CN111285375B - Silicon nano material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Silicon nano material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN111285375B
CN111285375B CN201811506847.1A CN201811506847A CN111285375B CN 111285375 B CN111285375 B CN 111285375B CN 201811506847 A CN201811506847 A CN 201811506847A CN 111285375 B CN111285375 B CN 111285375B
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CN111285375A (en
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杜红宾
汪飞
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Nanjing University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/02—Silicon
    • C01B33/021—Preparation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures

Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of a silicon nano material, which comprises the step of reacting chlorosilane with metal powder in an anhydrous organic solvent at 0-100 ℃ and normal pressure under the action of an activating agent to obtain the silicon nano material. Compared with the traditional synthesis method, the method has the advantages of simple operation, mild reaction conditions, high yield, easy amplification synthesis and low cost. The silicon nano material obtained by the method of the invention is used as the cathode material of the lithium ion battery after being coated with carbon, and has high energy density and excellent cycle performance.

Description

Silicon nano material and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of nano materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a silicon nano material, which is characterized in that metal powder and chlorosilane react in a solvent to prepare the silicon nano material, and the silicon nano material is used as a lithium ion battery cathode material or a molecular sieve material and is applied to the fields of adsorption, separation, catalysis and medical treatment.
Background
In recent years, Si has gained wide attention as an anode material for application in the field of lithium ion batteries, and silicon anode material is considered to be one of the most promising materials to replace commercial graphite. This is because Si materials have high theoretical specific capacities (-4200 mAh g-1) Low working potential (<0.5V vs Li/Li). However, the Si negative electrode undergoes a large volume change during the process of lithium intercalation and deintercalation, which causes the active material to fall off from the current collector and lose contact, and also destroys the stability of the solid-liquid interface passive film formed on the surface of the material during the first discharge, thereby seriously inhibiting the cycle service life of the battery. In order to solve the problem of the huge change in volume, recent studies have shown that reducing the size of Si material to a micrometer or nanometer size is an effective way to alleviate the problem of pulverization of the active material due to volume expansion, thereby improving the cycle life of the battery. The nanoscale Si material can provide buffer voids, and the increased voids between particles can reduce the effect of stress caused by volume change during lithiation [ Zhang, c.; kang, t. -h.; yu, j. -s.nano Research 2017,11, 233; liu, z. -L; chang, X. -C.; sun, b. -X; yang, S. -J; zheng, j.; li, x.g. chemical Communications 2017,53, 6223; ge, M.; rong, j.; fang, x.; zhang, a.; lu, y.; zhou, c.nano Research 2013,6, 174; xu, y.; zhu, y.; wang, C.journal of Materials Chemistry A2014, 2,9751]. In addition, the cycle life of the battery [ Chan, C.K ] can be effectively prolonged by utilizing the difference of the expansion degrees of the one-dimensional nanowires and the two-dimensional nanosheets of Si in different dimensional directions; peng, h.; liu, g.; McIlwrath, k.; zhang, x.f.; huggins, r.a.; cui y. nature Nanotechnology 2008,3,31；Sun,L.；Su,T.；Xu,L.；Liu M.；Du,H.B.Chem.Commun.,2016,52,4341]. However, these micro-or nano-structured silicon materials often involve harsh preparation conditions, such as high temperature and high pressure requirements or expensive silicon precursors, which to some extent greatly limit the application of silicon negative electrode materials.
Most of the traditional synthetic porous silicon-based nano materials are prepared by dry etching or wet etching, for example, by using electrochemical etching to synthesize porous silicon nanowires [ Yuan, g.; mitdank, r.; mogilatenko, a.; fischer, S.F. the Journal of Physical Chemistry C2012,116,13767.](ii) a The porous silicon can also be synthesized by using inorganic salt as a hard template, such as magnesiothermic reduction of SiO with specific morphology2Porous silicon was generated [ Hong, i.; scrosati, b.; croce, f.solid State Ionics 2013,232, 24; lu, b.; ma, b.; deng, x.; li, W.; wu, z.; shu, h.; wang, X.ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces 2017,9,32829；(c)Richman,E.K.；Kang,C.B.；Brezesinski,T.；Tolbert,S.H.Nano Letters 2008,8,3075]. The etching method needs to use corrosive acid to cause a great amount of loss of silicon material; the template method requires high energy consumption and precise control of reaction conditions. In recent years, the number of cells has been increased from top to bottom [ Wada, t.; ichitsubo, t.; yubuta, k.; segawa, h.; yoshida, h.; kano Letters 2014,14,4505]Bottom-up [ Dai, f.; zai, J.; yi, r.; gordin, m.l.; sohn, h.; chen, s.; wang, d.nature Communications 2014,5, 3605; han, Y.; lin, n.; xu, t.; li, T.; tian, J.; zhu, y.; qian, y.nanoscale 2018,10, 3153; sohn, m.; park, h. -i.; kim, H.chemical Communications 2017,53,11897]The synthesis strategy of the mechanism is all introduced into the synthesis of porous silicon materials.
Chinese patent document CN201610587321.5 discloses a method for preparing porous silicon nano-material, comprising reacting chlorosilane with magnesium silicide in an anhydrous organic solvent at 0-200 ℃ under the action of an activating agent, washing the reaction product with water or an acid solution, and drying to obtain amorphous porous silicon nano-material. The method needs high-purity magnesium silicide, and the magnesium silicide is expensive and is not suitable for industrial production. CN201510011852.5 discloses a nano-silicon material, which is prepared by mixing metal Mg powder and rodlike nano SiO2MaterialReducing at 650-850 deg.c, treating the reduced product with hydrochloric acid to eliminate side product, and washing with HF solution to obtain nanometer silicon material. The use of SiCl is reported in the documents Nanoscale 2018,10,3153 and Angew. chem. int. Ed.2016,55,140634Reacting with magnesium powder under high temperature and high pressure to prepare the porous silicon material. Chinese patent document CN201510167287.1 discloses a preparation method of a silicon nano sheet material, which is prepared by mixing CaSi2And (3) stripping in an anhydrous organic solvent by a solvothermal method to obtain the silicon nanosheet material. The document ACS Nano 2011,5,2176-4And preparing the silicon nanosheet material by a high-temperature gas-phase chemical deposition method under a hydrogen atmosphere. The use of Li is reported in the documents Advanced Materials 2017,29,170177713Si4Decomposing in ethanol to obtain the silicon nano-sheet material and the like.
To date, the synthesis of porous silicon nanomaterials and silicon nanoplatelet materials has been limited by harsh synthesis conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, anhydrous and oxygen-free operation, and extremely reactive species such as Na, K, LiAlH4Low yield of silane, NaSi and the like, and the factors of complex synthesis greatly limit the application of porous silicon materials and silicon nano sheets in lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the search for a method for synthesizing porous silicon and silicon nanosheet materials with low cost, which is simple and convenient to operate, mild in reaction conditions and easy to synthesize on a large scale is still a problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to develop a method for synthesizing a silicon nano material with mild reaction conditions and low cost, which is easy to synthesize in a large scale based on metal powder and chlorosilane which have general activity, safety and convenience as raw materials. Based on a conventional chemical solution method, the method comprises the steps of activating silane through an activating agent, and reacting the silane with metal powder in an anhydrous organic solvent at 0-100 ℃ under normal pressure to obtain the porous silicon and silicon nanosheet material. The nitrogen-doped silicon-carbon composite material is obtained by further high-temperature carbonization through simple pyrrole polymerization, and the composite material is used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion battery and shows excellent electrochemical performance.
The scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
under the action of an activating agent, chlorosilane and metal powder are subjected to reduction reaction in an anhydrous organic solvent at 0-100 ℃ and normal pressure, and a reaction product is washed by water or an acid solution and dried to obtain the silicon nanomaterial with a specific morphology and a pore structure.
In the preparation method, the chlorosilane is HSiCl3，Si2Cl6One or more of them.
In the preparation method, the activating agent is organic amine, preferably one or more of triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, tri-n-butylamine or butylamine.
Preferably, the volume ratio of chlorosilane to activating agent is 11:10, preferably the reaction time with the activator is 12 to 24 hours.
In the preparation method, the metal powder of the reducing agent is one or more of magnesium powder, zinc powder, iron powder and aluminum powder. Magnesium powder is preferred.
In the preparation method, the reaction condition of the chlorosilane and the reducing agent metal powder is preferably 20-80 ℃ and normal pressure.
In the preparation method, the anhydrous organic solvent is one or more of hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon, ether and nitrile, and preferably one or more of toluene, dichloromethane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile. Preferably, the ratio of chlorosilane to anhydrous organic solvent is 1/20 (volume ratio).
The above preparation method, washing with water or an acid solution is a conventional treatment means for the purpose of removing soluble inorganic salts, and the acid is preferably an inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
According to the preparation method of the silicon nanomaterial, if a hydrocarbon solvent is selected for reaction, the reaction product is directly washed and dried by using an acid solution, or the reaction product is subjected to high-temperature treatment in an inert atmosphere in advance and then washed and dried by using water or the acid solution, so that the porous silicon nanomaterial with a certain degree of crystallization can be obtained. The hydrocarbon solvent is preferably toluene or benzene.
If the preparation method of the silicon nano material comprises the steps of selecting ether and/or nitrile solvent for reaction, directly washing and drying a reaction product by using an acid solution, or washing and drying the reaction product by using water or the acid solution after the reaction product is subjected to high-temperature treatment in an inert atmosphere in advance to obtain the amorphous silicon nano material. The ether and/or nitrile solvent is preferably tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, acetonitrile.
If the preparation method of the silicon nano material comprises the reaction of selecting the halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, the reaction product is directly washed and dried by the acid solution, or the reaction product is washed and dried by the water or the acid solution after being treated at high temperature in the inert atmosphere in advance, so that the amorphous flaky silicon nano material can be obtained. The halogenated hydrocarbon solvent is preferably dichloromethane or trichloromethane.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the specific preparation method of the silicon nanomaterial is as follows: HSiCl with the volume ratio of 11:103And tri-n-propylamine solution were added to anhydrous toluene in an amount of about 20 times the volume of the solution, and after magnetically stirring at 25 ℃ for 12 hours, the mixture was added with HSiCl3Stirring magnesium powder with a molar ratio of 2:1 at 25 ℃ under normal pressure. Washing the obtained brown yellow powder directly with acid to remove soluble inorganic salt to obtain a silicon nano material with a certain degree of crystallization and mesoporous pore canals; or washing the obtained brown yellow solid with toluene and dichloromethane for multiple times, drying, then placing the washed brown yellow solid in Ar atmosphere at 800 ℃ for 40 minutes, and removing soluble inorganic salt with acid to obtain the silicon nano material with a mesoporous pore canal with a certain degree of crystallization.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the specific preparation method of the silicon nanomaterial comprises the following steps: HSiCl with the volume ratio of 11:103And tri-n-propylamine solution were added to anhydrous dichloromethane in an amount of about 20 times the volume of the solution, and after magnetically stirring at 25 ℃ for 12 hours, the mixture was added with HSiCl3Stirring magnesium powder with a molar ratio of 2:1 at 25 ℃ under normal pressure. The obtained bright yellow powder is directly washed by acid to remove soluble inorganic salt, and amorphous flaky silicon nano material is obtained.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the specific preparation method of the silicon nanomaterial comprises the following steps: HSiCl with the volume ratio of 11:103And tri-n-propylamine solution to about 20 times the volume of the solution in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, 25After stirring magnetically at 12 hours, the mixture was added with HSiCl3Magnesium powder with the molar ratio of 1:1 is stirred at the temperature of 25 ℃ under normal pressure. Directly washing the obtained yellow powder with acid to remove soluble inorganic salt to obtain an amorphous silicon nano material with mesoporous channels; or drying the obtained yellow solid, directly placing the dried yellow solid in Ar atmosphere for high-temperature treatment at 800 ℃ for 40 minutes, and removing soluble inorganic salt by using acid to obtain the amorphous silicon nano material.
The invention also aims to provide application of the silicon nano material in preparation of a lithium ion battery negative electrode material.
The main advantages of the invention are:
(1) safe metal powder and chlorosilane are used as raw materials, and a chemical solution method which is easy for industrial production is developed to prepare the silicon nano material;
(2) the synthetic solvent is selected, so that the silicon nano material with specific morphology and crystallinity can be obtained under mild conditions, for example, the porous silicon nano material with a certain degree of crystallinity can be obtained by taking toluene as a reaction solvent; when acetonitrile, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran is used as a reaction solvent, the obtained material is an amorphous silicon material; when dichloromethane is used as the reaction solvent, the obtained material is amorphous flaky silicon material. Compared with the traditional synthetic method, the method has the advantages of simple operation, mild reaction conditions, high yield up to 85 percent, easy amplification and synthesis and low cost;
(3) the silicon nano material obtained by the method can be used as a negative electrode material and a molecular sieve material of a lithium ion battery, and has wide application in the fields of lithium ion batteries, adsorption, separation, catalysis, medical treatment and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 1.
FIG. 3 shows N in the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 12Adsorption and desorption curve (A) and pore size distribution diagram (B).
Fig. 4 is a raman spectrum of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 1.
FIG. 5 is the first three-turn charge-discharge curve of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 1 as a negative electrode material for a lithium battery.
Fig. 6 is cycle data of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 1 as a negative electrode material for a lithium battery.
FIG. 7 shows an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (A), a scanning electron micrograph (B) and N of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 52Adsorption and desorption curve (C) and pore size distribution diagram (D).
FIG. 8 shows an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (A), a scanning electron micrograph (B) and N of the silicon nanomaterial obtained in example 62Adsorption and desorption curve (C) and pore size distribution diagram (D).
Detailed Description
The following examples illustrate specific steps of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention.
Terms used in the present invention generally have meanings commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, unless otherwise specified.
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific examples and with reference to the data. It will be understood that this example is intended to illustrate the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
In the following examples, various procedures and methods not described in detail are conventional methods well known in the art.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1
The first step is as follows: 1mL of tri-n-propylamine and 1.1mL of HSiCl3Added to 20mL of anhydrous toluene and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. 0.13g of magnesium powder was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 48 hours. Centrifuging, washing with dichloromethane for 3-4 times, and drying in vacuum to obtain a brown solid.
The second step is that: placing the brown solid in a tube furnace filled with high-purity Ar gas at 15 deg.C for min-1Is heated to 800 c and held for 40 minutes. After natural cooling, the obtained solid is washed by hydrochloric acid solution, washed by distilled water for several times and dried in vacuum to obtain brown yellow of about 0.27g (yield 85 percent)And (4) a silicon color nano material. Fig. 1 is an X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the silicon nanomaterial, and it can be seen from the pattern that the obtained silicon material is simple substance silicon with a certain degree of crystallinity. FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the silicon nanomaterial, from which it can be seen that the particle size of the silicon nanomaterial is about 20-50 nm. FIG. 3 shows N of the silicon nanomaterial2Adsorption-desorption curve and pore size distribution plot from N2As can be seen from the absorption and desorption curves and the pore size distribution curve, the specific surface area of the material is 255m2g-1The pore diameter is 3.4 nm. Fig. 4 is a raman spectrum of the silicon nanomaterial, and it can be seen that the silicon nanomaterial is obtained.
The third step: dispersing the silicon nano material prepared in the second step of the embodiment 1 into deionized water, adding pyrrole and ammonium persulfate, stirring for 24 hours in an ice bath, filtering, washing with distilled water for three times, and drying in vacuum. And heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the Ar atmosphere and keeping for 3 hours to obtain the nitrogen-doped carbon-coated silicon composite material. Fig. 4 is a raman spectrum of the material, and the resulting silicon-carbon composite material is known from the graph.
The fourth step: and (3) preparing the silicon-carbon composite material obtained in the third step, conductive graphite and sodium alginate into slurry according to the mass ratio of 7:2:1, coating the slurry on a copper foil, and performing vacuum drying at 80 ℃ overnight to prepare the lithium battery electrode plate. A button lithium battery CR2032 is used as a simulation battery, and the electrolyte composition is 1M LiPF6(ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate: 1 volume ratio), the polypropylene film was a separator, and the lithium sheet was a counter electrode.
For the battery prepared in the fourth step, the battery weight is 0.1A g-1The current density and the voltage range of 0.01-1.5V, and the charging and discharging curves of the first two circles are shown in figure 5. From FIG. 5, it can be seen that the specific discharge capacity of the first coil is 3057mA h g-1Charging specific capacity of 2182mA h g-1The first charge-discharge coulombic efficiency is 71 percent. From FIG. 6, it can be seen that 1A g-1The capacity of 200 circles of current density circulation is still 1300mA h g-1Left and right at 2A g-1The capacity of 200 cycles is still 800mA h g-1Left and right. The resulting silicon-carbon composite material exhibits excellent cycle stability.
Example 2
The first step is as follows: 1mL of tri-n-propylamine and 1.1mL of SiCl4Added to 20mL of anhydrous toluene and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. 0.13g of magnesium powder was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 48 hours. Centrifuging, washing with dichloromethane for 3-4 times, vacuum drying, then washing with dilute hydrochloric acid after heat treatment, and obtaining no solid. The results show that SiCl4The reaction cannot take place under the reaction conditions of the present invention.
Example 3
The first step is as follows: 1.1mL of SiCl4The mixture was added to 20mL of anhydrous toluene, and 0.13g of magnesium powder was added thereto, followed by stirring at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 48 hours. Centrifuging, washing with dichloromethane for 3-4 times, vacuum drying, then washing with dilute hydrochloric acid after heat treatment, and obtaining no solid. The results show that in the absence of activator, SiCl4Can not react with magnesium powder under normal pressure and normal temperature.
Example 4
The first step is as follows: 1mL of tri-n-propylamine and 1.1mL of HSiCl3Added to 20mL of anhydrous toluene and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. 0.13g of magnesium powder was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 48 hours. Centrifugation, washing with dichloromethane 3-4 times, treatment with hydrochloric acid, and vacuum drying yielded brown silicon nanomaterial (0.25g, yield about 81%). X-ray powder diffraction analysis shows that the silicon material is simple substance silicon with certain crystallinity, N2The adsorption and desorption experiment shows that the specific surface area of the material is 755m2g-1The pore diameter is 3.5 nm. The performance of the battery obtained by the third and fourth steps of the method according to example 1 is the same as that of example 1.
Example 5
1mL of tri-n-propylamine and 1.1mL of HSiCl3Added to 20mL of anhydrous dichloromethane and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. Then, 0.13g of magnesium powder was added thereto, and the reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 48 hours. Centrifugation, washing 3-4 times with dichloromethane, vacuum drying, and then heat treatment followed by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid yielded a brown-yellow silicon nanomaterial (130mg, yield approximately 43%). The bright yellow solid is amorphous flaky silicon nano material with specific surface area of 228m2g-1(see FIG. 7). The performance of the battery obtained by the third and fourth steps of the method according to example 1 is the same as that of example 1.
Example 6
1.0mL of tri-n-propylamine and 1.1mL of HSiCl3Added to 10mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. 0.26g of magnesium powder was added thereto, and the reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 24 hours. Centrifugation, washing with tetrahydrofuran 3-4 times, vacuum drying, and then heat treatment followed by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid yielded a brown-yellow silicon nanomaterial (0.25g, yield approximately 73%). The brown yellow solid is amorphous silicon nanometer material with specific surface area of 64m2g-1. The silicon nanoparticles had a particle size of about 15-20nm using an over-scanning electron microscope (see FIG. 8). The performance of the battery obtained by the third and fourth steps of the method according to example 1 is the same as that of example 1.
Example 7
1mL of tri-n-butylamine and 1.1mL of HSiCl3Added to 20mL of anhydrous acetonitrile and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. Then, 0.13g of zinc powder was added thereto, and the reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 3 days. Centrifugation, washing with dichloromethane 3-4 times, treatment with hydrochloric acid, and vacuum drying gave amorphous silica nanomaterial (0.15g, yield approximately 47%) in bright yellow color. The performance of the battery obtained by the third and fourth steps of the method according to example 1 is the same as that of example 1.
Example 8
1.0mL of tri-n-propylamine and 1.0mL of HSiCl3Added to 10mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. 0.13g of iron powder was added thereto, and the mixture was reacted at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 3 days. Centrifugation, washing with tetrahydrofuran 3-4 times, treatment with hydrochloric acid, and vacuum drying gave amorphous silica nanomaterial (0.25g, yield approximately 80%) in bright yellow color. The performance of the battery obtained by the third and fourth steps of the method according to example 1 is the same as that of example 1.
Example 9
1.0mL of triethylamine and 1.1mL of Si2Cl6Added to 10mL of anhydrous ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and stirred overnight at 25 ℃. 0.13g of magnesium powder was added thereto, and the mixture was reacted at 25 ℃ under normal pressure for 24 hours. Centrifugation, washing with tetrahydrofuran 3-4 times, treatment with hydrochloric acid, and vacuum drying gave amorphous silica nanomaterial (0.26g, yield approximately 75%) in bright yellow color. Prepared by the third and fourth steps of the method according to example 1The battery performance of (2) was the same as that of example 1.
It will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (3)

1. A process for preparing nano-class Si material features that the chlorosilane HSiCl is added3And/or Si2Cl6Under the action of an activating agent, carrying out reduction reaction with metal powder in an anhydrous organic solvent at the normal pressure of 25-80 ℃, wherein the metal powder is one or more of magnesium powder, zinc powder, iron powder and aluminum powder, the activating agent is one or more of triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, tri-n-butylamine or butylamine, the anhydrous organic solvent is one or more of halohydrocarbon, ether and nitrile,
when the anhydrous organic solvent is an ether solvent or a nitrile solvent, directly washing and drying the product by using an acid solution, or washing and drying the reaction product by using water or the acid solution after the reaction product is subjected to high-temperature treatment in an inert atmosphere in advance to obtain the amorphous silicon nano material;
and when the anhydrous organic solvent is a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, directly washing and drying the product by using an acid solution, or washing and drying the reaction product by using water or the acid solution after the reaction product is subjected to high-temperature treatment in an inert atmosphere in advance to obtain the flaky amorphous silicon nano material.
2. A silicon nanomaterial prepared by the method of claim 1 and comprising amorphous silicon nanomaterial.
3. The silicon nanomaterial of claim 2, in the preparation of lithium ion battery negative electrode materials or as molecular sieve materials, in the fields of adsorption, separation, catalysis, and drug transport.
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