CN111707654A - Colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman dual-sensing analysis method and reagent for copper ions - Google Patents
Colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman dual-sensing analysis method and reagent for copper ions Download PDFInfo
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- CN111707654A CN111707654A CN202010412749.2A CN202010412749A CN111707654A CN 111707654 A CN111707654 A CN 111707654A CN 202010412749 A CN202010412749 A CN 202010412749A CN 111707654 A CN111707654 A CN 111707654A
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
- G01N21/658—Raman scattering enhancement Raman, e.g. surface plasmons
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/29—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using visual detection
Abstract
The invention relates to a colorimetric and surface enhanced Raman double-sensing analysis method for copper ions, which comprises the following steps: s1: preparing 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles; s2: preparing 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles; s3: mixing and incubating 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles and 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles to obtain GNPs-AgNPs compound; s4: and dropwise adding the solution to be tested on the surface of the GNPs-AgNPs compound, carrying out colorimetric qualitative analysis on the solution and the standard color, then carrying out qualitative analysis by adopting an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometer, simultaneously detecting Raman signals by adopting the Raman spectrometer, and realizing qualitative and quantitative detection through spectrum comparison and signal intensity conversion. Compared with the prior art, the GNPs-AgNPs structure prepared by the invention is used for detecting Cu2+GNPs-AgNPs structures and Cu2+After combination, a sandwich-like structure is formed, so that the detection is extremely highSensitivity, less sample consumption and lower detection limit than that of a single probe molecule.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of copper ion detection, in particular to a colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman double-sensing analysis method and a reagent for copper ions.
Background
With the increasing quality of life, the environmental pollution problem and the research on various trace elements in the living body are urgent, and the reports related to the problem are continuously increased. Cu2+The trace element is also a heavy metal ion widely existing in the environment and also plays a role in maintaining normal work of the organism in the human body, the trace element is needed for hematopoiesis in human cells, and the copper ion is needed to participate in the enzyme reaction and the oxidation-reduction process in the life body. If Cu in the living body2+The metabolic disruption may lead to diseases such as Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Mengkins syndrome, and Cu in the environment2+Too high a concentration may also cause serious toxicity to the living body. Therefore, it becomes important and necessary to detect copper ions.
Currently detecting Cu2+The method mainly comprises an atomic absorption method, a fluorescence quenching method, a polarograph method, an electrochemiluminescence analysis method, an electric modification method, an inductive coupling plasma method, a mass spectrometry method and the like. But above Cu2+The measurement method of (2) is complicated in operation, expensive in instruments, and requires a certain time for analysis.
CN110530847A discloses Cu for specificity identification2+The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate and the preparation method and the application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: under magnetic stirring, NaBH is added4Adding to AgNO3Obtaining a light yellow solution in the solution, continuously stirring for 5min, and adjusting the pH value of the solution to obtain an AgNPs solution; and adding the AgNPs solution into a 4-mercaptobenzoic acid solution, stirring, removing the ice water bath after the reaction is finished, and returning the temperature to the room temperature to obtain the target product. The technology has the defects that the reduction performance of sodium borohydride is too strong, the reaction temperature is not well controlled, and the nano silver material with controllable appearance and good reproducibility is difficult to obtain, so that the application of the nano silver material is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman double-sensing analysis method and an analysis reagent for copper ions, wherein a GNPs @ Mpy-AgNPs @ MBA (GNPs-AgNPs) structure is obtained by preparation, so that specific combination with the copper ions is realized, and the simple, quick, accurate and low-cost qualitative and quantitative analysis is realized by the multifunctional sensor for detecting the metal ions through surface-enhanced Raman or color change.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
the colorimetric and surface enhanced Raman double-sensing analysis method for copper ions comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles (AgNPs @ MBA);
s2: preparing 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles (GNPs @ Mpy);
s3: mixing and incubating 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles and 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles to obtain a GNPs-AgNPs compound, namely assembling a GNPs @ Mpy-AgNPs @ MBA (GNPs-AgNPs) structure;
s4: dropwise adding a solution to be tested on the surface of the GNPs-AgNPs compound, carrying out colorimetric qualitative analysis with a standard color, then carrying out qualitative analysis by adopting an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometer, and simultaneously carrying out detection on a Raman signal by adopting a Raman spectrometer, wherein the excitation wavelength of the Raman spectrometer is 785nm, and the integration time is 10s, so as to obtain an SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering) spectrum of the sample, and comparing the SERS spectrum with the spectrum of a single probe molecule, thereby realizing qualitative and quantitative detection.
Further, the preparation process of the 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles in the step S1 is as follows:
s1-1: adding HAuCl4Heating the water solution to boiling, then adding sodium citrate, stopping heating after the boiling solution turns to wine red, cooling to room temperature, filtering, centrifuging, concentrating and enriching to obtain gold nanoparticles;
s1-2: and placing the gold nanoparticles into a 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution, incubating at room temperature, centrifuging to remove 4-mercaptopyridine which is not combined with the gold nanoparticles, and dispersing the centrifuged precipitate with water to obtain a 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticle dispersion solution.
Further, HAuCl in step S1-14The addition amount of the sodium citrate is 0.1 percent wt of the addition amount of water, the addition amount of the sodium citrate is 10 percent wt of the addition amount of water, a 0.45 mu m microporous filter membrane is adopted during filtration, and a microporous filter membrane is adopted during centrifugationCentrifuging at 6000r/min for 10 min.
Further, in the step S1-2, the concentration of the 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution is 1mmol/L, the adding volume ratio of the 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution to the gold nanoparticles is 1:100, the incubation time is 6 hours, and the centrifugation is carried out for 3min at 5000 r.
Further, the preparation process of the silver nanoparticles modified with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid in the step S2 is as follows:
s2-1: preparing a mixed solution of glycerol and water, adding silver nitrate, adding sodium citrate for reaction, cooling to room temperature, centrifuging, concentrating and enriching to obtain silver nanoparticles;
s2-2: mixing the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid ethanol solution and the silver nanoparticles, incubating at room temperature, centrifuging for 3min to remove 4-mercaptobenzoic acid which is not combined with the silver nanoparticles, and dispersing the centrifuged precipitate with water to prepare the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticle dispersion liquid.
Further, in the step S2-1, the adding volume ratio of the glycerol to the water is 2:3, the mixed liquid of the glycerol and the water is heated to 95 ℃ before adding the silver nitrate, the mass ratio of the adding amount of the silver nitrate to the adding amount of the glycerol is 5% wt, the mass ratio of the adding amount of the sodium citrate to the adding amount of the glycerol is 10% wt, and the centrifugal speed is 9800 r/min.
Further, in the step S2-2, the mass-to-volume ratio of the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid ethanol to the silver nanoparticles is 1: 20-1: 80.
Further, in the step S3, the mass ratio of the silver nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptobenzoic acid to the gold nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptopyridine is 1: 1-1: 10.
Further, in step S4, when qualitative analysis of copper ions is performed by ultraviolet light, the characteristic absorption peaks include AgNPs peak corresponding to 423nm, GNPs peak corresponding to 531nm, and chelating molecule peak at 730nm (sandwich-like structure GNPs @ Mpy-AgNPs @ MBA (GNPs-AgNPs));
furthermore, 1224 +/-2 cm is adopted for qualitative analysis of copper ions by a Raman spectrometer-1And 1429. + -.2 cm-1As a characteristic peak for detecting copper ions;
further, by RamanWhen the spectrometer is used for carrying out quantitative analysis on copper ions, I is adopted1224And I1429The actual concentration of copper ions is calculated corresponding to the linear relationship between the peak intensity and the concentration of copper ions.
Further, the colorimetric standard in the invention is obtained by calibrating copper ions with different concentrations under a fluorescent lamp.
The components of the copper ion detection reagent comprise GNPs-AgNPs compound, and the GNPs-AgNPs compound is obtained by mixing and incubating silver nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and gold nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptopyridine.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the silver nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and the gold nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptopyridine are mixed to obtain a GNPs-AgNPs structure to detect Cu2+GNPs-AgNPs structures and Cu2+The technical scheme organically combines two nano materials to generate a new structure, and is simple and environment-friendly to prepare the surface enhanced Raman substrate, and the Cu is detected by the double sensing chips2+Provides a new idea.
2. The invention adopts colorimetric and surface enhanced Raman dual sensing modes to Cu2+The detection is carried out, the color of the sample can be visually observed to be changed from yellow brown to blue by naked eyes, namely, the rapid colorimetric qualitative analysis is realized, and meanwhile, the accurate qualitative analysis is realized through AgNPs peak corresponding to 423nm, GNPs peak corresponding to 531nm and chelating molecule peak at 730 nm; meanwhile, the Raman spectrum can be seen at 1224cm-1And 1429cm-1And a new peak appears, and at the same time, the concentration of the copper ions is increased along with the increase of the concentration of the copper ions, so that the copper ions can be qualitatively detected.
3. The qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of the content of copper ions in water and soil can be realized by a colorimetric surface-enhanced Raman dual-sensing detection analysis method, the detection limit of the copper ions is 0.032 mu M by a colorimetric method, and the detection limit of the surface-enhanced Raman method is 0.6 pM.
Drawings
Fig. 1A is a 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticle dispersion, fig. 1B is a 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticle dispersion, fig. 1C is a dispersion obtained by mixing (4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticle + 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticle) and fig. 1D is a dispersion obtained by mixing (4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticle + 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticle) and adding copper ions after fluorescent light color change.
FIG. 2 is a graph of the ultraviolet spectrum of probe molecules in an example of the present invention as the concentration of added copper ions increases;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the color change of probe molecules in the example of the present invention under a fluorescent lamp as the concentration of added copper ions increases;
FIG. 4 is a SERS spectrum with enhanced copper ion concentrations in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with markers (1224 cm)-1And 1429cm-1) Is a pattern characteristic peak of copper ions;
FIG. 5 shows the concentration of copper ion as a standard and the intensity of characteristic peak (1224. + -.2 cm)-1And 1429. + -.2 cm-1) The linear relationship is shown schematically.
Fig. 6 is a flow chart of a detection method of an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
Example 1
Preparation of GNPs-AgNPs structures
(1) Preparation of gold nanoparticles
Into a three-necked flask, 100ml of water and 1ml of 10% HAucl were charged4Heating to boil, adding 1 ml% sodium citrate, boiling for 30min, stopping heating, cooling to room temperature, filtering with 0.45 μ M microporous membrane, centrifuging at 6000r for 10min for three times, and concentrating and enriching gold nanoparticles.
(2) Preparation of 4-mercaptopyridine-modified gold nanoparticles
10ul of 1mM 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution and 1ml of gold nanoparticle solution are incubated for 6h at room temperature, and the solution is centrifuged at 5000r for 3min to remove the unbound 4-mercaptopyridine. The centrifuged precipitate was dispersed in 1ml of ultrapure water. The prepared gold nanorod dispersion liquid modified by the 4-mercaptopyridine is stored at 4 ℃.
(3) Preparation of spherical silver nanoparticles
Slowly adding 40ml of glycerol and 60ml of water into a three-neck flask, heating to 95 ℃, then adding 2ml of 5% silver nitrate, quickly adding 4ml of 5% sodium citrate after 2min, reacting for 1h, cooling to room temperature, centrifuging for 10min at 9800r for three times, and concentrating the silver-enriched nanospheres.
(4) Preparation of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanosphere
10ul of 5mM 4-mercaptobenzoic acid ethanol solution and 1ml of silver nanoparticle solution were incubated at room temperature for 4h, and centrifuged at 8000r for 3min to remove unbound 4-mercaptobenzoic acid. The centrifuged precipitate was dispersed in 1ml of ultrapure water. Preparing 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticle dispersion liquid, and storing at 4 ℃.
(5) Mixing of 4-mercaptopyridine-modified gold nanoparticles and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid-modified silver nanoparticles
1ml of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles are added into a 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticle solution and incubated for 4 hours at room temperature to prepare a mixed dispersion liquid.
Example 2
Cu2+Complexation assay for GNPs-AgNPs probe molecules
(1)Cu2+Complexation of GNPs-AgNPs probe molecules
To the example 1, a series of concentrations of copper ions were added to assemble GNPs-Cu2+The color change before and after assembly of the AgNPs system is shown in FIG. 1.
(2) Raman detection of copper ions
The invention adopts an ultraviolet visible absorption spectrometer to measure the color change after adding copper ions (0-100 mu M) with different concentrations, and figure 2 is the ultraviolet response spectrum change of GNPs-AgNPs probe molecules along with the increase of the copper ion concentration in example 1. FIG. 2 shows that ultraviolet absorption peaks of AgNPs and GNPs respectively appear at 423nm and 531nm, and a new peak appears at 730nm when nanoparticles are aggregated by chelation of copper ions and probe molecules with the increase of the concentration of the copper ions, and FIG. 3 records a color change graph under a fluorescent lamp after the addition of copper ions (0-100 μ M) with different concentrations. The results show that the colorimetric detection limit is 0.032. mu.M, and the solution gradually turns blue as the concentration of copper ions increases. Therefore, the content of the copper ions can be clearly measured through visual observation.
(3) Raman detection of copper ions
In this embodiment, a portable Raman spectrometer is used to detect Raman signals, the excitation wavelength is 785nm, the integration time is 10s, and 10ul of Cu is used2+And adding the SERS signal into a GNPs-AgNPs mixed system, and correcting a baseline by deducting a background and performing multi-point linear fitting to acquire the SERS signal. Using 1224 + -2 cm-1And 1429. + -.2 cm-1As a characteristic peak for detecting copper ions. From FIG. 4, it can be seen that the Raman shift is 1224cm with the increase of copper ions-1And 1429cm-1The Raman intensity is increased in sequence and is selected as I1224And I1429A linear relationship was established between the corresponding peak intensity and the concentration of copper ions (fig. 5), and the Detection Limit (DL) was calculated from the ratio of 3-fold measurement blank standard deviation () to the slope (k) of the linear curve, i.e., DL is 3/k, and the detection limit of copper ions was found to be 0.6 pM. The content of the copper ions can be calculated according to the linear relation between the concentration of the copper ions and the intensity of the Raman signal.
Example 3
Actual water and soil sample detection
Fig. 6 schematically shows a flow chart of the detection of copper ions in water samples and soil samples according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the detection method comprises the following steps:
(1) gold nanoparticles were prepared in the same manner as in example 1;
(2) preparing 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles by the same steps as in example 1;
(3) silver nanoparticles were prepared in the same manner as in example 1;
(4) preparing 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles in the same manner as in example 1;
(5) mixing the gold nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptopyridine with the silver nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, the procedure being as in example 1;
(6) adding Cu-containing to-be-tested Cu-to-be-tested into a mixed system of 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles2+The procedure of (1) was the same as in example 2;
(7) detection by portable Raman spectrometer to detect Cu2+Performing qualitative and quantitative analysis detection
In this embodiment, after being processed, various water samples including tap water, mineral water, river water, sea water and soil samples are respectively added with three standard copper ion (0 μ M, 10 μ M and 50 μ M) solutions with different concentrations, and an ultraviolet absorption spectrometer and a portable raman spectrometer are adopted to determine the actual standard water sample and the soil sample, and the standard copper ion solutions are compared with a standard curve of copper ions, so that the detection of the content of copper ions in the water sample and the soil sample is realized. As can be seen from Table 1, the analysis result of the method is well matched with the result of the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, which shows that the method has good detection accuracy and is expected to be used as a rapid detection method for rapid analysis and detection of copper ions in the environment.
TABLE 1
aND：lower than LOD
bR：recovery of the method
The embodiments described above are described to facilitate an understanding and use of the invention by those skilled in the art. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments may be made, and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A colorimetric and surface-enhanced raman dual-sensing assay for copper ions comprising the steps of:
s1: preparing 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles;
s2: preparing 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles;
s3: mixing and incubating 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticles and 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticles to obtain GNPs-AgNPs compound;
s4: dropwise adding a solution to be tested on the surface of the GNPs-AgNPs compound, carrying out colorimetric qualitative analysis with a standard color, then carrying out qualitative analysis by adopting an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometer, simultaneously carrying out detection on a Raman signal by adopting a Raman spectrometer, wherein the excitation wavelength of the Raman spectrometer is 785nm, thus obtaining an SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering) spectrum of the sample, and realizing qualitative and quantitative detection through spectrum comparison and signal intensity conversion.
2. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced raman double-sensing analysis method for copper ions according to claim 1, wherein the preparation process of the 4-mercaptopyridine-modified gold nanoparticles in the step S1 is as follows:
s1-1: adding HAuCl4Heating the water solution to boiling, then adding sodium citrate, stopping heating after the boiling solution turns to wine red, cooling to room temperature, filtering, centrifuging, concentrating and enriching to obtain gold nanoparticles;
s1-2: and placing the gold nanoparticles into a 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution, incubating at room temperature, centrifuging to remove 4-mercaptopyridine which is not combined with the gold nanoparticles, and dispersing the centrifuged precipitate with water to obtain a 4-mercaptopyridine modified gold nanoparticle dispersion solution.
3. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy method for copper ions according to claim 2, wherein the HAuCl is used in the step S1-14Is added in the amount of waterThe amount of the sodium citrate is 0.1 wt%, the addition amount of the sodium citrate is 10 wt% of the addition amount of water, a 0.45 mu m microporous filter membrane is adopted during filtration, and the centrifugation speed of 6000r/min is adopted during centrifugation for 10 min.
4. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman dual-sensing analysis method for copper ions according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of the 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution in the step S1-2 is 1mmol/L, the adding volume ratio of the 4-mercaptopyridine ethanol solution to the gold nanoparticles is 1:100, the incubation time is 6 hours, and the centrifugation is carried out for 3min at 5000 r.
5. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced raman double-sensing analysis method for copper ions according to claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles modified with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid in the step S2 are prepared by:
s2-1: preparing a mixed solution of glycerol and water, adding silver nitrate, adding sodium citrate for reaction, cooling to room temperature, centrifuging, concentrating and enriching to obtain silver nanoparticles;
s2-2: mixing the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid ethanol solution and the silver nanoparticles, incubating at room temperature, centrifuging for 3min to remove 4-mercaptobenzoic acid which is not combined with the silver nanoparticles, and dispersing the centrifuged precipitate with water to prepare the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified silver nanoparticle dispersion liquid.
6. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman double-sensor analysis method for copper ions according to claim 5, wherein the adding volume ratio of glycerol to water in step S2-1 is 2:3, the mixed liquid of glycerol and water is heated to 95 ℃ before adding silver nitrate, the mass ratio of the adding amount of silver nitrate to the adding amount of glycerol is 5% wt, the mass ratio of the adding amount of sodium citrate to the adding amount of glycerol is 10% wt, and the centrifugal rotation speed is 9800 r/min.
7. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy method for copper ions according to claim 5, wherein the mass-to-volume ratio of the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid ethanol to the silver nanoparticles in the step S2-2 is 1:20 to 1: 80.
8. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman double-sensing analysis method for copper ions according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid-modified silver nanoparticles to the 4-mercaptopyridine-modified gold nanoparticles in the step S3 is 1:1 to 1: 10.
9. The colorimetric and surface-enhanced raman double-sensing analysis method for copper ions according to claim 1, wherein in the step S4, when the qualitative analysis of copper ions is performed by ultraviolet, the characteristic absorption peaks include an AgNPs peak corresponding to 423nm, a GNPs peak corresponding to 531nm, and a chelating molecule peak at 730 nm;
when the qualitative analysis of the copper ions is carried out by a Raman spectrometer, 1224 +/-2 cm is adopted-1And 1429. + -.2 cm-1As a characteristic peak for detecting copper ions;
when the quantitative analysis of copper ions is carried out by a Raman spectrometer, I is adopted1224And I1429The actual concentration of copper ions is calculated corresponding to the linear relationship between the peak intensity and the concentration of copper ions.
10. The copper ion detection reagent is characterized by comprising a GNPs-AgNPs compound, wherein the GNPs-AgNPs compound is obtained by mixing and incubating silver nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and gold nanoparticles modified by 4-mercaptopyridine.
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