CN111406838A - 一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖 - Google Patents
一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，包括以质量份数计的以下原料：食盐32‑48份，糖蜜16‑24份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.08‑0.12份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.16‑0.24份，活力为50000u/g的β‑葡聚糖酶0.16‑0.24份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.16‑0.24份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂4‑6份，碳酸氢钠4‑6份，膨润土4‑6份，水泥19.5‑29份。本发明可通过促进唾液分泌，在一定程度上抑制瘤胃泡沫产生；通过降低瘤胃液的粘度，降低瘤胃泡沫的稳定性；通过降低瘤胃泡沫液膜表面张力，促进瘤胃泡沫破裂。通过以上三种方式的联合作用，消除瘤胃绝大部分的泡沫，实现瘤胃气体的正常排放，从而达到预防瘤胃胀气的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及畜牧饲养技术领域，特别是一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖。
背景技术
为了提高育肥期牛羊的产肉性能和肉品质，促进饲料的便利运输、贮藏和均匀搅拌等，人们一直在不断地提高牛羊日粮中谷物等精饲料的使用比例。例如为了生产雪花牛肉，育肥后期肉牛日粮中精料的比例已被提高到了90％以上。但长期饲喂高精料日粮会导致牛羊瘤胃胀气，人们称之为高精料型瘤胃胀气。以往人们主要通过在日粮中添加莫能菌素等离子载体类抗生素来控制高精料型瘤胃胀气的发生。但2020年以后我国饲料将全面进入禁止使用抗生素的时代，再加上由于严重缺乏优质粗饲料，长期以来我国都习惯于给反刍家畜饲喂高精料日粮，因此今后我国牛羊瘤胃胀气的发生率将会大幅度增加。虽然致死率不高，但瘤胃胀气从发病、治疗到康复，至少需要15天时间，在此期间动物的生产性能会极显著降低，养殖户也会遭受严重的经济损失。除了使用莫能菌素等抗生素，人们现有的技术只能治疗而不能有效预防高精料瘤胃胀气的发生。因此，在饲料全面禁止使用抗生素以后，生产上非常需要一种能有效预防牛羊高精料瘤胃胀气的技术。
牛羊瘤胃每天都会产生大量的二氧化碳、甲烷等气体，正常情况下，瘤胃所产气体会通过嗳气排出体外。高精料日粮诱发牛羊瘤胃胀气的原因是因为瘤胃中形成了数量庞大且性质非常稳定的泡沫，泡沫是气体的陷阱，大量、稳定泡沫的形成会导致瘤胃气体无法正常流动和排放从而产生胀气。正常的泡沫在产生后会很快破灭，瘤胃泡沫之所以能维持稳定而不破灭，一个重要原因是高精料日粮促进了瘤胃链球菌等细菌的过量繁殖，它们会分泌大量可溶的粘性多糖。玉米、小麦等精饲料中也含有大量可溶性非淀粉多糖。这些多糖溶解在瘤胃液中，增加了瘤胃液的粘度，从而使瘤胃液产生的泡沫稳定性大幅度增加。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中存在的问题，本发明提供了一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖。
本发明采用的技术方案是：
一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，包括以质量份数计的以下原料：食盐32-48份，糖蜜16-24份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.08-0.12份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.16-0.24份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.16-0.24份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.16-0.24份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂4-6份，碳酸氢钠4-6份，膨润土4-6份，水泥19.5-29份。
优选的，食盐40份，糖蜜20份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.1份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.2份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.2份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.2份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂5份，碳酸氢钠5份，膨润土5份，水泥24.3份。
优选的，所述食用级有机硅醚消泡剂包括以质量份数计的以下原料：聚氧丙基聚氧乙基甘油醚1份，二甲基硅油2份，聚氧丙烯甘油醚1份，山梨醇酐单油酯0.2份，聚氧乙烯脱水山里单油酸酯0.2份，二氧化硅0.1份，羧甲基纤维素钠0.25份，卵磷脂0.25份。
本发明的有益效果是：
1、在舔砖中添加木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖等非淀粉多糖酶，降低瘤胃液的粘度。动物舔食舔砖时摄入非淀粉多糖酶。在瘤胃中，非淀粉多糖酶能高效分解饲料中的可溶性多糖和瘤胃微生物合成的粘性多糖。这些多糖的降解会降低瘤胃液的粘度，从而使瘤胃泡沫的稳定性被打破而变得易于破裂。瘤胃泡沫破裂后，被泡沫包裹的气体就会通过嗳气被释放出体外，瘤胃胀气就会消失。
2、在舔砖中添加食盐、糖蜜和香味剂等诱食剂，以促进牛羊舔食过程中唾液的分泌，抑制泡沫的产生。食盐、糖蜜等诱食剂能引诱牛羊舔食舔砖，在舔食过程中，除了能摄入舔砖中的非淀粉多糖酶等添加剂和营养素，还能促进牛羊分泌大量唾液。研究表明，牛羊唾液中含有一种被命名为bSP30的蛋白组分，这种蛋白具有抑制瘤胃泡沫产生的作用。因而，通过舔食舔砖促进唾液分泌对预防瘤胃胀气有积极作用。
3、在舔砖中添加消泡剂，促进瘤胃泡沫破灭。本发明在舔砖中添加了以含聚氧丙基聚氧乙基甘油醚20％，二甲基硅油40％，聚氧丙烯甘油醚20％为核心的食用级有机硅醚消泡剂，这类消泡剂能渗透进入泡沫弹性膜并且在膜中分布，通过降低液膜表面张力导致瘤胃泡沫膜层破裂。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例中对照组的山羊瘤胃内容物(含有大量泡沫)；
图2为本发明实施例中舔砖组的山羊瘤胃内容物(仅有零星泡沫)。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行详细说明。
实施例1
一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，包括以质量份数计的以下原料：食盐32份，糖蜜16份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.08份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.16份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.16份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.16份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂4份，碳酸氢钠4份，膨润土4份，水泥19.5份。
其中，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂包括以质量份数计的以下原料：聚氧丙基聚氧乙基甘油醚0.8份，二甲基硅油1.6份，聚氧丙烯甘油醚0.8份，山梨醇酐单油酯0.16份，聚氧乙烯脱水山里单油酸酯0.16份，二氧化硅0.08份，羧甲基纤维素钠0.2份，卵磷脂0.2份。
实施例2
一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，包括以质量份数计的以下原料：食盐40份，糖蜜20份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.1份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.2份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.2份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.2份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂5份，碳酸氢钠5份，膨润土5份，水泥24.3份。
其中，所述食用级有机硅醚消泡剂包括以质量份数计的以下原料：聚氧丙基聚氧乙基甘油醚1份，二甲基硅油2份，聚氧丙烯甘油醚1份，山梨醇酐单油酯0.2份，聚氧乙烯脱水山里单油酸酯0.2份，二氧化硅0.1份，羧甲基纤维素钠0.25份，卵磷脂0.25份。
实施例3
一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，包括以质量份数计的以下原料：食盐48份，糖蜜24份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.12份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.24份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.24份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.24份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂6份，碳酸氢钠6份，膨润土6份，水泥29份。
其中，所述食用级有机硅醚消泡剂包括以质量份数计的以下原料：聚氧丙基聚氧乙基甘油醚1.2份，二甲基硅油2.4份，聚氧丙烯甘油醚1.2份，山梨醇酐单油酯0.24份，聚氧乙烯脱水山里单油酸酯0.24份，二氧化硅0.12份，羧甲基纤维素钠0.3份，卵磷脂0.3份。
为了检验本专利发明的舔砖预防高精料型瘤胃胀气的效果，用装有瘤胃瘘管的山羊为试验动物，进行如下的试验。
1、材料与方法
1.1试验动物及试验设计
本试验选用6只8-10月龄，健康无病，体重约为30kg，装有瘤胃瘘管的简州大耳山羊作为试验动物。设两个试验处理组，分别为对照组(C组)：饲喂高精料型基础日粮；舔砖组(T组)：饲喂高精料型基础日粮+自由舔食舔砖。采用2×2拉丁方试验设计，将6只羊按照3只一组分成两组，随机分到两个处理组。分两期进行试验，每期试验15天，其中预饲期8天，正试期7天。每期试验每个处理组均有3只羊。
1.2试验基础日粮和饲养管理
基础日粮的精粗比为8:2，原料组成为玉米58.9％，麦麸7.3％，豆粕11.5％，棉粕8％，氯化钠0.3％，燕麦草6％，苜蓿干草14％，预混料4％。所有饲料原料粉碎后混合均匀，制粒成全混合颗粒日粮后进行饲喂。试验期间动物自由采食，自由饮水。舔砖选择实施例2按原料配比混合均匀后挤压成型，密度为2g/cm3，固定于食槽正上方，动物自由舔食。
1.3样品采集
1.3.1饲料样品和粪样的采集
采用四分法采集饲料样品。每期试验第12-15d，收集试验羊***的所有粪便。饲料样品和粪便样品65℃烘箱烘干制成风干样品，粉碎过40目筛，用于营养物质表观消化率的测定。
1.3.2瘤胃液样品的采集
每期试验第15d晨饲前，采集各组每只羊瘤胃内容物，分成两份。一份四层纱布过滤后得瘤胃液，立即测定pH，然后分装于灭菌的离心管中，用于瘤胃液NH3-N、挥发性脂肪酸、微生物蛋白、表面张力、黏度等的测定。另外一份先拍照，然后进行泡沫持久力测定。
1.4瘤胃胀气评分
参照L·R·Neibarger(Neibarger L R,Nagaraja T G.Effect of Tetronasinon frothy bloat in cattle caused by high-grain diet[J]，1988)的5分制评分标准，根据腹胀情况和瘤胃泡沫丰富度，对每只羊瘤胃胀气程度进行评分。
1.5瘤胃泡沫持久力测定
每只试验羊取100mL的瘤胃内容物，倒入一个玻璃圆筒，通过圆筒底部排液口通入6Pa的CO2气体30秒，使之产生泡沫。打开排液口，排出瘤胃原液，仅保留泡沫。将泡沫从产生到全部坍塌所需时间记为泡沫持久力(h)。
1.6全肠道营养物质消化率测定
参照张丽英(饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]，中国农业大学出版社，2003)的方法测定饲料和粪便样品中干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量，并用下面的公式计算营养物质的表观消化率。
1.7瘤胃液参数测定
瘤胃液表面张力的测定：参照GB/T5549-2010用拉起液膜法进行测定。
瘤胃液黏度的测定：参照GB/T22235-2008用毛细管黏度计进行测定。
瘤胃液pH值测定：使用雷磁便携式酸度计进行测定。正式试验时，打开瘤胃瘘管，用洗干净的烧杯取适量瘤胃内容物，将酸度计的探头伸进内容物中直接进行测定。
瘤胃微生物蛋白测定：用南京建成生物工程研究所BCA法蛋白定量测试盒测定微生物蛋白含量。
挥发性脂肪酸的测定：用气相色谱仪进行测定。
瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的测定：用比色法进行测定。
1.8数据统计与分析
试验结果用一般线性模型Yij(k)＝μ+αi+βj+γ(k)+εij(k)(i＝j＝k＝1，2，3)表示,其中Y为某指标的观测值，μ为试验全部观测值总体平均数；α，β，γ分别为本研究中试验期、试验处理和采食量，ε为随机误差。用SPSS21.0分析软件中的两样本t检验用以试验处理为主要影响因素，且与其它两种影响因素无互作效应的方法对处理组间观测值平均数(μ)进行差异显著性检验。试验结果以平均值±标准差表示。以P<0.05表示为差异显著，P<0.01为差异极显著。
2、试验结果
2.1瘤胃胀气评分和瘤胃泡沫
补饲舔砖组(T组)与对照组(C组)相比，瘤胃胀气评分和瘤胃泡沫的稳定性都极显著(P＜0.01)降低(表1)。从图1可以看出，饲喂高精料日粮的对照组山羊，瘤胃中产生了大量的泡沫，补饲舔砖的试验组相比于对照组，瘤胃内容物中的泡沫的数量明显减少。
表1补饲舔砖对山羊瘤胃胀气和瘤胃泡沫的影响
2.2营养物质表观消化率
表2补饲舔砖对山羊营养物质表观消化率(％)的影响
从表2可以看出，补饲舔砖极显著地提高了山羊对日粮中OM、CP、NDF、ADF的全肠道表观消化率(P＜0.01)，有利于生产性能的发挥。
2.3瘤胃发酵指标
表3补饲舔砖对山羊瘤胃发酵指标的影响
从表3可以看出，补饲舔砖显著(p＝0.02)地提高了瘤胃液的pH值。对照组与试验组瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和瘤胃微生物蛋白浓度没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。
3、试验结论
给饲喂高精料日粮的山羊补饲舔砖，能有效预防瘤胃胀气的发生，显著促进营养物质的消化，且不会影响正常的瘤胃发酵。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的具体实施方式，其描述较为具体和详细，但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是，对于本领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干变形和改进，这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，其特征在于，包括以质量份数计的以下原料：食盐32-48份，糖蜜16-24份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.08-0.12份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.16-0.24份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.16-0.24份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.16-0.24份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂4-6份，碳酸氢钠4-6份，膨润土4-6份，水泥19.5-29份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，其特征在于，食盐40份，糖蜜20份，青草香型牛羊专用香味剂0.1份，活力为20000u/g的木聚糖酶0.2份，活力为50000u/g的β-葡聚糖酶0.2份，活力为50000u/g的甘露聚糖酶0.2份，食用级有机硅醚消泡剂5份，碳酸氢钠5份，膨润土5份，水泥24.3份。
3.根据权利要求2所述的预防牛羊高精料型瘤胃胀气的舔砖，其特征在于，所述食用级有机硅醚消泡剂包括以质量份数计的以下原料：聚氧丙基聚氧乙基甘油醚1份，二甲基硅油2份，聚氧丙烯甘油醚1份，山梨醇酐单油酯0.2份，聚氧乙烯脱水山里单油酸酯0.2份，二氧化硅0.1份，羧甲基纤维素钠0.25份，卵磷脂0.25份。
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| CN107156469A (zh) * | 2017-06-19 | 2017-09-15 | 广汉隆达饲料有限公司 | 育肥牛用驱虫健胃复合预混合饲料舔砖 |
| CN108634111A (zh) * | 2018-04-12 | 2018-10-12 | 西南民族大学 | 成年牦牛暖季专用舔砖的制备方法 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111838430A (zh) * | 2020-08-18 | 2020-10-30 | 达州市农业科学研究院 | 一种预防反刍动物泡沫型瘤胃胀气日粮及其制备方法 |
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