CN111136768A - Concrete composite test piece forming die containing prefabricated interface defects and preparation method - Google Patents
Concrete composite test piece forming die containing prefabricated interface defects and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111136768A CN111136768A CN202010029552.0A CN202010029552A CN111136768A CN 111136768 A CN111136768 A CN 111136768A CN 202010029552 A CN202010029552 A CN 202010029552A CN 111136768 A CN111136768 A CN 111136768A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/0094—Moulds for concrete test samples
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
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Abstract
A concrete composite test piece forming die containing prefabricated interface defects and a preparation method thereof are disclosed, wherein the die comprises a bottom plate, a front baffle plate, a rear baffle plate and a left baffle plate and a right baffle plate, the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate are two baffle plates with the same size, and a plurality of lofting circular holes are horizontally and uniformly distributed along a concrete interface; the left baffle and the right baffle are two groups of baffles which have the same size and are composed of an upper sub baffle and a lower sub baffle, the upper sub baffle and the lower sub baffle are relatively and uniformly provided with a plurality of lofting semicircular holes, lofting circular holes are formed when the upper sub baffle and the lower sub baffle are in butt joint, and the bottom plate, the front baffle, the rear baffle and the left baffle and the right baffle are mutually fixed to form a mold cavity for molding the concrete composite test piece. The invention can surround the defect area by the thin line penetrating through the lofting circular hole, and adjust the size and the position of the surrounded defect area by adjusting the position of the thin line, thereby accurately controlling the size and the position of the defect area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of hydraulic concrete materials, in particular to a forming die and a preparation method of a concrete composite test piece containing a prefabricated interface defect.
Background
In order to adapt to different service environments, a concrete dam generally adopts a partition structure formed by multiple concrete materials, but from the stress perspective, a high-stress area often appears at a joint part of the partition concrete materials, the joint surface often has defects or even becomes a weak surface due to construction factors, the quality and the durability of an engineering structure are directly related, the size of the defects of the material joint part and a material interface is related to the overall safety of the engineering, and how to consider the influence of the interface defects on the strength of dissimilar concrete through an indoor experiment is one of the research directions of hydraulic structures. At present, a concrete composite test piece mold used in a laboratory cannot accurately control the size and the position of a defect and cannot reflect the influence of interface defects in hydraulic structural engineering on the strength of dissimilar concrete.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the main objective of the present invention is to provide a forming mold for a concrete composite test piece with a prefabricated interface defect and a preparation method thereof, so as to at least partially solve the above mentioned technical problems.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
as an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a concrete composite test piece forming mold containing a precast interface defect, the concrete composite test piece having a concrete interface, the concrete composite test piece forming mold including a bottom plate, front and rear baffles, and left and right baffles, wherein: a bottom plate parallel to the concrete interface; the front baffle and the rear baffle are two baffles with the same size and are respectively fixed on the bottom plate, and a plurality of first lofting circular holes through which thin lines can pass are respectively and uniformly distributed on the two baffles along the concrete interface; the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate are two groups of baffle plates which have the same size and are composed of an upper sub baffle plate and a lower sub baffle plate, the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate are respectively fixed on the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate and the bottom plate, a plurality of lofting semicircular holes are respectively and uniformly distributed on the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate, and when the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate are butted, the lofting semicircular holes of the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate are matched along the concrete interface to form a plurality of second lofting circular holes through which fine lines can pass; the bottom plate, the front baffle, the rear baffle, the left baffle and the right baffle are fixed with each other to form a molding cavity for molding the concrete composite test piece.
As another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a concrete composite test piece having a precast interface defect, using the concrete composite test piece molding die as described above to perform the following steps: fixing the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate, the lower sub-baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate and the bottom plate to form a first sub-mold cavity; coating demolding oil in the enclosed first sub-mold cavity, filling the lower layer of concrete mixture, and vibrating until slurry flows out from the top of the lower sub-baffle of the left baffle and the right baffle; respectively penetrating at least 4 thin wires through the first lofting circular holes of the front baffle and the rear baffle and the lofting semicircular holes of the lower sub baffles of the left baffle and the right baffle according to the size and the position of the prefabricated defect, keeping the thin wires in a stretched state to enclose a defect area, and bonding a prefabricated defect mold to the defect area; fixing the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate and the upper sub-baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate to enclose a second sub-mold cavity; coating demolding oil on the second sub-mold cavity which is formed by enclosing, filling the upper layer of concrete mixture, and vibrating until slurry flows out from the top of the upper sub-baffle of the left baffle and the right baffle; and cutting the thin lines, demolding and curing the concrete formed in the first sub-cavity and the second sub-cavity to obtain the concrete composite test piece with the prefabricated interface defects.
Based on the technical scheme, the forming die and the preparation method of the concrete composite test piece containing the prefabricated interface defects have at least one or one part of the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention is enclosed into a die cavity by a front baffle, a rear baffle, a left baffle, a right baffle and a bottom plate, wherein the left baffle and the right baffle are composed of an upper sub baffle and a lower sub baffle, and can respectively form different concrete materials in the die cavity to obtain a concrete composite test piece containing a concrete interface; the front baffle, the rear baffle, the left baffle and the right baffle are respectively provided with a plurality of lofting circular holes for thin lines to pass through, and the size and the position of a defect area surrounded by the thin lines are adjusted by adjusting the positions of the thin lines; therefore, the size and the position of the defect area are accurately controlled, and the prefabricated defect mould is stuck in the defect area to form the concrete composite test piece containing the prefabricated interface defect;
(2) the concrete composite test piece containing different prefabricated interface defects can be obtained by adjusting the material, size and position of the prefabricated defect mould, the influence rule of the different interface defects on the strength of the concrete composite test piece can be revealed, and a new means is provided for the design of a hydraulic structure heterogeneous concrete structure;
(3) the forming die provided by the invention has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and reusability when manufacturing the concrete composite test piece.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a forming mold of a concrete composite test piece containing a prefabricated interface defect according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2A is a schematic top view of the baseplate structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2B is a schematic side view of the baseplate structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3A is a side view of the front and rear baffle structures of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3B is a schematic top view of the front and rear baffle structures of FIG. 1;
fig. 4 is a side view of the left and right baffle structures of fig. 1.
In the above drawings, the reference numerals have the following meanings:
1 is the bottom plate, and 2 are the front and back baffle, and 3 are left and right baffle, and 4 are lower sub-baffle, and 5 are the last sub-baffle, and 6 is first lofting round hole, and 7 are second lofting round hole, and 8 are lofting semicircle orifice, and 9 are prefabricated defect mould, and 10 are the fine rule, and 11 are first recess, and 12 are the second recess.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the following specific embodiments. It should be noted that directional terms, such as "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", and the like, used in the embodiments are only directions referring to the drawings, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Throughout the drawings, like elements are represented by like or similar reference numerals. Conventional structures or constructions will be omitted when they may obscure the understanding of the present invention.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 to 4, there is provided a concrete composite test piece forming mold containing a precast interface defect, the concrete composite test piece having a concrete interface, the concrete composite test piece forming mold including a base plate 1, front and rear baffle plates 2, and left and right baffle plates 3, wherein: the bottom plate 1 is parallel to the concrete interface; the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 are two baffle plates with the same size and are respectively fixed on the bottom plate 1, and a plurality of first lofting circular holes 6 for thin lines to pass through are respectively and uniformly distributed on the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 along the concrete interface; the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate 3 are two groups of baffle plates which have the same size and are composed of an upper sub baffle plate 5 and a lower sub baffle plate 4, and are respectively fixed on the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate 2 and the bottom plate 1, a plurality of lofting semicircular holes 8 are respectively and uniformly distributed on the upper sub baffle plate 5 and the lower sub baffle plate 4, and when the upper sub baffle plate 5 and the lower sub baffle plate 4 are butted, the lofting semicircular holes 8 of the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate are matched along a concrete interface to form a plurality of second lofting circular holes 7 through which fine lines can pass; wherein, the bottom plate 1, the front baffle 2, the rear baffle 2 and the left baffle 3 are fixed with each other to form a molding cavity of the concrete composite test piece.
As shown in fig. 2A and 2B, the bottom plate has a bottom plate structure, and the bottom plate is provided with a first groove 11 for inserting the front baffle, the rear baffle and the left baffle and the right baffle, it can be understood that the first groove has the same length as the front baffle, the rear baffle and the left baffle and the right baffle, and the depth of the first groove is 4-8 mm; as shown in fig. 3A and 3B, one of the baffle structures of the front and rear baffles is provided with two second grooves 12 for inserting the left and right baffles, the second grooves 12 penetrate through the front and rear baffles from top to bottom, and the depth is 4-8 mm. The insertion connection of the bottom plate 1, the front and rear baffle plates 2 and the left and right baffle plates 3 can be positioned in advance before the fixation, so as to facilitate the subsequent fixation operation. The bottom plate, the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate, the left baffle plate, the right baffle plate and the like can be made of steel plates.
Based on this, the bottom plate 1, the front and rear baffle plates 2, and the left and right baffle plates 3 may be fixed to each other by bolts, but are not limited thereto. In some embodiments of the invention, the concrete composite test piece forming mold further comprises at least two sets of vertical bolts which respectively penetrate through the bottom plate 1 and abut against the outer sides of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 to fix the bottom plate 1 and the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2; the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 are respectively provided with a lower sub baffle plate 4 of the left baffle plate and a lower sub baffle plate 4 of the right baffle plate 3; at least two sets of horizontal bolts respectively penetrate through the left side and the right side of the upper half part of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2, and the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate are fixed with the upper sub baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate through the bolts.
The "vertical bolt" and the "horizontal bolt" are used to distinguish the bolts in the use direction of the bolts when the bottom plate is horizontally placed, it is understood that the use direction of the bolts is not limited only, and the two bolts are bolts which are still used in the art, and the set of horizontal bolts or the set of vertical bolts includes a screw rod and a nut, although not shown in the figure, the fixing structure is easily understood based on the conventional bolt structure and fixing manner in the mold.
As shown in fig. 3A and 3B, the diameter of the first lofting circular hole 6 of the front and rear apron 2 is 0.5 to 2mm, preferably 1mm, and the number of the first lofting circular holes is 10 to 20, which is the same for the front and rear apron, respectively. As shown in fig. 4, the diameter of the lofting semicircular hole 8 of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate 3 is 0.5-2 mm, preferably 1mm, a second lofting circular hole 7 is formed by butt joint, the number of the second lofting circular holes 7 on the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate 3 is the same, and is respectively 10-20, and similarly, the position adjustment of the subsequent fine line passing through the second lofting circular holes is more accurate when the number is larger.
Based on this, the concrete composite test piece forming die further comprises at least four thin lines 10 which penetrate through the first lofting round hole 6 and the second lofting round hole 7, the diameter of each thin line is smaller than 1mm, the length of each thin line is larger than 300mm, so that a defect area can be formed in the concrete interface in a surrounding mode, as shown in fig. 1, the size and the position of the defect area can be accurately adjusted by adjusting the position of each thin line, and the defect area is used as a defect of the prefabricated interface by pasting a matched prefabricated defect die. The material of the thread is not particularly limited, and a flexible material such as cotton thread, nylon thread, polyester thread, etc. may be selected.
Based on this, this concrete composite test piece forming die still includes prefabricated defect mould, matches with the size and the shape in defect region, can understand, adjusts the material, size and the position of prefabricated defect mould according to the interface defect of wanting the research to reveal the influence law of different interface defects to concrete composite test piece intensity. The prefabricated defect mould comprises but is not limited to mica, polyethylene plastic sheets, organic glass plates and the like, and the thickness of the prefabricated defect mould does not exceed 1mm in order to better simulate the defect.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is also provided a method for preparing a concrete composite test piece containing a prefabricated interface defect, using the concrete composite test piece forming mold as described above to perform the following steps:
(1) fixing the front baffle plate 2, the rear baffle plate 2, the lower sub baffle plate 4 of the left baffle plate 3 and the lower sub baffle plate 1 to enclose a first sub-cavity of the mold;
specifically, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
inserting the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 into the first groove 11 of the bottom plate 1, respectively penetrating the bottom plate 1 by using at least two sets of vertical bolts and abutting against the outer sides of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate, and fixing the bottom plate and the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 1, wherein the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 1 are in a completely vertical state;
then the lower sub-baffle 4 of the left and right baffle 3 is inserted into the first groove 11 along the second groove 12 of the front and rear baffle 2, at least two sets of horizontal bolts are used to respectively penetrate through the left and right sides of the lower half part of the front and rear baffle, and the front and rear baffle 2 and the lower sub-baffle of the left and right baffle 3 are fixed.
(2) Coating demolding oil in a first enclosed sub-mold cavity, filling the lower layer of concrete mixture, and vibrating the mold until slurry flows out from the top of a lower sub-baffle of the left baffle and the right baffle; this step uses a vibrating table to vibrate the mold.
(3) According to the size and the position of the prefabricated defect, at least 4 thin lines 10 respectively penetrate through the first lofting circular holes 6 of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 and the lofting semicircular holes 8 of the lower sub baffle plates 4 of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate 3, so that the thin lines 10 keep a stretched state to form a defect area, and a prefabricated defect mold 9 is bonded in the defect area; in the step, mica sheets are taken as an example and are cut to the size and the shape of the defect area, so that the prefabricated defect mold 9 is obtained.
(4) Fixing the front baffle plate 2 and the rear baffle plate 2 and the upper sub baffle plates 5 of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate 3 with each other to form a second sub-cavity of the mold;
specifically, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
inserting the upper sub-baffle plates 5 of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate into butt joint with the lower sub-baffle plates 4 of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate along the second grooves of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate, and forming a plurality of second lofting circular holes 7 by the plurality of lofting semicircular holes 8 of the upper sub-baffle plates and the lower sub-baffle plates so as to limit the thin lines 10 in the second lofting circular holes 7;
at least two sets of horizontal bolts respectively penetrate through the left side and the right side of the upper half part of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 to fix the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate 2 and the upper sub baffle plate 5 of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate 3.
(5) Coating demolding oil on the surrounded second sub-mold cavity, fully adding the upper layer concrete mixture, and vibrating until slurry flows out from the tops of the upper sub-baffles 5 of the left baffle 3 and the right baffle 3; this step uses a vibrating table to vibrate the mold.
(6) And cutting the thin lines, demolding and curing the concrete after the concrete in the first sub-mold cavity and the second sub-mold cavity is molded to obtain the concrete composite test piece with the prefabricated interface defect, wherein the first sub-mold cavity and the second sub-mold cavity jointly form a mold cavity for molding the concrete composite test piece.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a concrete composite test piece forming die who contains prefabricated interface defect, concrete composite test piece has a concrete interface, its characterized in that, concrete composite test piece forming die includes bottom plate, front and back baffle and controls the baffle, wherein:
a bottom plate parallel to the concrete interface;
the front baffle and the rear baffle are two baffles with the same size and are respectively fixed on the bottom plate, and a plurality of first lofting circular holes through which thin lines can pass are respectively and uniformly distributed on the concrete interface of the front baffle and the rear baffle;
the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate are two groups of baffle plates which have the same size and are composed of an upper sub baffle plate and a lower sub baffle plate, the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate are respectively fixed on the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate and the bottom plate, a plurality of lofting semicircular holes are respectively and uniformly distributed on the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate, and when the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate are butted, the lofting semicircular holes of the upper sub baffle plate and the lower sub baffle plate are matched along the concrete interface to form a plurality of second lofting circular holes through which fine lines can pass;
the bottom plate, the front baffle, the rear baffle, the left baffle and the right baffle are fixed with each other to form a molding cavity for molding the concrete composite test piece.
2. The concrete composite test piece forming die of claim 1, wherein the diameters of the first lofting circular hole and the second lofting circular hole are 0.5-2 mm respectively;
the first lofting round holes are the same in number on the front baffle and the rear baffle and are 10-20 respectively, and the second lofting round holes are the same in number on the left baffle and the right baffle and are 10-20 respectively.
3. The concrete composite test piece forming die as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom plate is provided with a first groove into which the front and rear baffles and the left and right baffles are inserted, and the depth of the first groove is 4-8 mm;
the front baffle and the rear baffle face towards the inner side of the die cavity, two second grooves for the left baffle and the right baffle to insert are respectively arranged on the inner side of the die cavity, and the depth of each second groove is 4-8 mm.
4. The concrete composite test piece forming die of claim 3, further comprising at least two sets of vertical bolts which respectively penetrate through the bottom plate and abut against the outer sides of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate so as to fix the bottom plate and the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate;
the concrete composite test piece forming die further comprises at least four sets of horizontal bolts, wherein the at least two sets of horizontal bolts respectively penetrate through the left side and the right side of the lower half part of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate so as to fix the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate with the lower sub baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate; at least two sets of horizontal bolts respectively penetrate through the left side and the right side of the upper half part of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate so as to fix the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate with the upper sub baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate.
5. The concrete composite test piece forming die according to claim 1, further comprising at least 4 thin wires capable of passing through the first lofting circular hole and the second lofting circular hole respectively to form a defect region within the concrete interface.
6. The concrete composite test piece forming die of claim 5, wherein the thin wire has a diameter less than 1mm and a length greater than 300 mm.
7. The concrete composite test piece forming die of claim 1, further comprising a prefabricated defect die matched with the size and shape of the defect area, wherein the thickness of the prefabricated defect die is less than 1mm, and the prefabricated defect die is made of one material selected from mica, polyethylene plastic sheets and organic glass plates.
8. A method for preparing a concrete composite test piece containing a precast interface defect, characterized in that the following steps are performed using the concrete composite test piece molding die of any one of claims 1 to 7:
fixing the front baffle, the rear baffle, the lower sub-baffles of the left baffle and the right baffle and the bottom plate to form a first sub-cavity of the mold;
coating demolding oil in the enclosed first sub-mold cavity, filling the lower layer of concrete mixture, and vibrating the mold until slurry flows out of the top of the lower sub-baffle of the left baffle and the right baffle;
respectively penetrating at least 4 thin wires through the first lofting circular holes of the front baffle and the rear baffle and the lofting semicircular holes of the lower sub baffles of the left baffle and the right baffle according to the size and the position of the prefabricated defect, keeping the thin wires in a stretched state to enclose a defect area, and bonding a prefabricated defect mold to the defect area;
fixing the front baffle plate, the rear baffle plate and the upper sub-baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate to form a second sub-cavity of the mold;
coating demolding oil on the second sub-mold cavity which is formed by enclosing, filling the upper layer of concrete mixture, and vibrating until slurry flows out from the top of the upper sub-baffle of the left baffle and the right baffle;
and cutting the thin lines, demolding and curing the concrete formed in the first sub-cavity and the second sub-cavity to obtain the concrete composite test piece with the prefabricated interface defects.
9. The manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein the step of fixing the front and rear flappers, the lower sub-flappers of the left and right flappers, and the bottom plate to each other specifically includes:
inserting the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate into the first groove of the bottom plate, and fixing the bottom plate and the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate by respectively penetrating the bottom plate through at least two sets of vertical bolts and abutting against the outer sides of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate;
and inserting the lower sub-baffles of the left baffle and the right baffle into the first groove along the second grooves of the front baffle and the rear baffle, respectively penetrating the front baffle and the rear baffle through at least two sets of horizontal bolts to be positioned at the left side and the right side of the lower half part, and fixing the front baffle and the rear baffle with the lower sub-baffles of the left baffle and the right baffle.
10. The manufacturing method as set forth in claim 8, wherein the step of fixing the front and rear flappers and the upper sub-flappers of the left and right flappers to each other comprises:
inserting the upper sub-baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate into butt joint with the lower sub-baffle plates of the left baffle plate and the right baffle plate along the second grooves of the front baffle plate and the rear baffle plate, and forming a plurality of second lofting circular holes by the lofting semicircular holes of the upper sub-baffle plates and the lower sub-baffle plates;
and at least two sets of horizontal bolts respectively penetrate through the left side and the right side of the upper half part of the front baffle and the rear baffle to fix the front baffle and the rear baffle with the upper sub-baffles of the left baffle and the right baffle.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN111595656A (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2020-08-28 | 天津大学 | Forming die for testing interface fracture performance of dissimilar concrete and preparation method |
| CN111730720A (en) * | 2020-07-01 | 2020-10-02 | 自然资源部第四海洋研究所(中国—东盟国家海洋科技联合研发中心) | Ecological concrete test block mould of high porosity |
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| CN111595656B (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2021-08-24 | 天津大学 | Forming die for testing interface fracture performance of dissimilar concrete and preparation method |
| CN111730720A (en) * | 2020-07-01 | 2020-10-02 | 自然资源部第四海洋研究所(中国—东盟国家海洋科技联合研发中心) | Ecological concrete test block mould of high porosity |
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