therefore, energy compensation is carried out according to the absorption attenuation rule, particularly near-surface absorption attenuation, the high-frequency energy of the reflected signals is improved, the frequency band of the reflected signals is widened, and the method has important significance for improving the seismic resolution.
In order to expand the frequency band, peltier cloud has proposed an amplitude static correction method, but can only eliminate the inconsistency of amplitude caused by near-surface variations, and cannot recover the energy of seismic waves (Peltier cloud, old Tree, liu Shao, etc.. Near-surface Q value derivation and amplitude compensation [ J ] geophysical progress, 2001,16 (4): 18-22); high-frequency compensation is carried out on absorption attenuation near the earth surface by adopting a conventional micro-logging and cannon seismic source micro-logging to obtain a near-earth surface inverse filter factor (the field steel, the cannon knot and the like; high-frequency technical research for compensating seismic data by using micro-logging data [ J ]. Geophysical prospecting for petroleum, 2005,40 (5): 546-549); the method is used for performing near-surface absorption compensation by solving a near-surface inverse filter, has good effect when being used for post-stack data, but enough micro-logging measurement points must be ensured for pre-stack data (Wangjiamin, chentremin, su Mao Xin, and the like; application research of near-surface high-frequency compensation technology in three-dimensional seismic exploration [ J ]. Geophysical science and report, 2007,50 (6): 1837-1842); the technique is suitable for prestack and poststack seismic data, but the effect of the technique depends on the precision of a near-surface velocity model and a Q model (research on near-surface absorption compensation method of seismic data in a desert area [ J ]. Scientific technology and engineering, 2016,16 (8): 49-53).
Although the processing technology is continuously improved, a processing method with a good effect can be found according to the actual data condition, the quality of the original data directly influences the compensation effect, and the compensation effect is played as a key role. Various methods have been studied so far, starting from processing techniques, and in excitation, the frequency band is widened by improving the excitation effect, but the effect is general.
Therefore, it is desired to develop a wideband scanning signal design method for near-surface absorption attenuation compensation, which completes high frequency compensation from the excitation angle to improve the quality of the original data and substantially increase the bandwidth of the seismic original data.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation, and the scanning signal designed by the method can excite high-frequency information with higher energy, expand the frequency bandwidth of seismic data, improve the excitation effect of a controllable seismic source and improve the quality of the seismic data.
The near-surface absorption attenuation compensation of the vibroseis scanning signal is to simplify the near-surface to an absorption attenuation system, the absorption attenuation compensation factor of the system is calculated by using near-surface data to perform deconvolution of the scanning signal, absorption attenuation compensation of the vibroseis scanning signal is completed, the scanning signal is excited and then subjected to near-surface absorption attenuation to obtain an expected high-resolution seismic signal, and finally, the frequency width of a received signal is expanded.
The object of the invention can be achieved by the following technical measures.
A broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 2, establishing a near-surface multilayer model according to the layer thickness, the layer velocity and the formation factor explained by the micro logging, and solving a near-surface attenuation factor p (t) according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on seismic waves;
step 3, solving a near-surface absorption attenuation time domain compensation factor p -1 ；
Step 4, according to the frequency requirement of the exploration area, giving a scanning signal x of the expected controllable seismic source B (t)；
As a preferred technical scheme, in step 1, considering that the micro-logging first-arrival pickup precision directly affects the layer velocity stability, a near-surface multi-layer complex model is generally simplified into a common three-layer or four-layer model, and a li's empirical formula or a spectral ratio method is adopted to obtain a formation factor Q of each layer i 。
As a preferred technical scheme, in step 2, the amplitude spectrum of the seismic wave after the amplitude attenuation under the two-way absorption attenuation can be obtained according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on the seismic wave:
in the formula: p (0) is the initial amplitude spectrum of seismic waves, t n For the nth layer seismic wave to travel vertically in a single pass, Q n Is the nth layer formation factor, and f is the seismic wave frequency; e is a natural constant;
p (f) in the formula (1) is subjected to inverse Fourier transform to obtain a near surface attenuation factor P (t) in a time domain.
As a preferred technical scheme, in step 3, the near-surface is simplified into an absorption attenuation system, and the signals of the input A and the output B of the system are assumed to be s respectively A (t) and s B (t), according to the seismic convolution principle:
s B (t)＝s A (t)*p(t) (2)
in the formula: * Representing the convolution;
fourier transform is carried out on two sides of the step (2) to obtain s A (t) and s B (t) corresponding to the frequency spectrum S A (f) And S B (f) The relation of (1):
S B (f)＝S A (f)×P(f) (3)
in the formula: p (f) is the spectrum of the absorption attenuation factor P (t), i.e. P (f) of formula (1);
after the formula (3) is inverted, inverse Fourier transform is carried out, and the time domain compensation factor p can be obtained -1 ：
Since P (f) is a band-limited signal, then P is calculated -1 The boundary frequency can generate large distortion, a pre-whitening treatment is adopted, a boundary stability coefficient alpha is increased, and a compensation factor is corrected as follows:
in the formula: FFT -1 Is an inverse Fourier transform; α represents a boundary stability factor, and is generally 0 to 0.2.
As a preferred solution, in step 4, according to the frequency requirement of the exploration area, a desired seismic source scanning signal x is given B (t) is a linear scanning signal, given the time-frequency curve f (t) and the ramp function B (t) of the scanning signal, then:
in the formula: x is the number of B And (t) is a vibroseis scanning signal, B (t) is a Blackman slope ramp function, t is vibroseis scanning signal time, and dt is a vibroseis scanning signal time sampling interval.
As a preferred technical scheme, the starting and stopping frequency of the expected vibroseis scanning signal parameters is 3-84Hz, and the scanning length is 24s.
Preferably, in step 5, the method uses equation (7) to obtain the vibroseis scanning signal x after absorption attenuation compensation according to the principle of absorption attenuation compensation A (t)。
x A (t)＝x B (t)*p -1 (7)。
As a preferred technical scheme, the near surface refers to a stratum with the stratum depth of less than 30 m.
With the complexity of an oil and gas exploration area, such as a desert area, the absorption attenuation of a sand dune to seismic waves is particularly serious due to large surface relief and loose near-surface structure, a broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation can compensate partial high-frequency components, expand data bandwidth, solve the problem of seismic data bandwidth from the aspect of excitation and has important influence on improving the seismic exploration effect.
The broadband scanning signal design method based on the absorption attenuation compensation establishes a broadband scanning signal design process based on the absorption attenuation compensation, and the scanning signal is excited and then subjected to near-surface absorption attenuation to obtain an expected high-resolution seismic signal.
Compared with the conventional linear and nonlinear scanning signals, the scanning signals of the invention are designed to be compensated by combining the actual near-surface data according to the expected broadband signals, and the seismic data excited by the scanning signals of the invention has the characteristic of wide frequency band, so that the quality of the seismic data of the vibroseis can be greatly improved.
The invention provides a nonlinear signal design method through the near-surface absorption attenuation characteristic of a scanning signal.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments described in the present application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art according to these drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a wideband scanning signal design method based on absorption-attenuation compensation according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a signal of an embodiment of a broadband scanning signal based on absorption attenuation compensation in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a time-frequency curve of an embodiment of a broadband scanning signal based on absorption attenuation compensation in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a spectral plot of one embodiment of a broadband scanning signal based on absorption-attenuation compensation in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a correlation wavelet of an embodiment of a broadband scanning signal based on absorptive attenuation compensation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a de-encoded record of an embodiment of conventional linear scan signal excitation in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a record of the codec of one embodiment of broadband scanning signal excitation based on absorption attenuation compensation in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a single shot spectral analysis of a conventional linear sweep signal and an embodiment of a broadband sweep signal excitation based on absorption attenuation compensation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, preferred embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below to clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
A broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation comprises the following steps: step 1, calculating the stratum velocity of each layer according to the micro-logging data and the interpretation result, and calculating the formation factor Q value; step 2, establishing a near-surface multilayer model according to the layer thickness, the layer velocity and the formation factor explained by the micro-logging, and solving a near-surface attenuation factor p (t) according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on seismic waves; step 3, solving a near-surface absorption attenuation time domain compensation factor p -1 (ii) a Step 4, according to the frequency requirement of the exploration area, giving a scanning signal x of the expected controllable seismic source B (t); step 5, obtaining the vibroseis scanning signal x after absorption attenuation compensation A (t)。
In step 1, considering the situation that the first arrival picking precision of the micro-logging directly affects the stability of the stratum speed, a near-surface multi-layer complex model is generally simplified into a common three-layer or four-layer model, and a Lee's empirical formula or a frequency spectrum ratio and other methods are adopted to solve the stratum factor Q of each layer i 。
In step 2, the amplitude spectrum of the seismic wave after the amplitude attenuation under the two-way absorption attenuation can be obtained according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on the seismic wave:
in the formula: p (0) is the initial amplitude spectrum of seismic waves, t n Vertical single-pass travel time, Q, for the nth seismic wave n Is the nth layer formation factor, f is the seismic wave frequency; e is a natural constant.
The inverse Fourier transform of P (f) in the formula (1) is carried out to obtain the near surface collecting attenuation factor P (t) of the time domain.
In step 3, the near-surface is simplified to an absorption and attenuation system, and the signals of the input A and the output B of the system are assumed to be s respectively A (t) and s B (t) according to the seismic convolution principle:
s B (t)＝s A (t)*p(t) (2)
in the formula: * Convolution is indicated.
Fourier transform is carried out on two sides of (2) to obtain s A (t) and s B (t) corresponding to the frequency spectrum S A (f) And S B (f) The relation of (1):
S B (f)＝S A (f)×P(f) (3)
in the formula: p (f) is the spectrum of the absorption attenuation factor P (t), i.e. P (f) of formula (1);
after the formula (3) is inverted, inverse Fourier transform is carried out, and the time domain compensation factor p can be obtained -1 ：
Since P (f) is a band-limited signal, then P is calculated -1 The boundary frequency can generate large distortion, a pre-whitening treatment is adopted, a boundary stability coefficient alpha is increased, and a compensation factor is corrected as follows:
in the formula: FFT -1 Is an inverse Fourier transform; α represents a boundary stability factor, and is generally 0 to 0.2.
In step 4, the survey is completed, according to survey area frequency requirements,generally given a desired source sweep signal x B (t) is a linear scanning signal, given the time-frequency curve f (t) and the ramp function B (t) of the scanning signal, then:
in the formula: x is a radical of a fluorine atom B (t) is a vibroseis scanning signal, B (t) is a Blackman slope (Blackman) slope function, t is vibroseis scanning signal time, and dt is a vibroseis scanning signal time sampling interval.
In step 5, according to the absorption attenuation compensation principle, the formula (7) is applied to obtain the vibroseis scanning signal x after the absorption attenuation compensation A (t)。
x A (t)＝x B (t)*p -1 (7)
The description with reference to the drawings is as follows.
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for designing a broadband scanning signal based on absorption-attenuation compensation according to the present invention.
In step 101, considering that the first arrival picking precision of the micro-logging directly influences the stable speed of the stratum, the near-surface model is simplified into a three-layer model (H0 =2.9m, H1=3.44m, H2=23.66m, V0=371m/s, V1=866m/s and V2=1653 m/s), and the formation factor Q of each layer is obtained by using the Lee's empirical formula method i . Step 102 is performed simultaneously.
In step 102, a near-surface three-layer model is established according to the layer thickness, the layer velocity and the formation factor explained by the micro logging, and a near-surface attenuation factor p (t) is obtained according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on the seismic waves. The flow proceeds to step 103.
In step 103, a near-surface absorption decay time domain compensation factor p is obtained -1 . Flow proceeds to step 104.
In step 104, according to the frequency requirement of the exploration area, the parameters of the scanning signal of the expected controllable seismic source are given, the starting and stopping frequency is 3-84Hz, the scanning length is 24s, and a linear scanning signal x is designed B (t) of (d). The flow proceeds to step 105.
In step 105, the vibroseis scanning signal x after absorption attenuation compensation is obtained according to the absorption attenuation compensation principle A (t)。
In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, a scanning signal designed by the broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation is obtained, wherein the start-stop frequency is 3 Hz to 84Hz, and the scanning length is 24s.
In a specific embodiment applying the present invention, a broadband scanning signal is designed according to the scanning frequency requirement of a certain exploration area in Xinjiang, the start-stop frequency is 3-84Hz, the scanning length is 24s, the start-stop slope is 500-500ms, the signal design is performed by applying the present invention, and the specific implementation steps are shown in FIG. 1; the generated vibroseis scanning signal is shown in figure 2, and is compared with a linear scanning signal with the starting and stopping frequency of 3-84Hz, the scanning length of 18s and the starting and stopping slope of 500-500ms, the designed broadband scanning signal with absorption attenuation compensation is equivalent to the energy of the 18s linear scanning signal after being absorbed and attenuated by the earth, and the time-frequency curves of the two scanning signals are shown in figure 3; performing spectrum analysis on the two scanning signals to obtain a spectrum curve, as shown in fig. 4; performing autocorrelation analysis on the two scanning signals to obtain correlated wavelets, as shown in fig. 5; after the scanning signal generated by the invention is tested to be qualified, the scanning signal is input into a controllable seismic source to carry out operation, as shown in fig. 6, the linear scanning signal scanning is used for obtaining the seismic single-shot original de-coding record, as shown in fig. 7, the absorption attenuation compensation broadband scanning signal scanning is used for obtaining the seismic single-shot original de-coding record, and as shown in fig. 8, the frequency spectrum analysis of a target layer is respectively carried out on two single shots generated by the seismic source. Compared with the conventional linear scanning signal, the scanning signal has the characteristics of wider single-shot frequency bandwidth, stronger high-frequency energy and the like, and the excited seismic data have higher energy and signal-to-noise ratio, so that the quality of the seismic data of the vibroseis is greatly improved.
In this embodiment, the near-surface absorption attenuation compensation of the vibroseis scanning signal is to simplify the near-surface into an absorption attenuation system, the absorption attenuation compensation factor of the system is calculated by using near-surface data to perform deconvolution operation on the scanning signal, absorption attenuation compensation of the vibroseis scanning signal is completed, the scanning signal is excited and then subjected to near-surface absorption attenuation to obtain a desired high-resolution seismic signal, and finally, the bandwidth of a received signal is expanded.
Claims (5)
1. A broadband scanning signal design method based on absorption attenuation compensation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, calculating the layer thickness and layer speed of each stratum near the surface of the target area according to the micro-logging data and an interpretation result, and calculating the Q value of each stratum factor;
step 2, establishing a near-surface multilayer model according to the layer thickness, the layer velocity and the formation factor explained by the micro logging, and solving a near-surface absorption attenuation factor p (t) according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on seismic waves;
step 3, solving a near-surface absorption attenuation time domain compensation factor p -1 ；
Step 4, according to the frequency requirement of the exploration area, giving a scanning signal x of the expected controllable seismic source B (t)；
Step 5, solving the vibroseis scanning signal x after absorption attenuation compensation according to the absorption attenuation compensation principle A (t)；
In step 2, the amplitude spectrum of the seismic wave after the amplitude attenuation under the two-way absorption attenuation can be obtained according to the absorption and dispersion effects of the earth on the seismic wave:
in the formula: p (0) is the initial amplitude spectrum of seismic waves, t n For the nth layer seismic wave to travel vertically in a single pass, Q n Is the nth layer formation factor, and f is the seismic wave frequency; e is a natural constant;
performing inverse Fourier transform on P (f) in the formula (1) to obtain a near-surface absorption attenuation factor P (t) in a time domain;
in step 3, the near-surface is simplified to an absorption and attenuation system, and the signals of the input A and the output B of the system are assumed to be s respectively A (t) and s B (t), according to the seismic convolution principle:
s B (t)＝s A (t)*p(t) (2)
in the formula: * Representing the convolution;
fourier transform is carried out on two sides of the step (2) to obtain s A (t) and s B (t) corresponding to the frequency spectrum S A (f) And S B (f) The relation of (1):
S B (f)＝S A (f)×P(f) (3)
in the formula: p (f) is the spectrum of the absorption attenuation factor P (t), i.e. P (f) of formula (1);
after the formula (3) is inverted, inverse Fourier transform is carried out, and the time domain compensation factor p can be obtained -1 ：
Since P (f) is a band-limited signal, then P is calculated -1 The boundary frequency can generate large distortion, a pre-whitening treatment is adopted, a boundary stability coefficient alpha is increased, and a compensation factor is corrected as follows:
in the formula: FFT -1 Is an inverse Fourier transform; alpha represents a boundary stability coefficient, and is 0 to 0.2.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the following steps: in the step 1, considering the condition that the micro-logging first arrival picking precision directly influences the layer velocity stability, simplifying a near-surface multi-layer complex model into a common three-layer or four-layer model, and solving a stratum factor Q of each layer by adopting a Lee's empirical formula or a frequency spectrum ratio method i 。
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: in step 4, the expected seismic is given according to the survey area frequency requirementsSource scanning signal x B (t) is a linear scanning signal, given the time-frequency curve f (t) and the ramp function B (t) of the scanning signal, then:
in the formula: x is the number of B And (t) is a vibroseis scanning signal, B (t) is a Blackman ramp function, t is vibroseis scanning signal time, and dt is a vibroseis scanning signal time sampling interval.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: in step 5, according to the absorption attenuation compensation principle, the formula (7) is used for solving the vibroseis scanning signal x after the absorption attenuation compensation A (t)
x A (t)＝x B (t)*p -1 (7)。
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: the near surface refers to the stratum with the stratum depth of less than 30 m.
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