CN111675251A - Cathode material, preparation method thereof and lithium ion battery - Google Patents
Cathode material, preparation method thereof and lithium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method of a positive electrode material, which comprises the following steps: crushing the waste lithium ion battery without the shell, treating crushed materials with nitric acid, dissolving metal elements, and filtering to obtain filtrate; and adding ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid into the filtrate, controlling the pH value to be 7.5-10 by using ammonia water, and filtering after reaction to obtain a precipitate A and a filtrate B. Also provided are a cathode material prepared by the method and a lithium ion battery containing the cathode material. According to the invention, the anode material is prepared by taking the waste battery as a raw material, manganese and iron elements are separated by adopting a method for controlling the pH value, the separated manganese elements become the inner core of a new synthetic ternary material, and Fe introduced in the production process is utilized to synthesize the lithium iron manganese phosphate, so that the iron removal effect is achieved, the waste is utilized, the resource is saved, and the environment is protected.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of chemical power sources, and particularly relates to a positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery.
Background
At present, the wide use of lithium ion batteries tends to bring a large amount of waste batteries, if the waste batteries are discarded at will, the environment is seriously polluted, and resources are wasted. Lithium ion batteries contain a large amount of metal resources such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), and nickel (Ni). If the precious metals with high economic value in the waste lithium ion batteries can be recycled, the method has great significance in the aspects of environmental protection and resource recycling.
In the prior art, the recovery of the ternary lithium ion battery has many problems, such as the failure of full component recovery and the inevitable mixing of Fe in the industrial recovery process. Fe is unfavorable for the ternary material, and a great deal of work is done before the removal of Fe, such as the removal of Fe by adopting a magnetic separation mode. The method is time-consuming, labor-consuming, poor in effect, incapable of ensuring complete removal, and capable of treating the waste after removal, so that the waste is not utilized, resources are wasted, and the environment is polluted.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects, the invention provides a preparation method of a positive electrode material, the positive electrode material prepared by the method and a lithium ion battery containing the positive electrode material.
The invention provides a preparation method of a cathode material, which comprises the following steps: crushing the waste lithium ion battery without the shell, treating crushed materials with acid, dissolving metal elements, and filtering to obtain filtrate; and adding ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid into the filtrate, controlling the pH value to be 7.5-10 by using ammonia water, and filtering after reaction to obtain a precipitate A and a filtrate B.
The invention also provides a positive electrode material prepared by the method.
The invention also provides a lithium ion battery which comprises the cathode material.
According to the invention, the anode material is prepared by taking the waste battery as a raw material, manganese and iron elements are separated by adopting a method for controlling the pH value, the separated manganese elements become the inner core of a new synthetic ternary material, and Fe introduced in the production process is utilized to synthesize the lithium iron manganese phosphate, so that the iron removal effect is achieved, the waste is utilized, the resource is saved, and the environment is protected. The method of the invention can directly crush the lithium ion battery without the shell, does not need sorting, and is suitable for industrial production. The method utilizes all components of the aluminum foil, the copper foil, the diaphragm and the inactive substances including the adhesive and the conductive agent, and does not generate new pollution in the process.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an XRD pattern of the cathode material prepared in example 1.
Fig. 2 is a graph of discharge capacity versus cycle number for the positive electrode materials of example 1 and comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
The 'waste lithium ion battery' in the patent comprises waste lithium ion batteries, such as pole pieces with problems before battery formation, including pole pieces with unqualified coating, pole pieces with problems generated by rolling, pole pieces with problems generated in the assembly process, and the like; also included are old lithium ion batteries, such as batteries that have been formed, classified, have problems during cycling, and are decommissioned after injection.
The preparation method of the cathode material comprises the following steps: crushing the waste lithium ion battery without the shell, treating crushed materials with acid, and dissolving metal elements to obtain a mixed solution; and adding ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid into the mixed solution, controlling the pH value to be 7.5-10 by using ammonia water, and filtering after reaction to obtain a precipitate A and a filtrate B. The invention takes the waste lithium ion battery as the raw material, the shell of the waste lithium ion battery is removed, and then the battery is crushed. The material can be crushed using any suitable equipment, for example a crusher, the size of the crushed material being specifically selected by the skilled person according to the actual need.
After the crushing, the crushed raw material is dissolved with an acid, and in one embodiment, the acid is an acid capable of dissolving Cu metal, such as but not limited to nitric acid, perchloric acid, and the like, so that all Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Li, and a small amount of Fe are dissolved in the raw material.
In another embodiment, the acid used is an acid that can dissolve the oxide of Cu, and organic and inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and the like can be used.
In order to increase the reaction rate, the reaction mixture may be stirred, for example, at a rotation speed of 50rpm to 100rpm for 24 to 36 hours, to dissolve the metal elements Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Li and a small amount of Fe in the raw materials. After the reaction is completed, a mixed solution containing the metal ions is obtained.
And adding ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid into the mixed solution, and controlling the pH value of the reaction by adopting ammonia water, wherein the pH value is controlled to be 7.5-10. Manganese phosphate, iron phosphate and a small amount of lithium phosphate precipitate due to the inability of manganese/iron ions to form complexes with ammonia and the limited ability of lithium phosphate to complex with ammonia. In order to accelerate the reaction, the reaction temperature may be increased, for example, to 80 to 100 ℃. In the step, manganese and iron elements are separated from other elements by a method of controlling the pH value to obtain precipitates of manganese phosphate and iron phosphate, Fe introduced in the production process is utilized to synthesize lithium manganese iron phosphate, so that the effect of removing iron is achieved, wastes are utilized, resources are saved, and the environment is protected. After the reaction was completed, filtration was performed to obtain a precipitate a and a filtrate B. The precipitate A is manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, graphite, a diaphragm, a binder, a conductive agent and the like. The filtrate B is a metal ion ammonia water phosphate complex solution containing copper, nickel, cobalt, aluminum and lithium.
The precipitate a may then be sintered with a lithium salt that can be decomposed by heating in a protective gas to give a product C. The lithium salt that can be decomposed by heating may be one or more of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium formate, lithium acetate, lithium oxalate, and the like, but is not limited thereto. And carbonizing the diaphragm, the binder and the conductive agent in the precipitate A in the sintering process to form a carbon material, thereby obtaining a product C of the carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate. One skilled in the art can select a proper proportion to mix with a proper lithium salt according to the content of each component in the raw material, so as to obtain the product C of the carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate with a predetermined component content.
For filtrate B, aldehyde may be added to perform a copper mirror reaction. The aldehyde may be formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or the like, and the aldehyde is preferably an aldehyde having 5 or more carbon atoms, for example, glucose, glutaraldehyde, citral or the like. The aldehyde organic is added to remove copper ions, on the one hand, and to serve as a carbon source, on the other hand. The reaction temperature can be controlled between 60 ℃ and 80 ℃, and Cu are obtained by filtering after the reaction2Precipitate O and filtrate D. In the step, Cu in the solution can be removed, so that the nickel, cobalt, aluminum and lithium remained in the solution can be reused.
After the copper mirror reaction, the filtrate D also contains metal ions of nickel, cobalt, aluminum and lithium, ammonia water phosphate complex, excessive aldehyde which does not produce the copper mirror reaction and/or acid produced after the copper mirror reaction. And adding the obtained product C of the carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate into the filtrate D for evaporation crystallization, and sintering at 600-800 ℃ in an inert atmosphere after the solution is dried. And finally, obtaining the carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate as the core and the nickel-cobalt lithium aluminate-coated composite material.
The copper mirror reaction is adopted to remove copper, and simultaneously carbon-containing organic matters are introduced, wherein the carbon-containing organic matters can be at least one of excessive aldehyde which does not generate the copper mirror reaction and acid generated after the copper mirror reaction, so that the final product is coated. Therefore, the side reaction of the lithium iron manganese phosphate and the electrolyte is improved by coating the ternary material.
The invention also protects the anode material prepared by the method.
The cathode material can be used in lithium ion batteries.
The method of the invention can directly crush the lithium ion battery without the shell, does not need sorting, and is suitable for industrial production. The method utilizes the aluminum foil, the copper foil, the diaphragm and the active substances including the adhesive and the conductive agent as the whole components, and does not generate new pollution in the process.
Furthermore, a copper mirror reaction is adopted to remove copper and simultaneously introduce a carbon-containing organic matter, so that the final product is coated. Therefore, the side reaction of the lithium iron manganese phosphate and the electrolyte is improved by coating the ternary material. The lithium ion battery using the anode material has excellent cycle performance and long service life.
Example 1
Preparation of cathode material
With a ternary material LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2Removing a shell of a waste lithium ion battery which is a positive electrode material, crushing the battery, treating crushed materials with 25% dilute nitric acid, and dissolving metal elements to obtain a mixed solution; and adding ammonium phosphate into the mixed solution, controlling the pH value to be 8.5 by using ammonia water, and filtering after reaction to obtain a precipitate A, wherein the precipitate A comprises manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, lithium phosphate, graphite, a diaphragm, a binder, a conductive agent and a filtrate B containing metal ions of copper, nickel, cobalt, aluminum and lithium. And sintering the precipitate A and lithium carbonate at 650 ℃ for 12h under the argon protection atmosphere to obtain the carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate core C.
Adding glucose into a filtrate B containing metal ions of copper, nickel, cobalt, aluminum and lithium, controlling the temperature at 60 ℃, removing the generated copper and copper oxide precipitates, then uniformly mixing the obtained filtrate with a carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate inner core C, carrying out evaporative crystallization, drying the solution, and sintering for 8 hours at 650 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere to finally obtain the lithium nickel cobalt aluminate coated carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate composite material (the prepared composite material is recycled).
Preparation of positive plate
Mixing a carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate composite material (prepared by recycling) coated by nickel cobalt lithium aluminate, a conductive agent Super P and a binder PVDF with a solvent according to a weight ratio of 97.6:1.3:1.1 to form anode slurry. And uniformly coating the obtained positive electrode slurry on an aluminum foil current collector, drying at 85 ℃, and obtaining a positive plate with the thickness of the positive electrode coating being 6 mu m after drying.
Preparation of negative plate
The artificial graphite, the binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), the Super P and the thickener carboxymethylcellulose sodium are uniformly mixed according to the weight ratio of the artificial graphite to the Super P to CMC2200 to SBR to 96 to 2 to 1 to form the negative electrode slurry. And uniformly coating the negative electrode slurry on a copper foil current collector, and drying at 90 ℃ to obtain a negative electrode plate with the coating thickness of 6 mu m.
Preparation of the electrolyte
The electrolyte is prepared by mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a volume ratio of 1:1:1 to obtain an organic solvent to form an electrolyte, and then dissolving a fully dried lithium salt LiPF6 in the mixed organic solvent to prepare an electrolyte having a lithium salt concentration of 1 mol/L.
Assembled into a battery
Assembling the obtained positive plate, the diaphragm and the negative plate into a battery core, placing the battery core in a battery shell, injecting electrolyte into the battery shell, and carrying out vacuum packaging, standing, formation, shaping and other procedures to form the battery.
Comparative example 1
Will be as in example 1
The positive electrode material adopts LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(523 ternary material), the other steps are the same as in the example.
Testing
1. XRD test:
a D/Max 2500 type x-ray apparatus was used, a Cu target was used as a radiation source, a scanning speed was 6 °/min, a tube current was 100mA, a tube voltage was 40kV, and a scanning angle was 10 ° to 80 °, and a crystal structure and a phase composition of the carbon-doped lithium manganese iron phosphate composite material (recovered and prepared composite material) coated with lithium nickel cobalt aluminate, which is the positive electrode material of example 1, were tested to obtain fig. 1.
2. And (3) testing the battery performance:
cycling at 25 ℃: the batteries of example 1 and comparative example 1 were subjected to an experiment at 25 ℃ and were charged at constant current and constant voltage, 0.3C was charged to 4.3V at constant current and constant voltage, 0.05C was cut off, and then discharged at constant current, 0.3C was discharged to 3V, and the discharge capacity was recorded for each cycle for 1000 times. The test results are shown in fig. 2.
As can be seen from the XRD chart shown in fig. 1, the cathode material prepared in example 1 includes ternary material and lithium manganese iron phosphate, which indicates that the method of the present invention can prepare the cathode material required for the lithium ion battery by directly crushing the waste battery without sorting as a raw material.
Fig. 2 compares the discharge capacity of the cathode material prepared in example 1 with that of the conventional cathode material of comparative example 1 with the number of discharges. The discharge capacity of the cathode material is improved compared with the existing cathode material, and the cathode material prepared by using the waste battery completely meets the requirement of the lithium ion battery on the cathode material and can be used as the cathode material of the lithium ion battery.
The preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended to be illustrative only. The preferred embodiments are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise embodiments disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a positive electrode material, comprising:
crushing the waste lithium ion battery without the shell, treating crushed materials with acid, and dissolving metal elements to obtain a mixed solution; and
and adding ammonium phosphate or phosphoric acid into the mixed solution, controlling the pH value to be 7.5-10 by using ammonia water, and filtering after reaction to obtain a precipitate A and a filtrate B.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the waste lithium ion battery is a lithium ion battery with a ternary material as a positive electrode active material.
3. The production method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by further comprising:
and sintering the precipitate A and lithium salt which can be decomposed by heating in protective gas to obtain a product C.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein an aldehyde is added to the filtrate B, a copper mirror reaction occurs, and a precipitate and a filtrate D are obtained by filtration.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the aldehyde is an aldehyde having 5 or more carbon atoms.
6. The preparation method according to claim 5, wherein the aldehyde is one or more selected from glutaraldehyde, citral, and glucose.
7. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the product C is added to the filtrate D for evaporation and crystallization, and after the solution is dried, the solution is sintered at 600-800 ℃ under an inert atmosphere.
8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the lithium salt decomposable by heating is one or more selected from lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium formate, lithium acetate and lithium oxalate.
9. A positive electrode material produced by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. A lithium ion battery comprising the positive electrode material according to claim 9.
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