CN111668593A - E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna and design method - Google Patents

E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna and design method Download PDF

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CN111668593A
CN111668593A CN202010544972.2A CN202010544972A CN111668593A CN 111668593 A CN111668593 A CN 111668593A CN 202010544972 A CN202010544972 A CN 202010544972A CN 111668593 A CN111668593 A CN 111668593A
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waveguide
antenna
broadband
power divider
plane
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张淼
吴亚祥
广川二郎
柳清伙
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Xiamen University
Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/50Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10Resonant slot antennas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0037Particular feeding systems linear waveguide fed arrays
    • H01Q21/0043Slotted waveguides
    • H01Q21/005Slotted waveguides arrays

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Abstract

The invention discloses a broadband high-gain slot antenna with E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed and a design method thereof, wherein the broadband high-gain slot antenna comprises an antenna, a feed network of the antenna is formed by cascading E-plane waveguide T-shaped power dividers, an output port at the tail end of the feed network is connected with a radiation unit, an antenna sub-array with 1 multiplied by 1 unit and the amplitude phase of which can be weighted is realized, and the array element spacing is smaller than a free space wavelength. The antenna has the characteristics of realizing broadband matching and output, the input waveguide and the output waveguide of the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider are at least composed of two sections of waveguides with different narrow edge sizes, the centers of the narrow edges of the waveguides are positioned on the same straight line, and the fillet or chamfer change is carried out at the joint part of the input waveguide and the output waveguide. The antenna has the characteristics of wide frequency band, high gain, easiness in processing and low cost, is easy to realize low sidelobe and special beam forming, and can be widely applied to the fields of point-to-point communication, electronic countermeasure, aerospace, satellite communication and the like.

Description

E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna and design method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of waveguide slot array antennas, in particular to an E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna.
Background
In general, the bandwidth of an array antenna depends on the bandwidth of the array elements and the bandwidth of the feed network. The bandwidth of the feeding network is closely related to the feeding form and the bandwidth of the feeding element (such as a power divider). The waveguide slot array antenna has the characteristics of high efficiency, low loss, low profile and high power capacity. Its feed network can be divided into three kinds of series feed, parallel feed and series-parallel (or partial parallel) feed. When a series feed is employed, beam scanning can be achieved by frequency change. But due to the long line effect (M.Ando, Y.Tsunemitsu, M.Zhang, J.Hirokawa and S.Fujii, "Reduction of Long line Effects in Single-Layer Slotted Waveguide Arrays With an embedded partition corporation Feed," IEEE trans.antennas Propag., vol.58, No.7, pp.2275-2280, July 2010.), the match and gain bandwidth decrease as the array size, the number of series fed array elements increase. When parallel feed is adopted, the lengths of the feed lines from the feed source to each array element are equal, and the feed amplitude and the phase position do not change along with the frequency, so that the long-line effect does not exist, the matching and gain bandwidth is larger, but the feed network is more complex, the processing cost is higher, and beam scanning is not easy to realize. Series-parallel feeding is a combination of series feeding and parallel feeding, and advantages and disadvantages are between the two feeding forms.
Conventional parallel feed air waveguide slot antennas, (y.miura, j.hirokawa, m.ando, y.shibuya, and g.yoshida, "Double-layer full-polarized-fed hole-waveguide slot in the 60-GHz band," IEEE trans.antennas propag, vol.59, No.8, pp.2844-2854, aug.2011.), and a feed network employs an H-plane waveguide to excite a 2 × 2 element antenna subarray, and it is because of the large broadside size of the H-plane waveguide, perfect full parallel feed cannot be realized to excite each radiating element. Incident electromagnetic waves pass through a power division network consisting of H-plane waveguides on the lower layer of the antenna, excite the resonant cavity structure on the upper layer through an excitation gap, and then radiate to an external space through a radiation gap on the surface of the resonant cavity. Because the broadside size of the air waveguide is larger than half of the wavelength of the free space, and the distance between the output ports of the H-plane waveguide power distribution network is larger than one wavelength of the free space, a radiation gap cannot be directly formed at the tail end of the output waveguide, otherwise, a radiation directional diagram has grating lobes, and the gain and the radiation performance of the antenna are seriously reduced. Therefore, a 2 x 2 unit radiation subarray is adopted to replace a single radiation gap, a resonant cavity is loaded on the upper layer of the feed waveguide through an excitation gap, and 2 x 2 radiation gaps with equal amplitude and same phase are formed by notching four corners of the upper surface of the resonant cavity, so that the array element spacing is smaller than one air wavelength, and a grating lobe is eliminated. However, in a 2 × 2 unit radiation subarray, the relative amplitude and phase of each array element excited by a resonant cavity cannot be independently controlled, grating lobes occur when low side lobes or special beam forming is realized, and certain design limitations exist. For example, when taylor distribution is realized, since 4 array elements in a 2 × 2 element sub-array are excited in phase with equal amplitude, ideal taylor distribution cannot be realized, and grating lobes appear in the radiation pattern. In addition, in the conventional processing of the parallel feed air waveguide slot antenna, a numerical control machine is usually adopted to mill or linearly cut a metal plate, a desired pattern is etched on the metal plate, and then the metal plates are welded layer by layer through welding processes such as diffusion welding or vacuum brazing to form a complete antenna, but the welding processes such as diffusion welding or vacuum brazing are usually carried out in a high-temperature high-pressure and vacuum environment, so that the processing has the defects of great difficulty, long time, high cost and incapability of continuous batch production. In order to solve the grating lobe problem caused by a 2 × 2 unit antenna subarray, some scholars propose a full parallel feed waveguide slot array antenna structure with an antenna subarray of 1 × 1, and the key technology is how to reduce the size of a transmission line and realize the placement of output ports of a power division network in a space smaller than one air wavelength.
A Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) is used as a novel waveguide form, and is based on an H-plane medium filled rectangular waveguide, and a metal side wall of a traditional waveguide is replaced by metallized through holes which are punched in the medium and are continuously arranged, so that electromagnetic waves can be limited in the substrate integrated waveguide for directional transmission, and no leakage is generated. Compared with an air waveguide, although the dielectric filling brings extra loss, the broadside dimension of the dielectric filling waveguide can be smaller than half of the free space wavelength, and as long as a medium with a proper dielectric constant is selected, the distance between the output ports of the Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) based power distribution network can be smaller than one free space wavelength. The Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) is usually processed by a PCB process or an LTCC process, and has the characteristics of simple process, low processing cost, and easy mass production. However, with the introduction of metal posts and media, waveguide height is generally small, increasing metal and dielectric losses. Especially at high frequencies, the gain of a substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna is much lower compared to an air waveguide antenna. (Chinese patent 201810534714.9)
The gap ridge waveguide forms an electromagnetic band gap structure by adding periodic metal columns on two sides of the ridge waveguide, so that only a quasi-TEM mode is transmitted in the waveguide in a specific frequency, and a gap exists between an upper layer metal plate and a lower layer metal plate without welding. In order to prevent the leakage wave, two or more rows of metal columns are generally needed on two sides of the ridge, so that the distance between the ridge and the ridge is too large, and the power divider cannot be placed at a distance smaller than one air wavelength. By optimizing the height between the ridge and the upper metal plate, the height and width of the ridge, the isolation between two gap ridge waveguides is high in the case of using only one row of metal posts, so that the power divider can be simply cascaded to form a full parallel feed network (j.liu, a.vosogh, a.u.zaman, and j.yang, "a slot array with single-layer co-polarized-fed junction waveguide in the 60GHz band," IEEE ns.antennas propag, vol.67, No.3, pp.1650-1658, and ma.2019.). The frequency range of the transmission of the fundamental mode of the gap ridge waveguide is large, the bandwidth of a feed network formed by the gap ridge waveguide is large, but compared with a rectangular air waveguide, the loss of the gap ridge waveguide is slightly high, the large-scale array combination is not facilitated, and although the gap ridge waveguide does not need to be welded, the large-scale gap ridge waveguide slot array needs a large number of metal columns. Particularly in a high-frequency band, the sizes of the ridge and the metal column are reduced, the requirement on the machining precision is high, and the machining difficulty and the cost are greatly improved compared with those of a rectangular air waveguide machined by the same process of a numerical control machine tool and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna, which solves some technical problems provided by the background technology.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a feed network of the antenna is formed by cascading E-plane waveguide T-shaped power dividers, an output port of the last power divider of the feed network is connected with a radiation unit, an antenna subarray of 1 x 1 units with the weightable amplitude phase is achieved, and the array element spacing is smaller than one free space wavelength.
Preferably, the antenna can be divided into an upper part and a lower part, the upper part and the lower part are processed by a numerical control machine tool or a die casting method, and the upper part and the lower part can be fixedly assembled and molded by screws after processing without welding.
Preferably, the antenna has broadband matching and output characteristics, specifically in combination with parallel circuit impedance matching and a quarter-wavelength impedance converter theory, the input waveguide and the output waveguide of the E-plane waveguide T-type power divider are at least composed of two sections of waveguides with different narrow side sizes, the centers of the narrow sides of the waveguides are on a straight line, and a fillet or corner cut change is performed at a combination part of the input waveguide and the output waveguide, so as to further improve the frequency band characteristics of the E-plane waveguide T-type power divider.
Preferably, the E-plane waveguide T-type power divider has broadband equal power distribution and unequal power distribution, and when the E-plane waveguide T-type power divider is of a bilaterally symmetric structure, equal power distribution is achieved, the position of the metal diaphragm inserted into the center is adjusted, and unequal power distribution and phase compensation are achieved by the size of the local narrow side and the size of the fillet or the cut angle of the left and right output waveguides.
Preferably, each output port of the feed network is connected to a separate radiating element, i.e. a 1 × 1 radiating element subarray.
Preferably, an excitation gap is formed at the tail end of the output waveguide, a metal diaphragm is arranged below the excitation gap, an air cavity is formed above the excitation gap, the three-dimensional sizes of the metal diaphragm and the air cavity are changed, the matching bandwidth can be further increased, the shape of the air cavity is changed, various polarization modes such as rectangular and hexagonal can be realized, and the distribution corresponds to linear polarization and circular polarization.
A design method of an E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna comprises the following steps:
step s 1: determining an initial value of a narrow edge of the E-plane waveguide according to the array element spacing and the wall thickness limitation between adjacent waveguides during processing;
step s 2: designing an inlet of a broadband feed network;
step s 3: designing a broadband E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider;
step s 4: designing a broadband 1 x 1 antenna subarray;
step s 5: and cascading the E-plane waveguide T-shaped power divider, the inlet of the feed network, the E-plane waveguide T-shaped power divider and the 1 multiplied by 1 antenna subarrays to form the complete antenna.
(III) advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the invention provides an E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna, which has the following beneficial effects: by utilizing the characteristics that the size of the narrow side of the E-plane waveguide is far smaller than that of the wide side, and the narrow side is reduced without influencing the cut-off frequency of the main mode, two output ports can be arranged at a distance smaller than one free space wavelength, so that the 1 multiplied by 1 unit antenna subarray with the weightable amplitude and phase is realized, and the array element spacing is smaller than one air wavelength. The antenna has the characteristics of wide frequency band, high gain, easiness in processing and low cost, is easy to realize low sidelobe and special beam forming, and can be widely applied to the fields of point-to-point communication, electronic countermeasure, aerospace, satellite communication and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a top view of one of two alternative forms of a feed network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a top view of another of two alternative forms of the feed network of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a radiating element of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a side view of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a top view of a feed network inlet of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a three-dimensional view of a feed network inlet of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a top view of an E-plane waveguide T-type equal power splitter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a top view of the T-shaped unequal power splitter with E-plane waveguide according to the present invention;
fig. 10 is a top view of a 1 x 1 antenna sub-array of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 11 is a three-dimensional view of a 1 x 1 antenna sub-array of an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: the power divider comprises an E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider (1), a radiation unit (2), an upper part (3), a lower part (4) and a periodic boundary (5).
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-3, a full parallel feed E-plane waveguide slot array antenna. A16 multiplied by 16 array scale is selected, the array antenna has no amplitude phase weighting, works in a W wave band, has the center frequency of 94GHz and the array element spacing of 2.75mm (0.86 lambda), and adopts a back-feed type H-surface T-shaped power divider to carry out left and right in-phase feeding.
Referring to fig. 1-5, the feed network of the antenna is formed by cascading E-plane waveguide T-type power dividers 1, and the output port of the final power divider of the feed network is connected with a radiating unit 2, and can be divided into an upper part 3 and a lower part 4 for processing.
In this embodiment, the array antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS simulation software. The specific design steps are as follows:
1. according to the array element spacing and the wall thickness limitation between adjacent waveguides during processing, the initial value of the narrow side of the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider 1 is determined to be 0.4mm, and the width of the wide side of the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider 1 is set to be 2 mm.
2. The entrance of the feeding network is designed, see fig. 6-7. The inlet of the antenna adopts W-band standard waveguide feed, and excitation gaps are formed in the matched waveguide, so that electromagnetic waves enter a feed network in the same phase. The matching waveguide below the excitation gap and the metal diaphragm inserted above the excitation gap improve the bandwidth of the entrance of the feed network. The parameters in fig. 6-7 are adjusted so that the reflection at the entrance of the feed network has the characteristic of a double resonance. And finally, determining basic parameters of the inlet of the feed network:
ir_l=0.91mm,ir_w=0.6mm,il1=1.75mm,
iw1=0.95mm,it1=0.22mm,il2=2.43mm,
iw2=0.69mm,it2=0.62mm。
3. designing a broadband E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider 1, see FIG. 8; parameters in fig. 6 are adjusted by taking 0.4mm and 2mm as initial values of a narrow side and a wide side of each port of the initial E-plane waveguide T-type power divider 1, so that reflection of the E-plane waveguide T-type power divider 1 has a double-resonance characteristic. And finally determining basic parameters of the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider 1: w 1-w 5-0.4 mm, w 2-0.49 mm, l 2-1.59 mm, w 3-0.3 mm, l 3-0.2 mm, w 4-0.32 mm, l 4-1.38 mm, r 3-0.2 mm, r 4-0.15 mm.
4. Designing a wideband 1 x 1 antenna sub-array, see fig. 10-11; and with the thickness of 0.4mm and 2mm as initial values of the narrow side and the wide side of the input port of the 1 × 1 antenna subarray, inserting a metal diaphragm below the gap, and arranging an air cavity above the gap, so that the bandwidth of the 1 × 1 antenna subarray is improved. An air box is arranged above the air cavity, the periphery of the air box is set to be a periodic boundary 5 condition, and the upper part of the air box is set to be a radiation boundary condition; the parameters in fig. 10 and 11 are adjusted so that the reflection of the 1 × 1 antenna sub-array has the characteristic of double resonance, wherein the width w4 of the slot is set to be the same as the size of the narrow side of the E-plane waveguide T-type power divider 1, so as to facilitate processing, and finally, the basic parameters of the 1 × 1 antenna sub-array are determined: ml 1-1.27 mm, mw 1-0.4 mm, mt 1-0.62 mm, ml 2-1.8 mm, mw 2-0.4 mm, mt 2-0.12 mm, ml 3-2.54 mm, mw 3-1.54 mm, mt 3-0.65 mm;
5. and (3) cascading an inlet of a feed network, the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider 1 and the 1 multiplied by 1 antenna subarrays to form a complete antenna.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (7)

1. The E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna is characterized by comprising an antenna, wherein a feed network of the antenna is formed by cascading E-plane waveguide T-shaped power dividers (1), an output port of a final power divider of the feed network is connected with a radiation unit (2), an antenna sub-array of 1 x 1 units with weightable amplitude and phase is realized, and the array element spacing is smaller than a free space wavelength.
2. The E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: the antenna can be divided into an upper part (3) and a lower part (4), the upper part (3) and the lower part (4) are processed by a numerical control machine tool or a die casting method, and the upper part (3) and the lower part (4) can be fixed, assembled and molded by screws after processing without welding.
3. The E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: the antenna has the characteristics of realizing broadband matching and output, specifically combining the parallel circuit impedance matching and the quarter-wavelength impedance converter theory, the input waveguide and the output waveguide of the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider (1) are at least composed of two sections of waveguides with different narrow side sizes, the centers of the narrow sides of the waveguides are positioned on the same straight line, and the combination part of the input waveguide and the output waveguide is subjected to fillet or corner cut change, so that the frequency band characteristic of the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider (1) is further improved.
4. The E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider (1) has broadband equal power distribution and unequal power distribution, when the E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider (1) is of a bilaterally symmetrical structure, equal power distribution is achieved, the position of a metal diaphragm inserted into the center is adjusted, and unequal power distribution and phase compensation are achieved by the size of the local narrow side and the size of a fillet or a chamfer of a left output waveguide and a right output waveguide.
5. The E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that: each output port of the feed network is connected with a separate radiating element (2), namely a 1 x 1 element radiating subarray.
6. The E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that: an excitation gap is formed at the tail end of the output waveguide, a metal diaphragm is arranged below the excitation gap, an air cavity is formed above the excitation gap, the three-dimensional sizes of the metal diaphragm and the air cavity are changed, the matching bandwidth can be further increased, the shape of the air cavity is changed, and multiple polarization modes can be realized.
7. The design method of the E-plane waveguide full parallel feed broadband high gain slot antenna according to the claims 1-6, characterized by comprising the following steps:
step s 1: determining an initial value of a narrow edge of the E-plane waveguide according to the array element spacing and the wall thickness limitation between adjacent waveguides during processing;
step s 2: designing an inlet of a broadband feed network;
step s 3: designing a broadband E-surface waveguide T-shaped power divider (1);
step s 4: designing a broadband 1 x 1 antenna subarray;
step s 5: and cascading the E-plane waveguide T-shaped power divider (1), the entrance of the feed network, the E-plane waveguide T-shaped power divider (1) and the 1 multiplied by 1 antenna subarrays to form a complete antenna.
CN202010544972.2A 2020-06-15 2020-06-15 E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna and design method Pending CN111668593A (en)

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CN113659329B (en) * 2021-10-20 2022-01-28 南京众博达电子科技有限公司 Low-profile series-parallel combined feed waveguide array antenna
CN115954669A (en) * 2022-12-29 2023-04-11 西安电子科技大学 Polarization isolation frame of dual-polarization waveguide slot phased array
CN115954669B (en) * 2022-12-29 2024-06-28 西安电子科技大学 Polarization isolation frame of dual-polarization waveguide gap phased array

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