CN111537398B - Method for controlling liquid drop impact form, contact time and controllable liquid drop division - Google Patents
Method for controlling liquid drop impact form, contact time and controllable liquid drop division Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for controlling the impact form and contact time of liquid drops and the controllable splitting of the liquid drops, which comprises the following steps: step one, template design; step two, template manufacturing; step three, treating the surface of the template; step four, liquid drop impact; step five, impact morphology, dynamic observation and analysis. The impact dynamics with various forms are obtained by changing the factors such as the shape, the size, the number and the position of the obstacles on the template, the impact position of the liquid drop and the like, the spreading and withdrawing limits are broken, the spreading and withdrawing are enabled to coexist in the liquid drop impact process, and the purposes of reducing the contact time, controlling the single liquid drop impact form to be various and controllable and controlling the splitting during the liquid drop impact are achieved by controlling the impact dynamics with different forms. The method is simple to operate, low in cost and good in effect, and can be applied to the fields of self-cleaning, printing, opening microfluid, food and drug subpackaging and transmission and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of liquid drop collision, in particular to a method for controlling the impact form and the contact time of liquid drops and the controllable splitting of the liquid drops.
Background
The collision of liquid droplets against solid surfaces has important applications in many fields, such as ink jet printing, paint spraying, pesticide spraying, fire fighting heat transfer, food packaging, etc. In the last decade, the impact of water drops on a super-hydrophobic surface has attracted people's attention, because of the extremely low surface energy of the super-hydrophobic surface, the energy dissipation of the water drops is very small when the water drops are impacted, and the water drops can be quickly bounced (the impact contact time of the water drops on the millimeter level is about 12 milliseconds), so that the water drops are applied to the fields of self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-bacteria and the like. Thus, scientists have tried all ways to reduce the contact time, such as adding single stripes, parallel stripes, cross stripes, curved structures, etc. on the superhydrophobic surface (40-50% reduction in contact time can be achieved). Meanwhile, the method for controlling spreading form, fusion, splitting and the like of liquid drops on a substrate after being impacted has important application in the fields of printing, opening microfluidic devices (such as chips), biomedicine and the like. However, it is currently not possible to control the impact morphology, post-impact behavior and the impact dynamics associated therewith of the droplets at will.
The invention is inspired by the fact that the combination of nature liquid and solid has diversified forms, such as mountain rivers, creeks and lakes, and the forms are changeable. What is important is that the solid form has the effects of blocking and limiting the liquid, so that the water flow has the effects of flowing around, accelerating, fixing and the like. When a water drop hits the surface of a superhydrophobic solid, the contact process is divided into two stages, the first is a spreading process controlled by inertial force, and the second is a withdrawing process controlled by capillary force (surface tension). Centrosymmetric impact dynamics resulting from water droplets impacting a superhydrophobic plane. When the impact speed is low, the water drops are ejected, when the impact speed is high, the water drops are randomly sputtered, and the direction and the size are uncontrollable. However, if an obstacle is provided on the substrate in the first stage of the impact of the water droplets, i.e., in the area of the spreading stage, the spreading of the water droplets in the direction of the obstacle is hindered and withdrawn early, while the momentum is concentrated in the direction without the obstacle, thereby accelerating the spreading. According to the thought, factors such as the size, the number and the position of the obstacles, the position of liquid drop impact and the like can be controlled to obtain impact dynamics with various forms, the spreading and withdrawing limits are broken, spreading and withdrawing can coexist in the liquid drop impact process, and the purposes of reducing contact time, controlling the single liquid drop impact form to be variable and controllable and controlling the splitting of the liquid drop impact can be achieved by controlling the impact dynamics with different forms. The method is expected to be applied to the fields of self-cleaning, printing, food and drug subpackaging and conveying and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for controlling liquid drop impact form, contact time and controllable liquid drop division, which is simple in operation and low in cost, obtains impact dynamics with variable forms by adjusting factors such as the size, the number and the position of obstacles and the impact position of liquid drops, breaks the limit of spreading and withdrawing, enables the spreading and withdrawing to coexist in the liquid drop impact process, and achieves the purposes of reducing the contact time, controlling the single liquid drop impact form to be variable and controllable and controlling the division during the liquid drop impact by controlling the impact dynamics with different forms.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for controlling droplet impact morphology, contact time, and controllable droplet breakup, comprising the steps of:
step one, template design: the method comprises the following steps of designing a template by adopting 123D Design or 3D MAX software, determining the shape, size and position of an obstacle on a flat substrate according to the maximum spreading diameter of a liquid drop when the liquid drop impacts a plane, and determining the height of the obstacle according to the minimum height of a thin film after the liquid drop is spread, so that the liquid drop can contact the obstacle in an impact spreading stage to influence the impact form of the liquid drop, and further influence the impact dynamics of the liquid drop;
step two, template manufacturing: importing the related data of the template designed in the step one into a 3D printer, and manufacturing by 3D printing, photoetching and template methods to obtain a template with barrier distribution on a flat substrate;
step three, template surface treatment: carrying out surface treatment on the manufactured template to enable the template to have infiltration characteristics or different portions to have different infiltration characteristics;
step four, liquid drop impact: controlling the indoor temperature and pressure, selecting a needle head with proper size, determining the impact rate of liquid drops according to the fixed height of the needle head, adjusting the position relation between the liquid drops and the surface-treated barrier on the template surface, impacting by taking the barrier as an impact center or deviating from the barrier in the spreading radius range as the impact center, and starting a high-speed camera to shoot the process from the time that the liquid drops impact the surface of the barrier to the time that the liquid drops pop up or fly out of the interface;
step five, impact morphology, kinetic observation and analysis: and summarizing the impact form of the water drops, the contact time and the number and the range of the split of the counted water drops according to the form image intercepted by the high-speed camera.
Further, the droplets include water droplets, organic solvents, ionic liquids, droplets containing surfactants or other auxiliaries. Such other adjuvants include, but are not limited to, polymers and/or inorganic salts.
Furthermore, in the first step, the plane is a visual plane formed by the template and the flat substrate made of the same material.
Furthermore, the shape of the barrier in the step one can be all regular and/or irregular shapes such as a hemisphere, an ellipsoid, a column, a cone, a trapezoid and the like, the size is controlled within the range of 100 mu m to the diameter of the liquid drop, and the height is controlled to exceed the minimum height of the spread liquid drop; the number of obstacles may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more, and the positional relationship between the obstacles may be regular and/or irregular, such as in a 360 degree array, in a square array, and so forth.
Further, the template material used for 3D printing in step two includes, but is not limited to, polymer, inorganic material, wood, stone.
Further, the template surface treatment in step two includes, but is not limited to, superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, locally superhydrophobic, locally superhydrophilic treatment.
Further, in the fourth step, the liquid drop impact is central impact or non-central impact, namely, the symmetric center of the obstacle is taken as the impact center or the point deviating from the obstacle in the spreading radius range is taken as the impact center.
The method for controlling the impact form and the contact time of the liquid drops and the controllable splitting of the liquid drops is applied to the fields of self-cleaning, 3D printing, open microfluid and food and drug subpackage transmission.
The maximum spreading diameter of the water drop on the surface of the super-hydrophobic flat plate substrate is generally twice the diameter of the water drop, but the spreading diameter also increases along with the increase of the impact speed, so that the arrangement of the obstacles is in the range of taking the impact center as the center and the spreading radius as the radius.
The droplet impact mechanism is shown in figure 1. When water drops impact on the plane of the super-hydrophobic flat plate template, the water drops are flattened from a spherical shape due to dynamic pressure, are symmetrically spread along the center to the periphery under the action of inertia force, begin to retract under the action of capillary force after being spread to the maximum diameter, and finally bounce to leave the super-hydrophobic plane. However, when water drops are dripped on the two-ball obstacle template, in the spreading stage, in the obstacle direction, spreading is hindered, the two sides of the liquid generate turbulent flow and form anisotropic spreading in two outlet directions, and finally form 'X' or ethylene molecular spreading. In the same way, the water drops impact the template of the six-ball obstacle small ball, the number of obstacles is six, the number of outlets is also six, so that six directions are obstructed and retracted in advance, momentum is concentrated in the six outlet directions, the spreading rate is increased, the water drops are broken more easily, and the number of small drops broken in each direction is equal.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the invention, the obstacles with different shapes, sizes and distributions are arranged on the flat substrate through the template design, the template is subjected to different infiltration characteristic treatments, and various parameters in the collision process are adjusted, so that the control of collision forms and contact time in various liquid drop collision dynamics can be met, and the controllable splitting of the collision liquid drops is realized, and the method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and good effect;
(2) the method for controlling the liquid drop impact form increases the resistance in the liquid drop impact process, so that the liquid drop impact process not only relates to spreading determined by inertia force and retraction controlled by capillary force, but also has resistance to promote the liquid drop to retract locally in advance in the spreading process, thereby controlling the liquid drop impact form;
(3) the method for reducing the contact time provided by the invention mainly changes the symmetry of the impact form, the obstacles with different numbers and structural sizes are arranged on the super-hydrophobic substrate, and the central circular symmetry of the impact is destroyed, so the contact time is reduced;
(4) the method for controllably splitting the liquid drops can control the direction and the number of the impact splitting of the liquid drops, and can be applied to the fields of open microfluid, soft robots, liquid drop transmission, nozzle spraying and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a droplet impact mechanism, wherein a is droplet 1 ball impact; b is droplet 2 ball impact; and c is drop 6 ball impact.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the rich and controllable impact morphology of liquid droplets.
Fig. 3 is a graph showing the control of the drop impact contact time when the center of the drop strikes two balls.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the controlled break-up of an impinging droplet, wherein a is a characteristic diagram of the controlled break-up of an impinging droplet; b is a graph of the number of droplet breakups versus the number of breakups, m = n × i +1, where n is the number of bead obstacles and i is the number of breakups per outlet direction (i =0, 1, 2, 3, …).
Detailed Description
To further illustrate the technical means adopted by the present invention and the effects thereof, the following detailed description is given with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
The method for controlling the impact form of the liquid drops in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) designing a template: firstly, designing a template of 1-4 balls of obstacles by 123Ddesign software, wherein the template is a 3 x 3 cm square flat plate with the thickness of 3 mm, the radius of the obstacle balls is 0.5 mm, the obstacle balls are distributed on the surface of the flat plate in a hemispherical mode, and the sizes of gaps in the middle of the ball balls and water drops are close to each other, namely 2.4-2.6 mm;
(2) manufacturing a template: printing the template by using a 3D cube printer, and printing a blank template for comparison; the printing ink is polymer ink provided by Formalabs;
(3) treating the surface of the template: after the template is printed, naturally drying, uniformly brushing one or two times of hydrophobic liquid on the template flat plate and the surface of the obstacle by using a brush pen, and obtaining the super-hydrophobic template after the solvent is volatilized; the hydrophobic liquid is a dispersion liquid formed by dispersing hydrophobic nano silicon dioxide (commercial white carbon black) in normal hexane, and the concentration is 1 wt%;
(4) liquid drop collision: controlling the indoor temperature to be 25 +/-2 ℃ and the pressure to be 101 +/-3 KPa, clamping a 10 mL injector on an injection pump, and dripping liquid drops out through an extension tube and an injection needle with the outer diameter of 0.45 mm at the speed of 10 mL/min; controlling the drop height of liquid drops to be below 5 cm, and simultaneously shooting at a shooting frame rate of 5000 fps by a high-speed camera;
(5) and (3) impact morphology analysis: and analyzing and summarizing the morphological images intercepted by the high-speed camera to obtain abundant and various impact morphologies and impact dynamic characteristics.
Example 1 the liquid drop is selected from water drop, the speed v =0.66m/s of the liquid drop impacting the super-hydrophobic surface, and the example graph and the simulation graph obtained by impacting 1 ball, 2 balls, 3 balls and 4 ball template super-hydrophobic surfaces in central symmetry and non-central symmetry are shown in fig. 2. As can be seen from FIG. 2, when the center of the drop hits a 1-ball super-hydrophobic surface, the drop spreads to the maximum in the form of a donut; when the drop is not hit centrally, the feature morphology resembles a "straight line". When the center of the liquid drop impacts the 2-ball super-hydrophobic surface, the spreading characteristic state of the liquid drop is similar to a p atom orbit; when the drop hits off-center, the drop features a morphology resembling the letter "T" (or inverted "T"). When the center of the water drop impacts the 3-ball super-hydrophobic surface, the characteristic form is sp-like2Hybrid orbits; when the drop is impacted off-center, the characteristic morphology of the drop resembles a "Y". When the center of the water drop impacts the 4-ball super-hydrophobic surface, the characteristic impact form is an X shape or a similar d orbit; when the drop hits off-center, the characteristic morphology of the drop resembles a cross shape.
Experiments show that the shape of the water drop is constantly changed when the water drop impacts on the surface of the super-hydrophobic template, and further researches show that the shape of the water drop after impacting on the template can be fixed at a specific stage by changing the wettability of the substrate, such as only keeping the super-hydrophobic part of the small ball part and not carrying out hydrophobic treatment on the flat plate part of the template.
Example 2
In the method for controlling the liquid drop impact contact time in this embodiment, the conditions of the step (1) template design, (2) template manufacture, and (4) liquid drop impact experiment are the same as those of embodiment 1, and taking the example that the center of a water drop impacts a ball 2, the momentum of the water drop is concentrated in one direction due to the anisotropic characteristic during impact, so that the contact time can be reduced. Controlling the impact velocity of water drops to be 0.6 m as s respectively-1，0.75 m▪s-1，0.88 m▪s-1As shown in fig. 3, when the distance between the small balls is 3 mm or less, the contact time of the water drop striking the ball obstacle template is reduced to about 6 ms, which is about 50% lower than that of the flat blank superhydrophobic template. The contact time gradually increased with increasing ball pitch until after increasing the pitch to 5.6 mm, the contact time was substantially flat with the plane. It is shown that the impact anisotropy of the water drops is reduced and the influence of the small ball obstacles is reduced.
Example 3
In the method for controlling the controllable splitting of the liquid drop impact in the embodiment, the template design (1), the template manufacture (2) and the experimental conditions of the liquid drop impact (4) are the same as those in embodiment 1, and different impact speeds are controlled on the templates with the number of small balls of the obstacles of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and …, so that different splitting times i are obtained in the outlet direction, and then the small water drops remained in the centers are added, and the water drops impact the super-hydrophobic templates with different obstacles, so that the number of the split small water drops is m = n × i +1 (wherein n is the number of the obstacles, i is the splitting time in each outlet direction, and m is the total number of the split small liquid drops). In this way, the direction and number of droplet breakup impinging drops can be controlled, as shown in FIG. 4.
The method can control the splitting direction and the number of the water drops, but the existence of the middle water drops in the experimental process can not realize continuous operation. Under the condition that other experimental conditions are the same, a template is improved, a small ball structure or a middle structure obstacle of a triangular cone and a steepest curve cone body is introduced into the middle of the obstacle, the result shows that middle small liquid drops can disappear, so that a water drop impact splitting experiment can be continuously operated, the total number m = n × i of water drop splitting at the moment (wherein n is the number of small ball obstacles, i is the splitting frequency in each outlet direction, and m is the total number of the split small liquid drops), the experiment result shows that the larger the impact speed is, the larger i is, and the more the water drop splitting number is in the middle structure obstacle which is a steepest curve than the splitting number of the middle structure obstacle which is a hemisphere.
The above description is only for the specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and other modifications or equivalent substitutions made by the technical solution of the present invention by the ordinary skilled in the art should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for controlling the impact shape, contact time and controllable splitting of liquid drops is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, template design: the method comprises the following steps of designing a template by adopting 123D Design or 3D MAX software, determining the position of a hemispherical or ellipsoidal barrier on a flat substrate according to the maximum spreading diameter of a liquid drop when the liquid drop impacts a plane, determining the height of the barrier according to the minimum height of a thin film after the liquid drop is spread, and ensuring that the liquid drop can contact the barrier in an impact spreading stage to influence the impact form of the liquid drop and further influence the impact dynamics of the liquid drop;
the size of the obstacle is controlled within the range of 100 mu m to the diameter of the liquid drop, and the height of the obstacle exceeds the minimum height of the spread liquid drop;
the number of the obstacles is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more, the positional relationship among the obstacles is regular, and the obstacles are arranged in an array of 360 degrees within a range taking the impact center as the center and the maximum spreading radius of the liquid drop as the radius;
step two, template manufacturing: importing the related data of the template designed in the step one into a 3D printer, and manufacturing by 3D printing, photoetching and template methods to obtain a template with barrier distribution on a flat substrate;
step three, template surface treatment: carrying out surface treatment on the manufactured template to enable the template to have infiltration characteristics or different portions to have different infiltration characteristics;
step four, liquid drop impact: controlling the indoor temperature and pressure, selecting a needle head with proper size, determining the impact rate of liquid drops according to the fixed height of the needle head, adjusting the position relation between the liquid drops and the surface-treated barrier on the template surface, impacting by taking the barrier as an impact center or deviating from the barrier in the spreading radius range as the impact center, and starting a high-speed camera to shoot the process from the time that the liquid drops impact the surface of the barrier to the time that the liquid drops pop up or fly out of the interface;
step five, impact morphology, kinetic observation and analysis: and summarizing the impact form of the water drops, the contact time and the number and the range of the split of the counted water drops according to the form image intercepted by the high-speed camera.
2. The method for controlling droplet impingement morphology, contact time and controllable droplet breakup of claim 1, wherein the droplets comprise water droplets, organic solvents, ionic liquids, droplets containing surfactants or adjuvants.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the template material for 3D printing in step two includes but is not limited to polymers, inorganic materials, wood, and stone.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the template surface treatment in step three includes but is not limited to superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, locally superhydrophobic, locally superhydrophilic treatment.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet impact is a center impact or a non-center impact in step four.
6. Use of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 for controlling the droplet impact morphology, contact time and controllable droplet break-up in the fields of self-cleaning, printing, open microfluidics and food and drug dispensing and transportation.
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| CN111992410B (en) * | 2020-08-24 | 2021-05-18 | 电子科技大学 | Micro-spray forming method with controllable droplet size |
| CN111999033B (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2021-08-20 | 河南农业大学 | Method for controlling movement track of liquid drop after collision through elastic cantilever beam |
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