CN111525142A - CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photoanode for photocatalytic fuel cell - Google Patents
CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photoanode for photocatalytic fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8867—Vapour deposition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9008—Organic or organo-metallic compounds
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention relates to a CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode for a photocatalytic fuel cell and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of fuel cells and photocatalysis. The invention utilizes two semiconductor materials ZnO and BiOCl to carry out coupling to form a heterojunction structure, so that the two semiconductor energy level structures are complemented, and the photoanode material is obtained after carbon nanotube modification. The photoanode material obtained by the invention can improve the separation efficiency of photo-generated electrons and holes of a single semiconductor material, improve the photoresponse range of ZnO, and further improve the catalytic oxidation performance of the photoanode material on pollutants/fuel and the electricity generation performance of a fuel cell. Through tests, the PFC performance of the photo-anode material prepared by the invention is obviously superior to that of a single ZnO nano array and a ZnO nano array only compounded with BiOCl, and the photo-anode material has potential application value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode for a photocatalytic fuel cell and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of fuel cells and photocatalysis.
Background
The fuel cell is an environment-friendly new energy technology with high efficiency and zero emission. The method mainly uses organic micromolecules such as hydrogen, methanol and the like as raw materials, and oxygen or air as an oxidant to carry out oxidation-reduction reaction, thereby realizing the conversion between energies. The fuel cell is clean and environment-friendly, has the characteristics of high energy density, strong sustainability, simple operation, quick start and the like, and has good development prospects in the fields of small-size portability and transportation.
The photoelectrode is introduced into a fuel cell system to form the photocatalytic fuel cell, which not only has excellent electricity generation performance of the traditional fuel cell, but also inherits the high efficiency of photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic fuel cell mainly comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte solution and fuel. The cathode and the anode are connected by a lead, and a load is applied to form a closed loop. The photocatalytic fuel cell combines the characteristics of a solar cell, photoelectrocatalysis and a fuel cell, takes a semiconductor photocatalyst as a main body, oxidizes fuel molecules or pollutants through a photoproduction hole in a semiconductor photoanode, and reduces oxygen through photoproduction electrons, so that the overall performance of the fuel cell is improved, and the synergistic conversion from chemical energy and solar energy to electric energy is realized.
ZnO is an important n-type semiconductor, has low price and is environment-friendly. And, ZnO has good stability, faster electron mobility, and longer electron lifetime: (>10 s) that make ZnO into TiO2Followed by another important semiconductor material. However, ZnO has poor light absorption capability, low energy conversion efficiency, and low photocatalytic efficiency, limiting its applications. The formation of heterojunctions by utilizing the difference of conduction band and valence band energy levels of different semiconductors is one of the effective ways to improve the separation efficiency of photo-generated electron-hole pairs.
Bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalytic materials such as BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I), Bi2O3、BiVO4、Bi2WO6And the like, because of the unique crystal structure and electronic structure, the photocatalyst shows higher visible light catalytic activity, and particularly BiOX has obvious absorption effect on visible light. In addition, it has been found that Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) composite semiconductor materials, which would have excellent electrical properties, can exhibit a synergistic effect that can enhance the overall efficiency of the photocatalytic process.
Based on the prior art, the invention develops the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode for the photocatalytic fuel cell and the preparation method thereof. According to the invention, two semiconductor materials ZnO and BiOCl are coupled to form a heterojunction structure, so that the two semiconductor energy level structures are complemented, and the separation of photo-generated electron and hole pairs is promoted, thereby improving the photocatalytic quantum efficiency of a single semiconductor; meanwhile, the photoanode after BiOCl compounding can improve the light absorption range of a single ZnO nano array and improve the utilization rate of visible light. Furthermore, the photocatalytic anode modified by the carbon nano tube can cooperatively play the photocatalytic effect and the electronic conduction effect of the composite material, so that the catalytic oxidation performance of the composite material on pollutants/fuel and the electricity generation performance of a fuel cell are improved, and the composite material has potential application value.
Disclosure of Invention
One of the purposes of the invention is to provide a CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array photo-anode for a photocatalytic fuel cell, wherein the photo-anode is obtained by depositing a ZnO nano array on an FTO glass substrate, then hydrothermally compounding BiOCl nano sheets to form a heterojunction structure and finally depositing CNTs by chemical vapor deposition; wherein the mass ratio of BiOCl to ZnO is 0.2-1: 1; the mass ratio of the CNTs to the ZnO is 0.05-0.1: 1.
Further, the mass ratio of BiOCl to ZnO is 0.6-1: 1; the mass ratio of the CNTs to the ZnO is 0.05-0.08: 1.
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode for the photocatalytic fuel cell, which specifically comprises the following preparation steps:
1) dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution, magnetically stirring at a constant temperature of 50-65 ℃ to obtain a transparent solution, coating the transparent solution on the conductive side of the FTO glass, and air-drying at room temperature to obtain a glass substrate;
2) annealing the glass substrate at 350-450 ℃ for 0.4-1 h to obtain zinc oxide seed crystals;
3) dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine in water to prepare a precursor solution, transferring the precursor solution to a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, putting a substrate plated with zinc oxide seed crystals into the precursor solution, reacting at the constant temperature of 65-100 ℃ for 2-5 hours, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out a glass substrate, and washing for several times by adopting deionization and ethanol respectively to obtain an FTO glass substrate for growing a ZnO nano array;
4) adding Bi (NO)3)3·5H2Dissolving O in dilute nitric acid solution, adding a small amount of surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), magnetically stirring for dissolving, adding the FTO glass substrate prepared in the step 3), dropwise adding a NaCl aqueous solution, stirring for 0.5-1h, transferring to a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 180 ℃ for 5-15h at 120-;
5) placing a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array FTO glass substrate in a tube furnace in N2And heating to the temperature of 450-650 ℃ in the atmosphere, introducing acetylene serving as a raw material gas for preparing the carbon nano tube, reacting for 1-2h, performing chemical vapor deposition, stopping introducing the acetylene after the reaction is finished, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array photoanode for the photocatalytic fuel cell.
Further, the molar ratio of the zinc nitrate hydrate to the hexamethylenetetramine in the step 3) is 1: 1-4.
Further, the adding amount of the surfactant in the step 4) accounts for Bi (NO)3)31-5wt% of nitric acid solution.
Further, the reaction temperature in the step 3) is 80-90 ℃, and the reaction time is 2-4 h.
Further, the hydrothermal reaction temperature in the step 4) is 150-.
According to the invention, ZnO vertically grows on the surface of FTO conductive glass by using a nanorod array, BiOCl in-situ hydrothermal grows on the surface of a ZnO nanorod, and a heterojunction structure is formed at the composite boundary of the ZnO nanorod and the ZnO nanorod, and the structure can enable two semiconductor energy level structures to be complementary, so that separation of photo-generated electron and hole pairs is promoted. Meanwhile, the narrow-band-gap BiOCl nanosheets effectively absorb visible light, so that the carrier yield of the composite semiconductor under the condition of visible light is improved, the aim of improving the photoresponse range of ZnO is fulfilled, and solar energy resources can be utilized more efficiently. Furthermore, the modification of the CNTs increases the specific surface area of the compound semiconductor, and can also improve the capability of storing and conducting electrons, thereby improving the catalytic oxidation performance of the compound semiconductor on pollutants/fuel and the electricity generation performance of a fuel cell.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention has safe and nontoxic raw materials, low cost, simple operation method and mild preparation conditions;
(2) the invention greatly improves the photocatalytic efficiency and photoresponse range of a single semiconductor material by simply coupling a plurality of semiconductor materials, is an effective means for reasonably utilizing resources and improving the energy utilization rate, and has the technical effect of adding one to be more than two;
(3) the invention further improves the specific surface and the electron storage and conduction capability of the semiconductor photocatalytic material through the in-situ deposition of the CNTs, and the properties further improve the photocatalytic efficiency of the modified photo-anode and further enhance the electricity generation capability;
(4) through tests, the PFC performance of the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode prepared by the invention is obviously superior to that of a single ZnO nano-array and a ZnO nano-array only compounded with BiOCl, and the potential application value is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an XRD spectrum of a CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode prepared by the method.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1) Dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution, magnetically stirring at a constant temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain a transparent solution, coating the transparent solution on the conductive side of the FTO glass, and air-drying at room temperature to obtain a glass substrate;
2) annealing the glass substrate at 350 ℃ for 0.5 hour to obtain zinc oxide seed crystals;
3) dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine in water in a molar ratio of 1:3 to prepare a precursor solution, transferring the precursor solution into a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, putting the substrate plated with zinc oxide seed crystals into the precursor solution, reacting at a constant temperature of 80 ℃ for 2 hours, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out the glass substrate, and washing with deionized water and ethanol for several times respectively to obtain the FTO glass substrate for growing the ZnO nano array;
4) adding Bi (NO)3)3·5H2Dissolving O in dilute nitric acid solution, adding PVP with the mass fraction of 3wt%, magnetically stirring for dissolving, adding the FTO glass substrate prepared in the step 3), dropwise adding a NaCl aqueous solution, stirring for 0.5h, transferring to a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 160 ℃ for 10h, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out the glass substrate, and washing with deionized water and ethanol for several times respectively to obtain a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array FTO glass substrate;
5) placing a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array FTO glass substrate in a tube furnace in N2Heating to 600 ℃ in the atmosphere, introducing acetylene serving as a raw material gas for preparing the carbon nano tube, reacting for 2 hours, performing chemical vapor deposition, stopping introducing the acetylene after the reaction is finished, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array photoanode for the photocatalytic fuel cell, wherein the obtained sample is marked as a number S-1; wherein the mass ratio of BiOCl to ZnO is 0.8:1, and the mass ratio of CNTs to ZnO is 0.05: 1. For comparison, the products obtained in steps 3) and 4) were designated as sample numbers D-1 and D-2.
XRD testing was performed on sample S-1 to characterize its crystalline phase structure, and the XRD signature of the sample is shown in FIG. 1. As can be seen from FIG. 1, sample S-1 shows more obvious characteristic diffraction peaks of ZnO and BiOCl, and the peak shape is sharp, which indicates that the obtained product is a ZnO and BiOCl compound semiconductor with better crystallization. Since the characteristic diffraction peak of the 002 crystal plane of the carbon nanotube is closer to the characteristic diffraction peak of the 101 crystal plane of the BiOCl, the characteristic diffraction peak of the carbon nanotube is supposed to be submerged in the BiOCl characteristic peak map.
Example 2
1) Dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution, magnetically stirring at a constant temperature of 60 ℃ to obtain a transparent solution, coating the transparent solution on the conductive side of the FTO glass, and air-drying at room temperature to obtain a glass substrate;
2) annealing the glass substrate at 350 ℃ for 0.8 hour to obtain zinc oxide seed crystals;
3) dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine in water in a molar ratio of 1:2 to prepare a precursor solution, transferring the precursor solution into a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, putting the substrate plated with zinc oxide seed crystals into the precursor solution, reacting at a constant temperature of 90 ℃ for 2 hours, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out the glass substrate, and washing with deionized water and ethanol for several times respectively to obtain the FTO glass substrate for growing the ZnO nano array;
4) adding Bi (NO)3)3·5H2Dissolving O in dilute nitric acid solution, adding PVP with the mass fraction of 5wt%, magnetically stirring for dissolving, adding the FTO glass substrate prepared in the step 3), dropwise adding a NaCl aqueous solution, stirring for 0.5h, transferring to a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 150 ℃ for 12h, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out the glass substrate, and washing with deionized water and ethanol for several times respectively to obtain a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array FTO glass substrate;
5) placing a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array FTO glass substrate in a tube furnace in N2Heating to 600 ℃ in the atmosphere, introducing acetylene serving as a raw material gas for preparing the carbon nano tube, reacting for 2 hours, performing chemical vapor deposition, stopping introducing the acetylene after the reaction is finished, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array photoanode for the photocatalytic fuel cell, wherein the obtained sample is marked as a number S-2; wherein, the mass ratio of BiOCl to ZnO is 0.6:1, and the mass ratio of CNTs to ZnO is 0.07: 1.
Example 3
PFC (photocatalytic Fuel cell) Performance Using the products obtained in examples 1 and 2 as photoanode and Cu2The O/Cu is used as a cathode and is respectively connected with the electrochemical work station. The electrode is fixed in a reaction tank filled with organic wastewater, and the cathode is shielded from light. And (3) irradiating the reaction tank by using a 500W xenon lamp as a light source, wherein the distance between the light source and the reaction tank is 25 cm. The I-V and P-V characteristics of the PFCs were measured and recorded at a scan rate of 5mV/s using an electrochemical workstation and the open circuit voltage, short circuit current, output power and fill factor were obtained and are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 PFC Performance of photoanode of photocatalytic fuel cell
As can be seen from Table 1, the PFC performance of the BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode modified by the CNTs prepared by the method is obviously superior to that of a single ZnO nano-array and a ZnO nano-array only compounded with the BiOCl.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (7)
1. A CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photo-anode for a photocatalytic fuel cell is characterized in that the photo-anode is obtained by depositing a ZnO nano-array on an FTO glass substrate, hydrothermally compounding BiOCl nano-sheets to form a heterojunction structure, and finally performing chemical vapor deposition on the CNTs; wherein the mass ratio of BiOCl to ZnO is 0.2-1: 1; the mass ratio of the CNTs to the ZnO is 0.05-0.1: 1.
2. The photoanode of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of BiOCl to ZnO is 0.6-1: 1; the mass ratio of the CNTs to the ZnO is 0.05-0.08: 1.
3. The method for preparing the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array photoanode for the photocatalytic fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution, magnetically stirring at a constant temperature of 50-65 ℃ to obtain a transparent solution, coating the transparent solution on the conductive side of the FTO glass, and air-drying at room temperature to obtain a glass substrate;
2) annealing the glass substrate at 350-450 ℃ for 0.4-1 h to obtain zinc oxide seed crystals;
3) dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine in water to prepare a precursor solution, transferring the precursor solution to a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, putting a substrate plated with zinc oxide seed crystals into the precursor solution, reacting at the constant temperature of 65-100 ℃ for 2-5 hours, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out a glass substrate, and washing for several times by adopting deionization and ethanol respectively to obtain an FTO glass substrate for growing a ZnO nano array;
4) adding Bi (NO)3)3·5H2Dissolving O in dilute nitric acid solution, adding a small amount of surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dissolving by magnetic stirring, adding the FTO glass substrate prepared in the step 3), dropwise adding NaCl aqueous solution, stirring for 0.5-1h, transferring to a reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at the temperature of 120-180 ℃ for 5-15h, naturally cooling to room temperature, taking out the glass substrateRespectively washing for several times by adopting deionized water and ethanol to obtain a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array FTO glass substrate;
5) placing a BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano-array FTO glass substrate in a tube furnace in N2And heating to the temperature of 450-650 ℃ in the atmosphere, introducing acetylene serving as a raw material gas for preparing the carbon nano tube, reacting for 1-2h, performing chemical vapor deposition, stopping introducing the acetylene after the reaction is finished, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the CNTs modified BiOCl/ZnO heterojunction nano array photoanode for the photocatalytic fuel cell.
4. The preparation method of claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of the zinc nitrate hydrate to the hexamethylenetetramine in the step 3) is 1: 1-4.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the surfactant is added in the amount of Bi (NO) in the step 4)3)31-5wt% of nitric acid solution.
6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the reaction temperature in step 3) is 80-90 ℃ and the reaction time is 2-4 hours.
7. The preparation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature in step 4) is 150 ℃ to 160 ℃ and the reaction time is 8-12 h.
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Application publication date: 20200811 |