CN111239813B - Seismic wave advanced prediction detection method for tunnel water-containing geological structure - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a seismic wave advanced prediction detection method for a tunnel water-containing geological structure, which comprises the steps of exciting a seismic wave seismic source, and collecting seismic wave reflection signals reflected by an elastic wave impedance difference interface when seismic waves meet; performing spectrum analysis on the seismic wave reflection signals to obtain seismic wave field parameters, wherein the seismic wave field parameters comprise echo time, echo waveform and echo intensity of the seismic wave reflection signals; and substituting the seismic wave field parameters into an elastic medium calculation formula for mechanical analysis, and establishing a relation between seismic waves and surrounding rock stress gradient and seismic waves and liquid seepage velocity so as to judge the existence position and distribution condition of the water-containing geological structure. The method can accurately forecast the position and scale of the hydrous geological structure in front of the tunnel face, overcomes the defect that the traditional TSP technology cannot accurately forecast the hydrous geological structure, and greatly improves the accuracy and reliability of advanced forecasting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geological detection, in particular to a seismic wave advanced prediction detection method for a tunnel water-containing geological structure.
Background
The sudden water burst disaster in the construction process of the newly-built tunnel brings huge economic loss, serious casualties and severe social influence to the construction, and irreparable damage is caused to water resources and ecological environment of the earth surface and the tunnel site area. The advanced detection theory and technology of the sudden water burst disaster source (water-containing geological structure) are key scientific problems to be solved urgently in the construction of underground engineering such as tunnels and the like. At present, the position and scale of a water-containing geological structure which can exist in front of a construction face are predicted mainly by using geological, drilling, geophysical prospecting and other methods and combining geological data, geological survey inside and outside a hole and face plain surface results. However, due to the limitations of various forecasting method theories and equipment, the forecasting distance is short, the test preparation work is complicated, the occupied time is long, the forecasting means is seriously influenced and interfered by geological conditions, tunnel environments and the like, the accurate forecasting effect is not achieved, even the conclusion that seismic waves cannot exceed water exploration is formed, and a plurality of major water inrush safety accidents occur in recent years, so that major safety property loss is caused. Therefore, early and accurate prediction of the position and scale of the water-containing geologic body is an urgent technical problem to be solved at present.
At present, the domestic and overseas advanced water exploration technologies mainly comprise a seismic wave method and an electromagnetic method, wherein the seismic wave method is mainly based on a TSP technology produced by AMBERG of Switzerland and a TRT technology of America, and the wave velocity of reflected waves is analyzed through a wave theory to obtain geological structure information. Years of engineering practice proves that the wave velocity of seismic waves is insensitive to the geologic body with a water-containing structure, and the development condition of the water-containing structure can not be basically forecasted. The electromagnetic method mainly uses a geological radar and a transient electromagnetic instrument, and mainly carries out advanced detection through the electromagnetic wave principle.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, provides a seismic wave advanced prediction detection method for a tunnel water-containing geological structure, can accurately master the position and scale of the water-containing geological structure in front of a tunnel face, overcomes the defect that the traditional TSP technology cannot accurately predict the water-containing geological structure, and greatly improves the accuracy and reliability of advanced prediction.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method of seismic advance prediction detection for a tunnel water-bearing geological formation, the method comprising:
installing an advanced forecasting system on the construction tunnel, wherein the advanced forecasting system is used for acquiring seismic wave reflection signal data;
performing spectrum analysis on the seismic wave reflection signals to obtain seismic wave field parameters, wherein the seismic wave field parameters comprise echo time, echo waveform and echo intensity of the seismic wave reflection signals;
and substituting the seismic wave field parameters into an elastic medium calculation formula to perform mechanical analysis, establishing a stress gradient relation between the seismic waves and the surrounding rock, performing mechanical analysis on the stress gradient relation according to a fluid mechanics algorithm and a momentum conservation law to obtain a generalized seepage velocity relation between the seismic waves and the water body, and judging the position and scale of the water-containing geological tectosome by combining the seismic wave travel section.
Further, performing spectrum analysis on the seismic wave reflection signal, specifically comprising:
collecting seismic wave reflection signal data;
deconvoluting the seismic wave reflection signal data, recovering the data gain after the deconvolution, superposing the data after the data gain recovery, performing secondary deconvolution, and performing frequency spectrum analysis to obtain amplitude and phase data.
Further, substituting the seismic wave field parameters into an elastic medium calculation mode for mechanical analysis, and judging the position of the water-containing geological structure and the liquid seepage velocity, specifically comprising:
establishing the force field relation between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress and between the seismic stress and the seepage field;
quantitatively analyzing parameters of the seepage field;
and judging the position and the scale of the tunnel water-containing geological structure according to the analysis result.
Further, establishing a force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress and between the seismic stress and the seepage field specifically comprises the following steps:
force field relationship of seismic wave field parameters to seismic stress: setting tunnel surrounding rock as an ideal elastic medium, wherein the ideal continuous elastic medium in unit volume is stressed under the action of external force to generate displacement, and obtaining a formula according to a kinetic formula and a Hooke's law:
wherein, a (t) i ) Represents t i Instantaneous amplitude at time, dF/dt represents instantaneous frequency; a is o (t i ) And dF o The/dt is expressed as the average of the instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous frequency of the entire reflective layer;
the force field relation of the seismic stress and the seepage field is as follows: setting tunnel surrounding rock as a two-phase elastic medium which consists of solid and liquid, namely rock and water, wherein under the action of external force, a water body in the rock can move; according to the dynamic hydrodynamics and the motion trend of the water body in the rock mass, the law of conservation of momentum is satisfied, and the formula is obtained as follows:
wherein: v is the generalized seepage velocity, F (t) i ) Is represented by t i The instantaneous phase at a time, μ is the fluid viscosity.
Further, in the force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress, the method further comprises the following steps:
the instantaneous frequency dF/dt is the change rate of the instantaneous phase and reflects the change of different lithologies;
setting the pressure gradient d sigma (t) i ) When the area is larger than 1, the area is a low structural stress area; when d σ (t) i ) When the area is less than 1, the area is a high structural stress area;
and analyzing the plurality of regions to obtain the seismic stress distribution of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the position of the tunnel water-containing geological structure under the action of the artificial seismic waves.
Further, in the relation between the seismic stress and the force field of the seepage field, the method further comprises the following steps:
the generalized seepage velocity v is set to be divided into five parts according to the quantitative value, and the five parts are waterless, seepage, dripping, running water and gushing water respectively.
Further, the method also comprises the step of judging the scale of the tunnel water-containing geological structure according to the position of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the quantitative value of the generalized seepage velocity.
Further, the seismic wave seismic source is set to be a small explosive or a manually-hammered seismic source.
Furthermore, seismic sources are set to be installed on the tunnel face, and a detector is arranged between every two adjacent seismic sources.
Further, the reflected wave data collected by the detector is set to be the same-layer three-dimensional seismic reflection data.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) according to the method, through the mutual relation among the seismic wave frequency spectrum parameters, the seismic stress and the seepage field, the seepage velocity, the position information and the like of the tunnel water-containing geological structure can be accurately judged, and the defect that the prediction is inaccurate due to the fact that the seismic wave velocity in the traditional TSP technology is insensitive to the water-containing geological structure is overcome;
(2) the invention utilizes the formula of rock mechanics and dynamic hydromechanics, has solid physical foundation, and can obtain the advanced prediction value by substituting the acquired data into the formula, thereby greatly improving the accuracy and reliability of the advanced prediction and reducing the risk of the prediction.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for look-ahead probing in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of the present invention for performing spectrum analysis on seismic wave reflection signals.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the drawings provided in the following embodiments are only for illustrating the basic idea of the present invention, and as the drawings only show the components related to the present invention rather than the number, shape and size of the components in practical implementation, the type, quantity and proportion of the components in practical implementation may be changed freely, and the layout of the components may be more complicated.
A method of seismic advance detection for a tunnel water-bearing geological formation, as shown in figure 1, the method comprising:
s1, installing an advanced forecasting system on the construction tunnel, wherein the advanced forecasting system is used for acquiring seismic wave reflection signal data;
s2, carrying out frequency spectrum analysis on the collected seismic wave reflection signals to obtain seismic wave field data;
s3, performing mechanical analysis on the seismic wave field according to an elastic medium calculation mode, and judging the seismic wave travel time section to determine the position of the water-containing structure geologic body; and (4) pre-judging the scale of the water-containing constructed geologic body according to the quantitative value of the generalized seepage velocity.
The embodiment mainly utilizes the principle of seismic wave reflection echo method measurement. The method comprises the following steps of exciting a seismic wave seismic source, and collecting seismic wave reflection signals reflected by the seismic waves when encountering an elastic wave impedance difference interface:
in the embodiment, a plurality of manual hammering seismic sources are arranged on the side wall of the tunnel, the manual hammering seismic sources are connected into a straight line, and a detector is further arranged near the manual hammering seismic sources.
In a preferred embodiment, the seismic source of the seismic wave further comprises a small explosive amount excitation generator, the explosive is excited in blast holes of a tunnel side wall, 12 blast holes are arranged on the tunnel side wall, the 12 blast holes are connected into a straight line, and a detector is arranged between every two adjacent blast holes.
Furthermore, after the seismic wave source is excited, the seismic waves rapidly propagate in the rock in the form of spherical waves, when the seismic waves meet an elastic wave impedance difference interface, a part of seismic signals are reflected back, and the other part of signals are projected into a forward medium to be continuously propagated. The reflected seismic wave signals are received by the detector, and at the moment, the detector can obtain seismic wave field parameters, namely: echo time, echo waveform and echo intensity of the seismic wave reflection signal.
Further, the elastic wave impedance difference interface comprises structures such as broken rocks, rock mass fracture zones, karst development zones and the like, and the elastic wave impedance difference interface in the embodiment is mainly a water-containing geological structure.
The traditional TSP technology or TRT technology mainly analyzes the wave velocity of the reflected wave through a wave theory so as to obtain geological structure information, and the method is very effective for structures such as broken rocks, rock mass broken zones, karst development zones and the like. But the wave velocity of the seismic waves is insensitive to the geologic body of the water-containing structure, so that the development condition of the water-containing structure cannot be basically predicted. The forecast detection of a water-bearing geological formation by TSP or TRT techniques is therefore subject to considerable error.
The traditional TSP technology or TRT technology mainly obtains seismic data which are zero offset reflection gathers, wave velocity distribution of surrounding rocks in front of a tunnel face cannot be accurately determined, and the position and mechanical properties of a water-containing structure geologic body cannot be accurately estimated.
In the embodiment, the seepage velocity of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the position information of the water-containing geological structure can be obtained by substituting the acquired seismic wave field parameters into the formula by using the formula of rock mechanics and dynamic hydromechanics, so that the accuracy and the reliability are greatly improved and the risk of forecasting is reduced compared with the traditional TSP technology or TSP technology.
Specifically, substituting the seismic wave field parameters into an elastic medium calculation mode for mechanical analysis, and judging the position of the water-containing geological structure and the liquid seepage velocity, specifically comprising:
establishing the force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress and between the seismic stress and the seepage field;
quantitatively analyzing parameters of a seepage field;
and judging the position of the water-containing geological structure of the tunnel and the liquid seepage speed according to the analysis result.
Further, establishing a force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress and between the seismic stress and the seepage field specifically comprises the following steps:
force field relationship of seismic wave field parameters to seismic stress: setting tunnel surrounding rock as an ideal elastic medium, wherein the ideal continuous elastic medium in unit volume is stressed under the action of external force to generate displacement, and obtaining a formula according to a kinetic formula and a Hooke's law:
wherein, a (t) i ) Represents t i Instantaneous amplitude at time, dF/dt represents instantaneous frequency; a is o (t i ) And dF o The/dt is expressed as the average of the instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous frequency of the entire reflective layer;
the force field relation of the seismic stress and the seepage field is as follows: setting tunnel surrounding rock as a two-phase elastic medium which consists of solid and liquid, namely rock and water, wherein under the action of external force, a water body in the rock can move; according to the dynamic hydrodynamics and the motion trend of the water body in the rock mass, the law of conservation of momentum is satisfied, and the formula is obtained as follows:
wherein: v is the generalized seepage velocity, F (t) i ) Is represented by t i The instantaneous phase at a time, μ is the fluid viscosity.
Further, in the force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress, the method further comprises the following steps:
the instantaneous frequency dF/dt is the change rate of the instantaneous phase and reflects the change of different lithologies;
setting the pressure gradient d sigma (t) i ) When the area is larger than 1, the area is a low structural stress area; when d σ (t) i ) When the area is less than 1, the area is a high structural stress area;
and analyzing the plurality of areas to obtain the seismic stress distribution of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the position of the tunnel water-containing geological structure under the action of the artificial seismic waves.
Specifically, the formula conversion process of the force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress is as follows:
the tunnel surrounding rock is set as an ideal elastic medium, and the dynamic rule form of the ideal continuous elastic medium per unit volume under the action of external force is as follows:
rho is the density of the elastic medium; u. of i Displacement generated for the elastic medium;
substituting hooke's law into the above equation:
C ijkl is the modulus of elasticity of the medium;
the seismic wave can be seen as the superposition of small dynamic strain in the propagation process of an ideal continuous elastic medium, so that a tensor expression of the elastic medium is obtained:
C * ijkl is the corresponding effective elastic coefficient of the elastic medium under the stress field to the small dynamic load;
is the stress tensor;
when the seismic wave meets different media in the propagation process, refraction and reflection occur, namely, a transmitted wave and a reflected wave, I represents an incident wave, R represents a reflected wave, and T represents a transmitted wave, so that a stress-strain continuity condition equation can be obtained:
k n the wave number vector of the seismic wave is obtained; u. of k Strain of the medium due to seismic wave propagation;
the reflection and refraction coefficients are defined according to the wave propagation principle as:
then, the following equation can be obtained:
as can be seen from the principle of incidence and refraction of waves, kRn ═ k incos α and kTn ═ k tcos γ indicate the incidence angle and γ indicates the refraction angle.
The stress required to cause unit vibration of particles in a rock mass medium is wave impedance, expressed as Z, and includes:
μ is the dielectric shear modulus; v is the wave velocity of seismic waves in the medium; omega is angular velocity;
introducing symbols:
then there are:
according to the solid rotation stress-strain relation in the seismic wave propagation process, the simple conditions of two elastic semi-space seismic wave propagation are deduced and simplified to obtain:
a reaction of Z and Z * Performing equivalence, wherein the simplified reflection coefficient is as follows:
assuming that there are A, B two points on the two half-space contact surface, the elastic modulus does not change along the reflection boundary, the pressure σ changes along the reflection boundary, and the reflection coefficients of the points A and B are compared:
will be Δ Z * Substituting the above equation and simplifying the resulting stress gradient:
in the formula, alpha has different values under different rock mass conditions, alpha is 2 in a high elastic modulus medium, alpha is 1 in a low elastic modulus medium, and d σ Representing the relative estimation of the pressure value change of two adjacent points; for the superposition time period, the signal amplitude is in direct proportion to a given boundary reflection coefficient, and the seismic wave parameters are substituted into simplification to obtain:
wherein a (t) i ) Represents t i Instantaneous amplitude at time, dF/dt represents instantaneous frequency; a is o (t i ) And dF o The/dt is expressed as the average of the instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous frequency of the entire reflective layer;
can be written as:
the instantaneous amplitude is a measure of the reflection intensity, so that the change of a special rock stratum can be determined, and when a fault or a broken zone exists in a rock body, the instantaneous amplitude can obviously change; the instantaneous phase is favorable for strengthening the reflection homophase axis and is used for displaying discontinuous faults, and water containing bodies can cause the phase change, so that the instantaneous phase can be used for identifying one index of water containing bodies;
the instantaneous frequency is the change rate of the instantaneous phase, and reflects the change of different lithologies; when the pressure gradient d σ (t) i ) When the value is more than 1, the area is a low structural stress area, and when d sigma (t) i ) When the area is less than 1, the area is a high structural stress area;
therefore, the seismic stress distribution of the tunnel surrounding rock under the action of the artificial seismic waves can be obtained.
Specifically, the conversion process of a force field relation formula of seismic stress and a seepage field establishes the relation between seismic wave parameters and generalized seepage velocity according to surrounding rock stress gradient change caused by seismic waves and in combination with a fluid mechanics theory:
assuming that tunnel surrounding rock is a two-phase elastic medium and consists of solid and liquid, namely rock and water, under the action of external force, a water body in the rock generates a movement trend, so that the dynamic hydromechanics problem is solved; the motion trend of the water body in the rock mass meets the law of conservation of momentum, namely:
wherein: ν is the generalized seepage velocity, ρ is the fluid density, μ is the fluid viscosity, and Φ is the fluid is a function related to the geostress of the surrounding rock:
this gives:
wherein
Is the stress gradient of a two-phase medium, so the above equation can be written:
further, in the relation between the seismic stress and the force field of the seepage field, the method further comprises the following steps:
the generalized seepage velocity v is set to be divided into five parts according to the quantitative value, and the five parts are waterless, seepage, dripping, running water and gushing water respectively.
Further, the method also comprises the step of judging the size of the tunnel water-containing geological structure according to the position of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the quantitative value of the generalized seepage velocity.
According to the method, the seismic wave reflection signals are used as parameters, tunnel surrounding rocks are used as research objects, the relation between the seismic wave parameters and the stress field and the seepage field of the surrounding rocks is obtained through comprehensive analysis of elastomechanics and hydromechanics on the basis of a two-phase medium theory, further the quantitative relation between the water-containing structural body and the seismic wave parameters is obtained, and the technical problem of seismic wave advanced prediction of the water-containing tectonic geologic body is solved through technical processing.
As a preferred embodiment, on the basis of the above, the present embodiment further includes a process of performing wavefield analysis on the acquired seismic wave reflection signals to obtain seismic wave wavefield parameters, as shown in fig. 2, specifically:
deconvoluting seismic wave reflection signal data, recovering data gain after the deconvolution, superposing the data after the data gain recovery, performing second deconvolution, and performing frequency spectrum analysis to obtain amplitude and phase data;
in the data gain recovery process, speed analysis is also included;
and in the second deconvolution processing, wavelet processing is also included.
The echo time, the echo waveform and the echo intensity of the seismic wave reflection signal can be obtained through the analysis and the processing of the seismic wave field parameters.
The invention establishes the mutual relation between the seismic wave frequency spectrum parameters and the seismic stress, and between the seismic stress and the seepage field, forms a quantitative identification method for the seepage velocity, scale and position of the geological body of the water-containing structure of the tunnel by quantitatively analyzing the parameters of the seepage field, and solves the international technical problems of poor seismic wave advanced water detection effect, short prediction distance and difficult advanced prediction of the geological body of the water-containing structure in the tunnel advanced prediction technology. By the method provided by the invention, the forecast distance can reach more than 200 m.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express the specific embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method of seismic advance detection for a tunnel water-bearing geological formation, the method comprising:
installing an advanced forecasting system on the construction tunnel, wherein the advanced forecasting system is used for acquiring seismic wave reflection signal data;
performing spectrum analysis on the seismic wave reflection signals to obtain seismic wave field parameters, wherein the seismic wave field parameters comprise echo time, echo waveform and echo intensity of the seismic wave reflection signals;
and substituting the seismic wave field parameters into an elastic medium calculation formula to perform mechanical analysis, establishing a stress gradient relation between the seismic waves and the surrounding rock, performing mechanical analysis on the stress gradient relation according to a fluid mechanics algorithm and a momentum conservation law to obtain a generalized seepage velocity relation between the seismic waves and the water body, and judging the position and scale of the water-containing geological structure by combining a seismic wave travel profile.
2. The method of advanced seismic prediction detection for an aqueous geological structure of a tunnel according to claim 1, wherein the spectral analysis of the seismic reflection signals further comprises:
collecting seismic wave reflection signal data;
deconvoluting the seismic wave reflection signal data, recovering the data gain after the deconvolution, superposing the data after the data gain recovery, performing secondary deconvolution, and performing frequency spectrum analysis to obtain amplitude and phase data.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for predicting seismic wave advance for the water-containing geological structure of the tunnel comprises the following steps of performing mechanical analysis by substituting the parameters of the seismic wave field into an elastic medium calculation mode, and judging the position of the water-containing geological structure and the liquid seepage velocity, specifically comprising:
establishing the force field relation between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress and between the seismic stress and the seepage field;
quantitatively analyzing parameters of the seepage field;
and judging the position and the scale of the tunnel water-containing geological structure according to the analysis result.
4. The method for the advanced prediction and detection of seismic waves of the tunnel water-containing geological structure as claimed in claim 3, wherein the establishment of the force field relationship between the seismic wave field parameters and the seismic stress and between the seismic stress and the seepage field specifically comprises:
force field relationship of seismic wave field parameters to seismic stress: setting tunnel surrounding rock as an ideal elastic medium, wherein the ideal continuous elastic medium in unit volume is stressed under the action of external force to generate displacement, and obtaining a formula according to a kinetic formula and a Hooke's law:
wherein, a (t) i ) Represents t i Instantaneous amplitude at time, dF/dt represents instantaneous frequency; a is o (t i ) And dF o The/dt is expressed as the average of the instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous frequency of the entire reflective layer;
the force field relation of the seismic stress and the seepage field is as follows: setting tunnel surrounding rock as a two-phase elastic medium which consists of solid and liquid, namely rock and water, wherein under the action of external force, a water body in the rock can move; according to the dynamic hydrodynamics and the motion trend of the water body in the rock mass, the law of conservation of momentum is satisfied, and the formula is obtained as follows:
wherein: v is the generalized seepage velocity, F (t) i ) Is represented by t i The instantaneous phase at a time, μ is the fluid viscosity.
5. The method of advanced seismic prediction detection for an aqueous geological formation of a tunnel according to claim 4, further comprising the following steps in the force field relationship between the parameters of the seismic wavefield and the seismic stresses:
the instantaneous frequency dF/dt is the change rate of the instantaneous phase and reflects the change of different lithologies;
setting the pressure gradient d sigma (t) i ) When the area is larger than 1, the area is a low structural stress area; when d σ (t) i ) When the area is less than 1, the area is a high structural stress area;
and analyzing the plurality of areas to obtain the seismic stress distribution of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the position of the tunnel water-containing geological structure under the action of the artificial seismic waves.
6. The method of advanced seismic prediction detection of seismic waves in an aquifer geological structure of a tunnel according to claim 4, characterized in that in the relation between the seismic stress and the force field of the seepage field, the method further comprises:
the generalized seepage velocity v is set to be divided into five parts according to the quantitative value, and the five parts are waterless, seepage, dripping, running water and gushing water respectively.
7. The method for the advanced prediction detection of seismic waves of the tunnel water-containing geological structure as claimed in claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the method further comprises the step of judging the scale of the tunnel water-containing geological structure according to the position of the tunnel water-containing geological structure and the quantitative values of the generalized seepage velocity.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the seismic source is a small explosive charge or a manually hammered seismic source.
9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the seismic sources are installed on the tunnel face, and a geophone is arranged between two adjacent seismic sources.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the reflected wave data collected by the geophones is three-dimensional seismic reflection data of the same layer.
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