CN111426303A - Karst slope parameter measuring method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a karst slope vertical valley parameter measuring method, and belongs to the technical field of unmanned aerial vehicle surveying and mapping. The method comprises the following steps: interpreting karst slope landform based on satellite remote sensing data; determining a data acquisition area according to the terrain, the landform and the resolution, and delimiting a ground-imitating flight range and planning a course; comprehensively acquiring data by adopting two modes of intelligent airline planning flight shooting and manual control flight shooting; processing aerial images; and (5) measuring and analyzing the parameters of the slope. The invention can obtain the complete landform of the slope and the karst landform around the slope, solves the problem that manual measurement cannot be carried out or measurement is inaccurate, obtains karst slope landform data with full coverage, high precision and multiple visual angles, has complete measurement parameters and high accuracy, and provides permanent measurement data for the carving, protection, development and utilization of the karst slope landform.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention relates to the technical field of unmanned aerial vehicle surveying and mapping, in particular to a karst slope parameter measuring method.
[ background of the invention ]
The karst slope vertical valley is a karst area karst erosion valley, the width of the erosion valley is more than 1km, the length of the erosion valley is more than 10km, two sides of the valley are mostly clamped by a peak forest, the valley slope is sharp, but the valley bottom is flat, and the cross section is in a groove shape, also called as a groove valley. The cross river often passes through the valley land and flows out from one end of the valley land to the other end and is submerged underground. Under the action of a river, a valley land is rapidly expanded, and a thinner-layer alluvial deposit is accumulated, so that the valley land is one of typical karst landform types, and parameters such as the plane shape of a karst slope valley, the length of a long axis, the trend of the slope valley, the length of a short axis, the height, the volume, the slope of a steep slope and the like are basic data for protecting, developing and utilizing the karst slope valley.
The conventional karst slope landform measuring method mainly comprises the following steps of measuring by workers in field: determining the measurement direction, limiting the measurement range, laying a coordinate control ruler in the measurement range, using equipment such as a laser range finder and a total station to measure the parameters of the valley, and taking a form picture of the slope valley in the measurement range by using a camera. In the landform measurement process, the workload of the on-site measurement of workers is large, when the mountain and high roads are encountered and the elevation point is difficult to find, karst slope landform data can not be comprehensively collected, the whole measurement working period is long, the precision is low, and because the knowledge and experience of the measurers on the slope and the landform are different, and the measurement condition is limited, the measurement result is difficult to repeat and standardize, the deviation of the measured slope and the landform parameters is large, and the actual application is difficult.
The development and the maturity of survey and drawing unmanned aerial vehicle have adapted to the survey and drawing demand of big area and complicated dangerous topography. Especially in recent years, the small unmanned aerial vehicle technology has been developed rapidly, has the characteristics of low cost, low personnel safety risk, over-the-horizon flight, diversity of carrying technical equipment, simple operation and control, high working efficiency and the like, is widely applied to the fields of digital city construction, engineering geological survey and the like at present, and greatly improves the operating efficiency. However, how to utilize unmanned aerial vehicle surveying and mapping technology to survey and map the karst slope valley related geomorphic parameters has no relevant report at present.
[ summary of the invention ]
The invention aims to: aiming at the existing problems, the invention provides a karst slope valley parameter measuring method, which combines the topographic features of the slope valley, utilizes optimized technologies such as satellite remote sensing interpretation, unmanned aerial vehicle surveying and mapping, image processing and the like, can measure the complete topography of the karst slope valley, realizes the standardized measurement of the topographic parameters of the slope valley, and has the advantages of high efficiency, comprehensive and accurate measurement and simple operation.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a karst slope parameter measuring method comprises the following steps:
s1, performing satellite remote sensing interpretation on karst sloping vertical valley landform: collecting data of a karst area to be detected, including satellite data, topographic data and geological data, processing a satellite remote sensing image, and comprehensively interpreting typical sloping valley landforms of the karst area to be detected;
s2, unmanned plane data acquisition: adopting an unmanned aerial vehicle as a data acquisition platform; firstly, determining a karst slope valley landform data acquisition area indoors, planning a route, guiding a designed route into an unmanned aerial vehicle, controlling the unmanned aerial vehicle to perform unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photogrammetry according to the planned route, and intelligently acquiring data; acquiring data of a measurement area in a ground-imitating flight mode in an area with large topographic relief; the aerial photography data of the area which is difficult to cover is supplemented by manual flight;
and S3, aerial image processing: the method comprises the steps of carrying out defogging processing on a photo shot by an unmanned aerial vehicle by adopting image processing software to ensure the photo to be clear, processing data collected by the unmanned aerial vehicle according to a flow by adopting Context Capture software, selecting a 2000 national geodetic coordinate system, carrying out air-three solution, and generating an orthoimage, a digital earth surface model, a three-dimensional model and a point cloud of karst slope valley landform;
s4, measurement and analysis of slope valley parameters: and cutting the slope vertical valley landform model obtained in the step S3, identifying and extracting slope vertical valley monomers, and measuring karst slope vertical valley landform parameters.
Further, the satellite data in step S1 are from a landsat satellite and a high-grade first satellite, and the satellite remote sensing image processing and comprehensive interpretation include the following processes:
s101, remote sensing image processing: registering and fusing panchromatic and multispectral wave bands, performing orthorectification and inlaying on the landsat satellite data; the Landsat satellite data is combined by adopting the 7 th, the 4 th and the 1 st wave bands, so that the lithological boundaries of karst and non-karst landforms can be better distinguished; combining the Landsat satellite data by adopting the 4 th, 3 rd and 2 nd wave bands to form a fused image simulation natural true color orthophoto map with higher resolution, wherein the fused image simulation natural true color orthophoto map is similar to the true color of a ground object, and can be better visually identified;
s102, a slope valley interpretation mark: dividing karst and non-karst areas according to the combined image of the landsat satellite 741 wave bands, and cutting and reserving the image of the karst area; forming a three-dimensional visual scene of a satellite ortho-image in ENVI software by combining the cut topographic data of the karst area, and encircling a negative topographic area by adopting 432 waveband combination; screening out negative terrains with the width of more than or equal to 1km and the length of more than or equal to 10km from all the circumscribed negative terrains, combining the mountain peaks around the negative terrains and the bottom forms of the negative terrains, further determining the position and the range through the high-resolution first satellite data, and decoding a typical karst slope.
Further, the method for determining the karst sloping valley landform data acquisition region in step S2 includes: the range and the position of the sloping valley landform are obtained through satellite remote sensing image interpretation, the vector of the unmanned aerial vehicle data acquisition area is preliminarily defined by combining the Otto map according to the ground resolution condition, and the vector is stored in a kml file form.
Further, the method for planning the route in step S2 includes: importing the determined acquisition area kml file into an unmanned aerial vehicle flight control system, and determining the flight height and the overlapping rate according to the resolution and the ground terrain condition; in order to ensure the accuracy of measurement, the scale is set to be more than 1: 1000; importing terrain data of a region with large fluctuation, namely the region with positive and negative terrain height difference exceeding 200m, and ensuring the accuracy of data acquisition by adopting a ground-imitating flight mode;
the flight height of the flight line is set according to the following formula:
the voyage is (camera lens focal length × ground resolution)/camera pixel size;
the unit of the flight height is meter, the unit of the ground resolution is meter, the unit of the focal length of a camera lens is millimeter, and the size of a camera pixel is micrometer;
planning along the main shaft direction in a defined flight area, adopting a bow-shaped flight route, and considering that the negative terrain is comprehensively collected, the course overlapping rate is not lower than 80 percent, and the side direction overlapping rate is not lower than 65 percent.
Further, when the unmanned aerial vehicle is controlled to intelligently collect data in the step S2, the following conditions are performed:
flight environment: data collection is carried out at noon with no wind or breeze, clear and high visibility;
the flight mode is as follows: the method has the advantages that the connection between the flight control system and the unmanned aerial vehicle is guaranteed, the unmanned aerial vehicle is adopted to be connected with a CORS station in the area with CORS signals, differential correction data are transmitted to the unmanned aerial vehicle, and the accuracy of photo POS information is guaranteed; if no CORS signal exists, the flight is carried out in a PPK mode to ensure the high accuracy of the acquired data;
integrity of data: in an area with large altitude difference, namely a terrain area with positive and negative terrain altitude difference exceeding 200m, because negative terrain is complex, the situation that data acquisition overlapping rate is low in a local area of the negative terrain is easily caused, and therefore after automatic air route data acquisition is completed, data acquisition of the complex negative terrain area is supplemented by a manually operated unmanned aerial vehicle according to the terrain situation;
data checking: and after each overhead flight is finished, exporting the images and POS data for quality inspection, and mainly inspecting the image quality of the photos, the completeness of POS information, the course and the collateral overlapping rate.
Further, the specific method for measuring and analyzing the slope valley parameters in the step S4 is as follows:
s401, model cutting: analyzing the digital earth surface model and the three-dimensional model of the sloping valley obtained in the step S3, and cutting the identified karst sloping valley and other karst landform areas in the cloud company point cloud processing software to obtain the complete landform of the typical karst sloping valley;
s402, extracting the monomers of the valley: analyzing the landform of the cut karst valley in Cyclone software, identifying a single valley when a plurality of negative terrains exist, and extracting the single valley by adopting an editing tool in the software;
s403, selecting karst slope vertical valley landform parameters: selecting the parameters which can best reflect the landform characteristics of the sloping vertical valley from a plurality of sloping vertical valley parameters, wherein the parameters comprise: the surface shape of the vertical slope, the area of the vertical slope, the volume of the vertical slope, the height of the vertical slope, the distance and the trend of the long axis of the vertical slope and the short axis distance of the vertical slope;
s403, measuring the landform parameters of the karst slope: the karst sloping valley landform parameter measurement is carried out based on Cyclone and Cloud company software, the monomer quantity of the karst sloping valley and the series landform parameters of the sloping valley are measured, and the specific landform measurement method and the requirements are as follows:
the surface morphology of the vertical valley: the bottom of the slope single body is cut off on the horizontal plane to form an edge profile;
area of the vertical valley: intercepting the bottom of the slope single body, and calculating the projection area on the horizontal plane;
volume of the vertical valley: the bottom of the vertical slope valley of the horizontal plane is lifted, and is intersected with the upper part of the vertical slope valley to form a closed space, and the volume of the space is calculated; if the slope valley can be divided into two relatively independent closed spaces which are obvious, calculating the sum of the volumes of the two spaces;
height of the vertical valley: taking a plane parallel to the bottom of the vertical slope formed at the highest position of the vertical slope as a valley top, and calculating the distance from the valley bottom plane to the valley top plane;
distance and trend of long axis of vertical valley: selecting two ends with large relative distance according to the surface form of the slope, calculating the linear distance superposed with the connecting line of the two ends, and measuring the trend by adopting a compass tool in the Cloud compass software;
the short axis distance and the trend of the vertical valley: selecting two ends with small relative distance according to the surface form of the slope, calculating the linear distance of the section coinciding with the connecting line of the two ends, and measuring the trend by adopting a compass tool in the Cloud compass software;
parameter analysis: and analyzing karst sloping valley landforms based on Cyclone software, wherein the analysis comprises the decomposition, combination, amplification or reduction of the landforms, and a plurality of planes are generated to perform segmentation cutting analysis on the sloping valley landforms.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the satellite remote sensing image is processed, the karst and non-karst areas and the delineated negative terrain area are divided through the combination of wave bands, so that the typical karst slope valley is interpreted, the area delineation is well made, a basic material is provided for the air route planning of the unmanned aerial vehicle, the manual survey workload of the air route planning is reduced, and the working efficiency is improved.
2. When the unmanned aerial vehicle is used for collecting data, the unmanned aerial vehicle is adjusted to fly in a ground imitating mode to obtain the data aiming at the condition that part of the terrain has large fluctuation in the vertical valley of the slope, and the manual flight is adopted to supplement aerial photography data for the area which is difficult to cover, so that the completeness of the data is ensured, and the accuracy of measurement is improved.
3. According to the invention, the karst slope vertical valley landform data is acquired by the unmanned aerial vehicle, the karst full landform including the slope vertical valley can be obtained, the problem that field workers cannot measure or measure inaccurately due to objective reasons such as steep mountain peaks, large height difference, complex terrain and the like is solved, the karst slope vertical valley landform data with full coverage, high precision and multiple visual angles is obtained, and the operation is simple and efficient. And (3) performing air-to-three calculation on the data acquired by aerial photography to generate a digital orthographic image, a digital surface model, a three-dimensional model and a point cloud. A typical karst slope vertical valley landform model is cut, series of karst slope vertical valley landform parameters can be measured indoors in a standard mode through point cloud software, the measurement parameters are comprehensive, accuracy is high, required analysis can be conducted, and permanent measurement data are provided for protection, development and utilization of the karst slope vertical valley landform.
[ description of the drawings ]
FIG. 1 is a measurement flow chart of a karst slope parameter measurement method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an orthographic image of a karst slope image processed according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a digital earth model of processed karst slope images in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional model of processed karst slope images in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is one of the monomers of a karst trough in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is another monomer of a karst valley in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a slope valley area test.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The invention provides a karst slope parameter measuring method, and a measuring flow chart of the karst slope parameter measuring method is shown in figure 1. In order to express the invention more clearly, the invention is further explained in detail by taking the new rich river karst slope valley of Guilin as an example, and the specific implementation mode and the steps are as follows:
a karst slope parameter measuring method comprises the following steps:
s1, performing satellite remote sensing interpretation on karst sloping vertical valley landform: collecting data of a karst area to be detected, including satellite data, topographic data and geological data, processing a satellite remote sensing image, and comprehensively interpreting typical sloping valley landforms of the karst area to be detected; the satellite data come from a landsat satellite and a high-grade first satellite, and the satellite remote sensing image processing and comprehensive interpretation comprise the following processes:
s101, remote sensing image processing: registering and fusing panchromatic and multispectral wave bands of the satellite data of the landsat, and performing orthorectification; the Landsat satellite data is combined by adopting the 7 th, the 4 th and the 1 st wave bands, so that the lithological boundaries of karst and non-karst landforms can be better distinguished; combining the Landsat satellite data with the wave bands of No. 4, No. 3 and No. 2 to form a high-resolution fused image simulation natural true-color orthophoto map which is similar to the true color of a ground object and can be better visually identified;
s102, a slope valley interpretation mark: dividing karst and non-karst areas according to the combined image of the landsat satellite 741 wave bands, and cutting and reserving the image of the karst area; forming a three-dimensional visual scene of a satellite ortho-image in ENVI software by combining the cut topographic data of the karst area, and encircling a negative topographic area by adopting 432 waveband combination; screening out the negative terrains with the width of more than 1km and the length of more than 10km from all the circumscribed negative terrains, combining the mountain peaks around the negative terrains and the bottom forms of the negative terrains, further determining the range and the position through data comparison of a high-resolution first satellite, and decoding a typical karst slope valley.
S2, unmanned plane data acquisition: a genistein 4 RTK unmanned aerial vehicle is used as a data acquisition platform; firstly, determining a karst slope valley landform data acquisition area indoors, planning a route, guiding a designed route into an unmanned aerial vehicle, controlling the unmanned aerial vehicle to perform unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photogrammetry according to the planned route, and intelligently acquiring data; acquiring data of a measurement area in a ground-imitating flight mode in an area with large topographic relief; the aerial photography data of the area which is difficult to cover is supplemented by manual flight; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
s201, determining a karst slope landform data acquisition area: preliminarily defining a vector of an unmanned aerial vehicle data acquisition area by combining the range, the position and the ground resolution condition obtained by interpreting the satellite remote sensing image in the step S1 and storing the vector in a kml file form by combining the Otto map;
s202: the method for planning the route comprises the following steps: importing the determined acquisition area kml file into an unmanned aerial vehicle flight control system, and determining the flight height and the overlapping rate according to the resolution and the ground terrain condition; in order to ensure the accuracy of measurement, the scale is set to be more than 1: 1000; importing terrain data of a region with large fluctuation, namely the region with positive and negative terrain height difference exceeding 200m, and ensuring the accuracy of data acquisition by adopting a ground-imitating flight mode;
the flight height of the flight line is set according to the following formula:
the voyage is (camera lens focal length × ground resolution)/camera pixel size;
the ground resolution unit is meter, the focal length unit of a camera lens is millimeter, and the pixel size of the camera is micrometer; the unit of the voyage is meter.
Planning along the main shaft direction in a defined flight area, adopting a bow-shaped flight route, and considering comprehensive negative terrain acquisition, the flight parameters in the embodiment are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Xinfu river slope vertical valley route planning parameters
| Flying height (m) | Course overlap ratio | Side lap ratio | Aerial survey area (km)2) | |
| Parameter(s) | 250 | 80％ | 70％ | 8 |
S203: when controlling unmanned aerial vehicle intelligent acquisition data, carry out according to the following condition:
flight environment: data collection is carried out at noon with no wind or breeze, clear and high visibility;
the flight mode is as follows: the method has the advantages that the connection between the flight control system and the unmanned aerial vehicle is guaranteed, the unmanned aerial vehicle is adopted to be connected with a CORS station in the area with CORS signals, differential correction data are transmitted to the unmanned aerial vehicle, and the accuracy of photo POS information is guaranteed; if no CORS signal exists, the flight is carried out in a PPK mode to ensure the high accuracy of the acquired data; the flight adopts a CORS signal mode.
Integrity of data: in the terrain with large altitude difference, namely the altitude difference of a positive terrain and a negative terrain exceeds 200m, due to the complex negative terrain, after the automatic course data acquisition is finished, the data of the area which is difficult to cover is acquired by manually operating the unmanned aerial vehicle according to the terrain;
data checking: and after each overhead flight is finished, exporting the images and POS data for quality inspection, and mainly inspecting the image quality of the photos, the completeness of POS information, the course and the collateral overlapping rate.
S3, image processing: the method comprises the steps of performing cloud and fog removal processing on a photo by adopting image processing software to ensure the photo to be clear, processing data acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle by adopting Context Capture software according to a flow, selecting a 2000 national earth coordinate system, performing air-three solution, and generating an orthoimage, a digital earth surface model, a three-dimensional model and a point cloud of karst slope landform; the above operations all adopt the conventional picture processing technology, and the obtained orthoimage, digital earth surface model and three-dimensional model are respectively shown in fig. 2-4 without detailed description.
S4, measurement and analysis of slope valley parameters: and cutting the slope vertical valley landform model obtained in the step S3, identifying and extracting slope vertical valley monomers, and measuring karst slope vertical valley landform parameters.
S401, model cutting: analyzing the digital earth surface model and the three-dimensional model of the slope valley obtained in the step S3, and cutting the mountain peaks around the negative topography from the negative topography in the cloud company point cloud processing software to obtain the complete landform of the typical karst slope valley;
s402, extracting the monomers of the valley: and analyzing the landform of the cut karst valley slope, and identifying and extracting the valley slope monomers in Cyclone software when a plurality of negative terrains exist. The Xinfu river karst slope has 2 monomers as shown in figures 5-6.
S403, selecting karst slope vertical valley landform parameters: selecting the parameters which can best reflect the landform characteristics of the sloping vertical valley from a plurality of sloping vertical valley parameters, wherein the parameters comprise: the surface shape of the vertical slope, the area of the vertical slope, the volume of the vertical slope, the height of the vertical slope, the distance and the trend of the long axis of the vertical slope and the short axis distance of the vertical slope;
s403, measuring the landform parameters of the karst slope: the karst slope valley landform parameter measurement is carried out based on Cyclone software, the monomer quantity of the karst slope valley and the series landform parameters of the slope valley are measured, and the specific landform measurement method and the requirements are as follows:
the surface morphology of the vertical valley: the bottom of the slope single body is cut off on the horizontal plane to form an edge profile;
area of the vertical valley: intercepting the bottom of the slope single body, and calculating the projection area on the horizontal plane; the measured slope valley area is 4.91km2As in FIG. 7;
volume of the vertical valley: the bottom of the vertical slope valley of the horizontal plane is lifted, and is intersected with the upper part of the vertical slope valley to form a closed space, and the volume of the space is calculated; if the slope valley can be divided into two relatively independent closed spaces which are obvious, calculating the sum of the volumes of the two spaces; the volume of the vertical valley is measured to be 58552 ten thousand meters3；
Height of the vertical valley: taking a plane parallel to the bottom of the vertical slope formed at the highest position of the vertical slope as a valley top, and calculating the distance from the valley bottom plane to the valley top plane; measuring the height of the vertical valley of the slope to be 184 m;
distance and trend of long axis of vertical valley: selecting two ends with large relative distance according to the surface form of the vertical valley, and calculating the linear distance superposed with the connecting line of the two end points, wherein the long axis of the vertical valley is 3008 m; run measurements were made using the compass tool in the Cloud company software, the slope runs 348.4 °;
short axis distance of the single slope valley 1: selecting two ends with small relative distance according to the surface form of the vertical valley, and calculating the linear distance of the section coinciding with the connecting line of the two end points, wherein the short axis distance of the vertical valley is 340 m;
short-axis distance of the single slope vertical valley 2: selecting two ends with small relative distance according to the surface form of the vertical valley, and calculating the linear distance of the section coinciding with the connecting line of the two end points, wherein the short axis distance of the vertical valley is 355 m;
parameter analysis: and analyzing karst sloping valley landforms based on Cyclone software, wherein the analysis comprises the decomposition, combination, amplification or reduction of the landforms, and a plurality of planes are generated to perform segmentation cutting analysis on the sloping valley landforms.
The invention has comprehensive measurement parameters and high accuracy, can be used for analysis, and provides permanent measurement data for the protection, development and utilization of karst slope landform.
The above description is intended to describe in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made within the technical spirit of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A karst slope parameter measuring method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, performing satellite remote sensing interpretation on karst sloping vertical valley landform: collecting data of a karst area to be detected, including satellite data, topographic data and geological data, processing a satellite remote sensing image, and comprehensively interpreting typical sloping valley landforms of the karst area to be detected;
s2, unmanned plane data acquisition: adopting an unmanned aerial vehicle as a data acquisition platform; firstly, determining a karst slope valley landform data acquisition area indoors, planning a route, guiding a designed route into an unmanned aerial vehicle, controlling the unmanned aerial vehicle to perform unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photogrammetry according to the planned route, and intelligently acquiring data; acquiring data of a measurement area in a ground-imitating flight mode in an area with large topographic relief; the aerial photography data of the area which is difficult to cover is supplemented by manual flight;
and S3, aerial image processing: the method comprises the steps of carrying out defogging processing on a photo shot by an unmanned aerial vehicle by adopting image processing software to ensure the photo to be clear, processing data collected by the unmanned aerial vehicle according to a flow by adopting Context Capture software, selecting a 2000 national geodetic coordinate system, carrying out air-three solution, and generating an orthoimage, a digital earth surface model, a three-dimensional model and a point cloud of karst slope valley landform;
s4, measurement and analysis of slope valley parameters: and cutting the slope vertical valley landform model obtained in the step S3, identifying and extracting slope vertical valley monomers, and measuring karst slope vertical valley landform parameters.
2. The karst slope parameter measuring method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the satellite data in the step S1 come from a landsat satellite and a high-grade first satellite, and the satellite remote sensing image processing and comprehensive interpretation include the following processes:
s101, remote sensing image processing: registering and fusing panchromatic and multispectral wave bands, performing orthorectification and inlaying on the landsat satellite data; the Landsat satellite data is combined by adopting the 7 th, the 4 th and the 1 st wave bands, so that the lithological boundaries of karst and non-karst landforms can be better distinguished; combining the Landsat satellite data by adopting the 4 th, 3 rd and 2 nd wave bands to form a fused image simulation natural true color orthophoto map with higher resolution, wherein the fused image simulation natural true color orthophoto map is similar to the true color of a ground object, and can be better visually identified;
s102, a slope valley interpretation mark: dividing karst and non-karst areas according to the combined image of the landsat satellite 741 wave bands, and cutting and reserving the image of the karst area; forming a three-dimensional visual scene of a satellite ortho-image in ENVI software by combining the cut topographic data of the karst area, and encircling a negative topographic area by adopting 432 waveband combination; screening out negative terrains with the width of more than or equal to 1km and the length of more than or equal to 10km from all the circumscribed negative terrains, combining the mountain peaks around the negative terrains and the bottom forms of the negative terrains, further determining the position and the range through the high-resolution first satellite data, and decoding a typical karst slope.
3. The karst slope parameter measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the method for determining the karst slope topographic data collecting area in the step S2 is: the range and the position of the sloping valley landform are obtained through satellite remote sensing image interpretation, the vector of the unmanned aerial vehicle data acquisition area is preliminarily defined by combining the Otto map according to the ground resolution condition, and the vector is stored in a kml file form.
4. The karst dip parameter measuring method according to claim 3, wherein the method of route planning in step S2 is: importing the determined acquisition area kml file into an unmanned aerial vehicle flight control system, and determining the flight height and the overlapping rate according to the resolution and the ground terrain condition; in order to ensure the accuracy of measurement, the scale is set to be more than 1: 1000; importing terrain data of a region with large fluctuation, namely the region with positive and negative terrain height difference exceeding 200m, and ensuring the accuracy of data acquisition by adopting a ground-imitating flight mode;
the flight height of the flight line is set according to the following formula:
the voyage is (camera lens focal length × ground resolution)/camera pixel size;
the unit of the flight height is meter, the unit of the ground resolution is meter, the unit of the focal length of a camera lens is millimeter, and the size of a camera pixel is micrometer;
planning along the main shaft direction in a defined flight area, adopting a bow-shaped flight route, and considering that the negative terrain is comprehensively collected, the course overlapping rate is not lower than 80 percent, and the side direction overlapping rate is not lower than 65 percent.
5. The karst slope parameter measuring method according to claim 1, wherein when the unmanned aerial vehicle is operated to intelligently collect data in step S2, the following conditions are adopted:
flight environment: data collection is carried out at noon with no wind or breeze, clear and high visibility;
the flight mode is as follows: the method has the advantages that the connection between the flight control system and the unmanned aerial vehicle is guaranteed, the unmanned aerial vehicle is adopted to be connected with a CORS station in the area with CORS signals, differential correction data are transmitted to the unmanned aerial vehicle, and the accuracy of photo POS information is guaranteed; if no CORS signal exists, the flight is carried out in a PPK mode to ensure the high accuracy of the acquired data;
integrity of data: in an area with large altitude difference, namely a terrain area with positive and negative terrain altitude difference exceeding 200m, because negative terrain is complex, the situation that data acquisition overlapping rate is low in a local area of the negative terrain is easily caused, and therefore after automatic air route data acquisition is completed, data acquisition of the complex negative terrain area is supplemented by a manually operated unmanned aerial vehicle according to the terrain situation;
data checking: and after each overhead flight is finished, exporting the images and POS data for quality inspection, and mainly inspecting the image quality of the photos, the completeness of POS information, the course and the collateral overlapping rate.
6. The karst slope parameter measuring method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the concrete method for measuring and analyzing the slope valley parameters in the step S4 comprises the following steps:
s401, model cutting: analyzing the slope valley digital earth surface model and the three-dimensional model obtained in the step S3, and cutting the identified karst slope valley and other karst landform areas in ClourdCompare point cloud processing software to obtain a typical karst slope valley complete landform;
s402, extracting the monomers of the valley: analyzing the landform of the cut karst valley in Cyclone software, identifying a single valley when a plurality of negative terrains exist, and extracting the single valley by adopting an editing tool in the software;
s403, selecting karst slope vertical valley landform parameters: selecting the parameters which can best reflect the landform characteristics of the sloping vertical valley from a plurality of sloping vertical valley parameters, wherein the parameters comprise: the surface shape of the vertical slope, the area of the vertical slope, the volume of the vertical slope, the height of the vertical slope, the distance and the trend of the long axis of the vertical slope and the short axis distance of the vertical slope;
s403, measuring the landform parameters of the karst slope: the karst sloping valley landform parameter measurement is carried out based on Cyclone and Cloud company software, the monomer quantity of the karst sloping valley and the series landform parameters of the sloping valley are measured, and the specific landform measurement method and the requirements are as follows:
the surface morphology of the vertical valley: the bottom of the slope single body is cut off on the horizontal plane to form an edge profile;
area of the vertical valley: intercepting the bottom of the slope single body, and calculating the projection area on the horizontal plane;
volume of the vertical valley: the bottom of the vertical slope valley of the horizontal plane is lifted, and is intersected with the upper part of the vertical slope valley to form a closed space, and the volume of the space is calculated; if the slope valley can be divided into two relatively independent closed spaces which are obvious, calculating the sum of the volumes of the two spaces;
height of the vertical valley: taking a plane parallel to the bottom of the vertical slope formed at the highest position of the vertical slope as a valley top, and calculating the distance from the valley bottom plane to the valley top plane;
distance and trend of long axis of vertical valley: selecting two ends with large relative distance according to the surface form of the slope, calculating the linear distance superposed with the connecting line of the two ends, and measuring the trend by adopting a compass tool in the Cloud compass software;
the short axis distance and the trend of the vertical valley: selecting two ends with small relative distance according to the surface form of the slope, calculating the linear distance of the section coinciding with the connecting line of the two ends, and measuring the trend by adopting a compass tool in the Cloud compass software;
parameter analysis: and analyzing karst sloping valley landforms based on Cyclone software, wherein the analysis comprises the decomposition, combination, amplification or reduction of the landforms, and a plurality of planes are generated to perform segmentation cutting analysis on the sloping valley landforms.
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