CN111551363A - System and method for measuring friction of gear transmission tooth surface - Google Patents
System and method for measuring friction of gear transmission tooth surface Download PDFInfo
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- G01M13/00—Testing of machine parts
- G01M13/02—Gearings; Transmission mechanisms
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Abstract
The invention discloses a system and a method for measuring gear transmission tooth surface friction, which belong to the field of gears, are little influenced by temperature, have small test error and high measurement precision, meet the requirements of real-time detection, and have low requirements on a testing device and technicians.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of gears, and particularly relates to a system and a method for measuring the friction of a gear transmission tooth surface.
Background
The statements herein merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not necessarily constitute prior art.
The gear is an important basic part of mechanical equipment, and the main transmission form of most mechanical complete equipment is gear transmission. The transmission performance and the service life of the gear mechanism directly influence the working accuracy and the reliability of mechanical equipment. Since the gear transmission is based on continuous meshing between teeth to transmit motion and power, friction is inevitably generated on the meshing tooth surfaces. Tooth flank friction is an important source of excitation for the gear to produce vibration and noise, which accelerates the onset of premature failure of the gear, which in turn exacerbates tooth flank friction and further causes gear failure. Tooth surface friction not only reduces the transmission performance of the gear, but also shortens the working life of the gear. Therefore, the real change rule of the tooth surface friction in the gear meshing process needs to be analyzed through experiments, the action mechanism of the tooth surface friction and the influence of different parameters on the tooth surface friction are further researched, and therefore the harm caused by the tooth surface friction is reduced.
The inventors found that the test method of the tooth surface friction can be classified into a direct test method and an indirect test method. The direct test method of the tooth surface friction generally refers to a resistance strain gauge method, the test process is easily influenced by temperature, and the thermal deformation of the strain gauge can be caused by overhigh temperature, so that the experimental error is caused; in addition, at high speeds, tooth impact due to backlash can cause additional deformation of the tooth flanks, causing test errors. The indirect test method of the tooth surface friction can be suitable for different gear transmission types and special working environments, and mainly comprises an equivalent torque method, an equivalent gravity pendulum method and a photoelastic method. The energy loss of the default system of the equivalent torque method is derived from tooth surface friction, the friction of a contact area of a bearing and a shaft and the like and the energy loss caused by factors such as stirring oil and the like are neglected, and therefore the measurement accuracy is relatively low. The equivalent gravity pendulum method neglects the influence of factors such as air resistance and the like, and cannot measure in real time, and the obtained tooth surface friction coefficient cannot reflect the real friction behavior of the tooth surface in the continuous meshing process. The photoelastic method has a complex testing process and high requirements on testing devices and technicians; and the gear generally adopts steel materials without birefringence effect, and even if the gear model made of the photoelastic materials is manufactured, the test result is difficult to ensure to be the same as the tooth surface friction characteristic of real gear transmission.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a system and a method for measuring the friction of the tooth surface of the gear transmission, which are little affected by temperature, small in test error, high in measurement precision, capable of meeting the requirement of real-time detection and low in requirement on a test device and technicians.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a system for measuring friction of a gear transmission tooth surface, including a transmission mechanism, a load mechanism, a laser displacement sensor, an angle sensor and a server, where the transmission mechanism is connected to the load mechanism through a gear pair, and the server is electrically connected to the laser displacement sensor and the angle sensor, where the laser displacement sensor is used to detect displacement of the transmission mechanism, and the angle sensor is used to detect a wheel rotation angle signal of the gear pair.
As a further technical scheme, the laser displacement sensor comprises a first laser displacement sensor and a second laser displacement sensor, the first laser displacement sensor can emit laser along the friction direction of the gear pair, and the second displacement sensor can emit laser along the meshing direction of the gear pair.
As a further technical scheme, the transmission mechanism is also connected with a power source; the transmission mechanism at least comprises a transmission shaft, and the laser displacement sensor can measure the bending deformation displacement of the transmission shaft.
As a further technical scheme, the transmission mechanism comprises an input shaft and an output shaft, the input shaft and the output shaft are kept parallel, the input shaft is connected with a driving gear, and the output shaft is connected with a driven gear.
As a further technical scheme, the input shaft can be further connected with an eccentric wheel, and when the eccentric wheel is abutted against the output shaft, the gear pair is separated.
As a further technical scheme, the angle sensor is sleeved on the transmission mechanism, and when the transmission mechanism is provided with the eccentric wheel, the initial position of the angle sensor is the same as the eccentric direction of the eccentric wheel.
As a further technical scheme, the laser displacement sensor is mounted on the rotating support, and the emitting direction of the laser displacement sensor can be changed.
In a second aspect, the present invention further provides a method for measuring the friction of a gear tooth surface, using the system for measuring the friction of a gear tooth surface according to any one of the first aspect, including the following steps:
testing the bending rigidity of the input shaft;
testing the displacement of the input shaft in the directions of the friction force and the meshing force;
calculating error displacement and actual deformation;
and calculating friction force and friction coefficient, and converting the angular domain of the friction force and friction coefficient signals.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
1) in the scheme provided by the invention, the laser displacement sensor and the angle sensor are used for measuring together, so that the traditional resistance measuring method is avoided, and the influence of temperature is small; in addition, when the gear pair runs at a high speed, the gear tooth collision caused by the tooth side clearance can cause additional deformation of the tooth surface, and the measurement is carried out through the laser displacement sensor, so that the current conduction rate change caused by the deformation can be avoided, and the measurement error is reduced.
2) In the scheme provided by the invention, the friction of the contact area of the bearing and the shaft and the like and the energy loss caused by factors such as stirring and the like are considered, the laser displacement sensor is adopted for real-time measurement, and the obtained tooth surface friction coefficient can reflect the real friction behavior of the tooth surface in the continuous meshing process.
3) In the scheme provided by the invention, the fact that the gear generally adopts a steel material without a birefringence effect is considered, so that two laser displacement sensors are used, one laser displacement sensor can measure the bending deformation displacement of the input shaft connected with the gear pair in the direction of the friction force, and the other laser displacement sensor can measure the bending deformation displacement of the input shaft connected with the gear pair in the direction of the meshing force, so that errors caused by direct measurement are avoided, and the measurement of the laser displacement sensors is simpler and more convenient.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
Figure 1 is a general schematic diagram of a system according to one or more embodiments of the invention,
figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an eccentric disc mounting and laser displacement sensor measurement orientation according to one or more embodiments of the present invention,
figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a laser displacement sensor measurement orientation according to one or more embodiments of the present invention,
figure 4 is a schematic illustration of a laser displacement sensor measuring engagement force position according to one or more embodiments of the present invention,
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of additional displacement of the laser displacement sensor measured in the direction of friction under the engagement force in the position shown in FIG. 4 according to one or more embodiments of the present invention,
figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a laser displacement sensor measuring friction position according to one or more embodiments of the present invention,
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of additional displacement of the laser displacement sensor measured in the direction of the engagement force under the frictional force in the position shown in FIG. 6, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. the device comprises a base plate, 2, a motor, 3, a first coupler, 4, a first bearing seat, 5, an angle sensor, 6, a support, 7, an input shaft, 8, a driving gear, 9, a first magnetic seat support, 10, a first laser displacement sensor, 11, a first locking nut, 12, an output shaft, 13, a second locking nut, 14, a driven gear, 15, a second laser displacement sensor, 16, a second magnetic seat support, 17, a second bearing seat, 18, a second coupler, 19, a magnetic powder loader, 20 and an eccentric disc.
The spacing or dimensions between each other are exaggerated to show the location of the various parts, and the illustration is for illustrative purposes only.
Detailed Description
It is to be understood that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and/or "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the invention expressly state otherwise, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof;
for convenience of description, the words "up", "down", "left" and "right" in the present invention, if any, merely indicate correspondence with up, down, left and right directions of the drawings themselves, and do not limit the structure, but merely facilitate the description of the invention and simplify the description, rather than indicate or imply that the referenced device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the invention.
Term interpretation section: the terms "mounted," "connected," "fixed," and the like in the present invention are to be understood in a broad sense, and for example, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "fixed" may be fixed, detachable, or integrated; the two components can be connected mechanically or electrically, directly or indirectly through an intermediate medium, or connected internally or in an interaction relationship, and the terms used in the present invention should be understood as having specific meanings to those skilled in the art.
As introduced by the background technology, aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the system and the method for measuring the friction of the gear transmission tooth surface, which have the advantages of small temperature influence, small test error, high measurement precision, accordance with the requirement of real-time detection and low requirement on a test device and technicians.
Example 1
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIG. 1The measuring system for the friction of the gear transmission tooth surface comprises two laser displacement sensors and an angle sensor 5, wherein a device to be measured comprises a driving device, an input shaft 7, an output shaft 12, a load device and a pair of meshed gears; the gear pair comprises a driving gear 8 and a driven gear 14 which are meshed, the driving gear 8 is arranged on the input shaft 7, and the driven gear 14 is arranged on the output shaft 12; the drive means is connected to and drives the input shaft 7 and the load means is connected to the output shaft 12. The angle sensor 5 measures the angular displacement theta (t) of the driving gear 8, and the two laser displacement sensors respectively measure the displacement of the input shaft 7 in the directions of the meshing force and the friction forcem(t) andf(t)。
in a specific implementation scenario, the driving device adopts a motor 2, the motor 2 is fixedly connected on a bottom plate 1, an output shaft 12 of the motor 2 is connected with one end of a first coupling 3, the other end of the first coupling 3 is connected with a transmission shaft, a first bearing seat 4 is arranged on the transmission shaft to support the transmission shaft to move, the other end of the transmission shaft passes through a support 6 arranged on a base and is connected with a driving gear 8, the driving gear 8 and an input shaft 7 are fixed through a first locking nut 11, the transmission shaft is used as the input shaft 7, which can transmit the torque of the motor 2 to the driving gear 8, the driving gear 8 is engaged with the driven gear 14, the driven gear 14 is connected with the output shaft 12, the output shaft 12 is fixedly connected with the driven gear 14 through the second lock nut 13, the output shaft 12 is also connected with the driving gear through the second bearing seat 17, the second coupling 18 is connected to the power input shaft 7 of the magnetic powder loader 19 by connecting the second coupling 18.
It is understood that in the present embodiment, the magnetic powder loader 19 is used as a loading device.
The two laser displacement sensors are a first laser displacement sensor 10 and a second laser displacement sensor 15, respectively, and it can be understood that the first laser displacement sensor 10 is used for detecting the displacement of the measuring input shaft 7 in the meshing force directionm(t), the second laser displacement sensor 15 is for detecting displacement of the input shaft 7 in the frictional force directionf(t)。
The first laser displacement sensor 10 is arranged on the first magnetic seat support 9, and the first laser displacement sensor 10 is positioned on one side of the driving gear 8; the second laser displacement sensor 15 is installed on the second word as a support, and the second laser displacement sensor 15 is located on one side of the driven gear 14. The first magnetic mount support 9 is mounted on the base and the second magnetic mount support 16 is mounted on the base. The magnetic seat bracket is an existing part, and the detailed structure of the magnetic seat bracket is not described herein.
It is understood that since the laser displacement sensor is detected by laser light, the detection laser light emitted from the first laser detector can be irradiated on the input shaft 7, and the detection laser light emitted from the second laser detector can be irradiated on the input shaft 7.
The angle sensor 5 is mounted on an input shaft 7.
The laser displacement sensor and the angle sensor 5 are both connected to the server to transmit the collected data to the server, and the server analyzes the data.
Referring to fig. 2, in the present embodiment, an eccentric disc 20 is further included, and it is understood that the eccentric disc 20 can be used as an eccentric to provide an eccentric force for the input shaft, the eccentric disc 20 is installed at a position on one side of the driving gear 8 when in use, and when the eccentric disc 20 is installed, the gear pair is separated; as the eccentric disc 20 rotates, it can provide eccentric force to the input shaft to facilitate the bending stiffness test of the input shaft, and the measuring direction of the first laser displacement sensor 10 is adjusted to be the disc eccentric direction (the eccentricity direction as indicated in fig. 2), i.e. the angle corresponding to the initial position of the angle sensor 5. The motor 2 is started and the bending deformation displacement of the input shaft 7 is measured. And extracting the maximum bending deformation displacement of the input shaft 7 under the action of the centrifugal force of the disc according to the signal measured by the angle sensor 5 and the signal measured by the laser displacement sensor.
Example 2
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 2 to 5, the present embodiment discloses a method for measuring a friction of a gear tooth surface, which uses the system for measuring a friction of a gear tooth surface according to embodiment 1, and includes the following steps:
step 1, testing the bending rigidity of the input shaft 7. The gear pair is disengaged, an eccentric disc 20 is arranged at the position of the driving gear 8, and the measuring direction of one laser displacement sensor is adjusted to be the eccentric direction of the disc, namely the angle corresponding to the initial position of the angle sensor 5. The motor 2 is started and the bending deformation displacement of the input shaft 7 is measured. According to the signal measured by the angle sensor 5 and the signal measured by the laser displacement sensor, extracting the maximum bending deformation displacement s of the input shaft 7 under the action of the centrifugal force of the disc, setting the eccentric mass and the eccentricity of the disc as m and e respectively, setting the rotating speed of the motor 2 as omega, and setting the centrifugal force of the eccentric disc 20 as follows:
Fc＝mω2e (1)
in the formula, FcIs the centrifugal force, m is the eccentric disc mass, omega is the angular velocity of the eccentric disc, e is the eccentricity of the eccentric disc;
the bending stiffness of the input shaft 7 at the measurement points is:
always, ksIn order to be able to provide a bending stiffness,sis a bending deformation displacement.
And 2, testing the displacement of the input shaft 7 in the directions of the friction force and the meshing force. The driving gear 8 is mounted to normally engage the driven gear 14. And adjusting the measuring directions of the two laser displacement sensors on the input shaft 7 to be the friction force direction and the meshing force direction respectively, and the measuring points are on the same circumference with the measuring point in the step 1. The motor 2 was started and a load torque was applied for testing. The signals measured by the first laser displacement sensor 10 and the second laser displacement sensor 15 on the input shaft 7 are respectivelyf(t) andm(t), the rotation angle signal of the drive gear 8 measured by the angle sensor 5 is θ (t).
And 3, calculating error displacement and actual deformation. The displacement in the friction force direction obtained by the test of the laser displacement sensor comprises displacement under the action of friction force and error displacement under the action of meshing force; similarly, the displacement in the meshing force direction obtained by the laser displacement sensor test comprises displacement under the action of the meshing force and error displacement under the action of friction force. Setting the error position of the input shaft 7 under the action of the engagement force and the friction force in the direction of the friction force and the engagement forceEach shift is af(t) and am(t), actual deformation e of the input shaft 7 in the direction of the frictional force by the frictional forcef(t) and the actual deformation e of the input shaft 7 in the direction of the engagement force under the action of the engagement forcem(t) is calculated as:
ef(t)＝f(t)-af(t) (3)
em(t)＝m(t)-am(t) (4)
let the radius of the input shaft 7 be RbAccording to the geometric position relationship of the output shaft 12 before and after deformation under the action of force, the error displacement a under the action of meshing force and friction forcem(t) and af(t) is calculated as:
by combining equations (3) and (5), the actual deformation of the input shaft 7 in the direction of the frictional force under the frictional force can be obtained as follows:
simultaneous equations (4) and (6) can be used to determine the actual deformation of the input shaft 7 under the action of the engagement force in the direction of the engagement force
And 4, calculating the friction force and the friction coefficient.
The deformation of the input shaft 7 in the direction of the engagement force and the friction force actually caused by the engagement force and the friction force is multiplied by the bending stiffness k of the input shaft 7 at the measuring pointsThe corresponding meshing force F can be obtainedm(t) and frictional force Ff(t)：
Fm(t)＝ksem(t) (9)
Ff(t)＝ksef(t) (10)
The engagement force is divided by the friction force to obtain the friction coefficient:
and 5, converting the angular domains of the friction force signal and the friction coefficient signal.
Because the measured signals are time domain signals, and the change of the friction force and the friction coefficient with accurate meshing period is difficult to obtain due to the factors of rotating speed fluctuation and the like, the time domain signals need to be converted into corresponding angular domain signals for analysis.
The friction force F to be obtainedf(t) and the friction coefficient mu (t) are processed with the rotation angle signal theta (t) measured by the angle sensor 5 in a combined way, so that the time domain signal can be converted into the friction force signal F of the corresponding angle domainf(θ) and a coefficient of friction signal μ (θ).
Diagonal zone signal friction force FfPreprocessing the (theta) and the friction coefficient mu (theta), intercepting the signal by taking the angle rotated by an engagement period as an interval, eliminating non-periodic components and random interference in the signal based on an angular domain synchronous averaging technology, and obtaining the friction force F in an engagement period angle rangef'(θ) and coefficient of friction μ' (θ).
In fig. 4 to 7, O is a central point of an original position of the input shaft (before the friction force or the meshing force acts), O ' is a central point of the input shaft after deformation (after the friction force or the meshing force acts), D is a measuring point of the laser displacement sensor before the friction force acts on the input shaft, D ' is a point of the laser displacement sensor after the friction force acts on the input shaft, C is a measuring point of the laser displacement sensor before the meshing force acts on the input shaft, and C ' is a measuring point of the laser displacement sensor after the meshing force acts on the input shaft.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A gear transmission tooth surface friction measuring system is characterized by comprising a transmission mechanism, a load mechanism, a laser displacement sensor, an angle sensor and a server, wherein the transmission mechanism is connected with the load mechanism through a gear pair, the server is electrically connected with the laser displacement sensor and the angle sensor, the laser displacement sensor is used for detecting the displacement of the transmission mechanism in the friction direction and the meshing force direction of the gear pair, and the angle sensor is used for detecting the wheel rotation angle signal of the gear pair.
2. The gear drive tooth surface friction measuring system according to claim 1, wherein said laser displacement sensor comprises a first laser displacement sensor and a second laser displacement sensor, the first laser displacement sensor being capable of emitting laser light in a direction of a friction force of the gear pair, and the second laser displacement sensor being capable of emitting laser light in a direction of a meshing force of the gear pair.
3. The gear drive tooth surface friction measuring system according to claim 1, wherein said drive mechanism is further connected to a power source; the transmission mechanism at least comprises a transmission shaft, and the laser displacement sensor can measure the bending deformation displacement of the transmission shaft in the displacement of the gear pair in the friction force direction and the meshing force direction.
4. The gear drive tooth surface friction measurement system of claim 1 wherein said drive mechanism includes an input shaft and an output shaft, the input shaft and the output shaft being parallel, the input shaft being connected to the drive gear and the output shaft being connected to the driven gear.
5. A system for measuring the friction of a toothed driving surface according to claim 4, characterized in that said input shaft can also be connected with an eccentric and when the eccentric is against the output shaft, the pair of gears is separated.
6. The system for measuring the friction on the tooth surface of the gear wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the angle sensor is sleeved on the transmission mechanism, and when the transmission mechanism is provided with the eccentric wheel, the initial position of the angle sensor is the same as the eccentric direction of the eccentric wheel.
7. The gear drive tooth surface friction measuring system according to claim 1, wherein said laser displacement sensor is mounted to a rotating bracket, and the emitting direction of said laser displacement sensor can be changed.
8. A method for measuring the friction of a gear transmission tooth surface, which is characterized by using the gear transmission tooth surface friction measuring system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, and comprises the following steps:
testing the bending rigidity of the input shaft;
testing the displacement of the input shaft in the directions of the friction force and the meshing force;
calculating error displacement and actual deformation;
and calculating friction force and friction coefficient, and converting the angular domain of the friction force and friction coefficient signals.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the gear pair is disengaged when the bending stiffness of the input shaft is measured, an eccentric wheel is installed at a position of the transmission mechanism close to the driving gear of the gear pair, the measuring direction of a laser displacement sensor is adjusted to be the disc eccentric direction, and the motor is started to measure the bending deformation displacement of the input shaft.
10. The method for measuring the friction of the tooth surface of the gear transmission according to claim 8, wherein when the displacement of the input shaft in the directions of the friction force and the meshing force is tested, the driving wheel is meshed with the driven wheel, the measuring direction of the laser displacement sensor in the transmission mechanism is adjusted, so that the laser displacement sensor can measure the direction of the friction force and the meshing force, the motor is started, and the test is carried out by applying a load torque.
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