CN111114318A - Method for designing geometric indexes of long and large downhill gentle slope section of expressway - Google Patents

Method for designing geometric indexes of long and large downhill gentle slope section of expressway Download PDF

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CN111114318A
CN111114318A CN202010027260.3A CN202010027260A CN111114318A CN 111114318 A CN111114318 A CN 111114318A CN 202010027260 A CN202010027260 A CN 202010027260A CN 111114318 A CN111114318 A CN 111114318A
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gentle slope
speed
gradient
truck
downhill
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张驰
翟艺阳
杨绍祥
张敏
黄春富
马如鹏
李永春
白杰
宋潮安
魏东东
刘斌
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Changan University
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K31/00—Vehicle fittings, acting on a single sub-unit only, for automatically controlling vehicle speed, i.e. preventing speed from exceeding an arbitrarily established velocity or maintaining speed at a particular velocity, as selected by the vehicle operator
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W40/00—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models
    • B60W40/02—Estimation or calculation of non-directly measurable driving parameters for road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub unit, e.g. by using mathematical models related to ambient conditions
    • B60W40/06—Road conditions
    • B60W40/076—Slope angle of the road

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for designing geometric indexes of a long and large downhill gentle slope section of a highway, which comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out stress analysis on the six-axis truck in an engine auxiliary braking mode to obtain a gentle slope gradient value equation, wherein the gentle slope gradient value equation is a quadratic function related to the speed of the truck; (2) referring to the corresponding speed range of each gear of the six-axis truck, substituting the stable speed corresponding to each gear into a gentle slope gradient value equation to obtain the gentle slope critical gradient values under different gears and stable speed conditions; determining a gentle slope gradient control index according to the gentle slope critical gradient values under different gears and stable speed conditions; (3) determining the critical slope values of the gentle slope at different running speeds by using the gentle slope control index to calculate a gentle slope length formula; (4) and making a table or drawing a graph according to a gentle slope length formula, and taking the table or the graph as a gentle slope length index. The method can provide reference for designers so as to reduce the traffic accident rate of the long and large downhill section of the expressway and ensure the driving safety.

Description

Method for designing geometric indexes of long and large downhill gentle slope section of expressway
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of road geometric design, and particularly relates to a geometric index design method for a long and downhill gentle slope section of a highway.
Background
In recent years, the construction of the Chinese expressway gradually extends to mountainous areas such as the southwest area, the northwest area and the like, the terrain and the geology of the mountainous areas are relatively complex, and when the mountainous area expressway is designed, more continuous long downhill sections are generated for overcoming height difference. According to related investigation, accidents frequently occur on long downhill sections of China, and serious accidents are frequent. Statistical analysis is carried out on traffic accident data, and the life and property loss caused by the six-axle hinged train on the long and large downhill road section is far higher than that of other vehicle types.
According to the theory of automobile dynamics, when the gradient is equal to a certain value, the truck can keep running at a constant speed only under the brake of an engine, the gradient threshold value is called as the critical gradient of a gentle slope, the critical gradient is defined as a gradient control value of a continuous downhill gentle slope, and the gentle slope is determined when the gradient is smaller than the critical gradient. When the truck drives into a gentle slope smaller than or equal to the critical gradient, the truck can decelerate or keep moving at a constant speed, so that the truck can be favorably put into a low gear to increase the braking force of an engine; at the moment, the truck main brake is in a non-working state, and the brake hub dissipates heat and cools.
At present, China mostly adopts a longitudinal slope design method of 'combination of steepness and slowness', namely, a gentle slope is inserted between continuous steep slopes so as to reduce the speed and cool a load-carrying truck. However, the relevant specifications and standards do not make explicit provisions for design indicators and methods for gentle slopes on downhill sections. The research on the design indexes of the long downhill and the gentle slope at home and abroad is less, and a clear and unified conclusion is not formed yet. Meanwhile, the proportion of the types of the Chinese expressway is greatly changed in the last decade, so that the traffic flow taking the six-axis articulated train as the dominant type cannot adapt to the road design of a long downhill section. Therefore, the research work for reasonably designing the gentle slope control index is not slow at all.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for designing the geometric indexes of the long and large downhill gentle slope section of the expressway, which provides reference for designers to reduce the traffic accident rate of the long and large downhill section of the expressway and ensure the driving safety.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for designing geometrical indexes of a long and large downhill gentle slope section of a highway, wherein the geometrical indexes of the long and large downhill gentle slope section of the highway comprise a gentle slope gradient value index and a gentle slope gradient length index, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out stress analysis on the six-axis truck in an engine auxiliary braking mode to obtain a balance equation of the six-axis truck in continuous braking downhill driving, and calculating by using the balance equation of the six-axis truck in continuous braking downhill driving to obtain a gentle slope value equation, wherein the gentle slope value equation is a quadratic function related to the vehicle speed;
(2) referring to the corresponding speed range of each gear of the six-axis truck, substituting the stable speed corresponding to each gear into a gentle slope gradient value equation to obtain the gentle slope critical gradient values under different gears and stable speed conditions; determining a gentle slope gradient control index according to the gentle slope critical gradient values under different gears and stable speed conditions;
(3) determining the critical gentle slope gradient values of different running speeds by utilizing the gentle slope gradient control index, and obtaining a gentle slope length formula according to a balance equation of continuous braking downhill running of the six-axle truck, the gentle slope gradient control index and the critical gentle slope gradient values of different running speeds;
(4) and making a table with the gradient information, the slope speed information and the gentle slope length information according to a gentle slope length formula, or drawing a graph with the gradient information, the slope speed information and the gentle slope length information according to the gentle slope length formula, wherein the table or the graph is used as a gentle slope length index.
In the step (1), the balance equation of the six-axle truck for continuous braking downhill driving is as follows:
Fa＝Fb+Fx+FE+Fj
wherein, Fa＝mgi，
Figure BDA0002362922350000021
FE＝Wf，f＝0.0076+0.000056v，
Figure BDA0002362922350000022
Figure BDA0002362922350000023
Wherein i is gradient, sin α is i, m is total weight of vehicle, g is gravity acceleration, and braking torque T is obtained under engine braking modebAnd the rotation speed n is in a quadratic function relation: t isb＝u2n2+u1n+u0；uqTaking q as an engine torque fitting coefficient, and taking 0,1 and 2; z is a radical ofgIs the transmission ratio of the transmission; z is a radical of0Is main speed reducing ratio, η is transmission efficiency, r is effective radius of wheel, C is air resistance coefficient, A is windward area, rho is air density, v is running speed of vehicle, W is wheel load, f is rolling resistance coefficient, delta is rotating mass coefficient of vehicle, dv/dt is acceleration of whole vehicle, delta is speed of whole vehicle1The coefficient of inertia force of the automobile wheel is shown; delta2Is the engine flywheel inertia influence coefficient; z is a radical ofkIs the transmission ratio.
In the step (1), the equation of the gentle slope gradient value i is as follows:
Figure BDA0002362922350000031
in the formula: b is0、B1、B2Fitting coefficients to the total braking force; v is the steady velocity.
In the step (2), the critical gradient of the six-axle truck in the 12-gear and 11-gear engine braking modes is used as a gentle slope gradient control index.
In the step (3), the gentle slope length LvComprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002362922350000032
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002362922350000033
u0、u1and u2Torque coefficient when engine braking; c0、C1And C2The resistance coefficient in the expression of the function of the running resistance and the vehicle speed is shown; delta0The rotating mass coefficient in neutral gear, η the mechanical transmission efficiency, n the engine speed, v the stable speed of truck, v1Speed before deceleration, v2The speed after the speed reduction.
δ1Taking the ratio of 0.03 to 0.05, delta2Taking 0.04-0.05.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the expressway long and downhill moderate slope section geometric index design method is based on the current stage expressway leading vehicle type development research, takes a gentle slope gradient value index and a gentle slope long index as expressway long and downhill moderate slope section geometric indexes, and is beneficial to gear reduction and speed reduction of large trucks such as six-axle trucks, temperature reduction of brake hubs, restoration of truck braking performance, improvement of driving safety of long and downhill and reduction of long and downhill accident rate; the method provides a theoretical basis for reasonable and safe setting of the gentle slope of the long downhill section, provides theoretical guidance for designers, and can conveniently look up the finally obtained table or graph.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a force analysis diagram of a six-axle truck in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a six-axis truck engine brake deceleration graph in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the method for designing the geometric indexes of the steep slope section of the highway with a large and downhill slope.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the figures and examples.
The invention provides a method for reasonably designing the indexes of the slope and the length of the slope of a long and large downhill gentle slope, which provides reference for designers, reduces the traffic accident rate of the road section and ensures the driving safety of drivers.
Examples
As shown in fig. 3, the method for designing the geometric indexes of the steep and downhill slope segment of the highway in the embodiment specifically includes the following steps:
(1) the stress analysis of the six-axle truck is carried out in an engine auxiliary braking mode.
The tractor and the semitrailer are connected in an articulated manner, and when the whole vehicle runs on a straight slope, the tractor and the semitrailer can be regarded as a rigid body at the moment if the articulated part only bears force and does not bear moment. The stress analysis of the tractor which does not turn and descends linearly is carried out, the engine of the automobile is continuously braked, at the moment, the fuel supply system does not supply fuel to the engine, the speed changer is engaged in a certain gear, the stress analysis is shown in figure 1, and the automobile is subjected to continuous braking force FbAir resistance FwRolling resistance FfAcceleration resistance FjG, force component F of gravity along rampiAnd ground supporting force FN。
The balance equation of the continuous braking downhill running of the automobile is obtained by balancing the stress of the whole automobile:
Fa＝Fb+Fx+FE+Fj(1)
Fa＝mgi (2)
Figure BDA0002362922350000041
Figure BDA0002362922350000042
FE＝Wf (5)
f＝0.0076+0.000056v (6)
Figure BDA0002362922350000051
Figure BDA0002362922350000052
wherein i is gradient (%), sin α is i, m is total vehicle weight/(kg), and g is gravity acceleration/(9.8 m.s)-2) (ii) a The braking torque and the rotating speed are in a quadratic function relation T under the engine braking modeb＝u2n2+u1n+u0,TbIs the engine braking torque; n is the engine speed; u. ofqThe engine torque fitting coefficient can be obtained by a related real vehicle test of the six-axis articulated vehicle; z is a radical ofgIs the transmission ratio of the transmission; z is a radical of0The main speed reduction ratio, the transmission efficiency (%) of η, the effective radius (m) of the wheel, the air resistance coefficient of C, the windward area (m)2) (ii) a ρ is the air density, and is generally 1.226 Ns2·m-4(ii) a v is the vehicle running speed (m · s)-1) (ii) a W is the wheel load (N); f is a rolling resistance coefficient and can be obtained by an empirical formula; delta is the automobile rotating mass coefficient; dv/dt is the acceleration of the whole vehicle; delta1For the inertia coefficient of the wheels of a motor vehicle, delta is generally taken1＝0.03-0.05；δ2For engine flywheel inertia coefficient of influence, ordinary lorry delta2＝0.04-0.05；ikIs the transmission ratio.
Obtained from formula (1), formula (2) and formula (7):
Figure BDA0002362922350000053
the continuous braking force F is known from the expressions (3) to (6)bAnd road running resistance Fw+FfAre all functions of speed v, so that the vehicle is subjected to total braking force F when going downhillbtThe function, which can be expressed as speed, is:
Fbt＝Fb+Fx+FE＝B2v2+B1v+B0(10)
the transformation is of the general formula:
Figure BDA0002362922350000054
Figure BDA0002362922350000055
Figure BDA0002362922350000056
in the formula: b is0、B1、B2Fitting coefficients to the total braking force; u. of0、u1And u2Torque coefficient when engine braking; c0、C1And C2The resistance coefficient in the expression of the function of the running resistance and the vehicle speed is shown; delta0The rotating mass coefficient in neutral gear, η the mechanical transmission efficiency (%), n the engine speed/(r.min)-1) (ii) a v is the stable speed/(m.s) of the truck-1)。
When the truck runs on a downhill with a stable speed, the downhill gradient i is tan α, according to the trigonometric function relationship, there is
Figure BDA0002362922350000061
Since the longitudinal slope of a road is generally less than 8%, cos α is approximately 1, and the rolling resistance is Ff GFcos α is Gf, and the stress balance of the truck is shown in the following formula:
Figure BDA0002362922350000062
simplifying the expression of the gradient i:
Figure BDA0002362922350000063
to make the calculation simple, let:
Figure BDA0002362922350000064
equation (15) can be simplified to:
Figure BDA0002362922350000065
from equations (11) to (17), i is a quadratic function with respect to the vehicle speed v:
Figure BDA0002362922350000066
in the formula: i is a gentle slope gradient value (%); b is0、B1、B2Fitting coefficients to the total braking force; v is the stable speed/(m.s) of the truck-1)；
(2) And (3) substituting the stable vehicle speed of each gear into the formula (18) in the step (1) by referring to the corresponding speed range of each gear, so as to obtain the critical slope value of the gentle slope under different gear and stable speed conditions, as shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002362922350000067
According to the speed and gear relation of the six-axle articulated train, considering the most adverse conditions, the critical gradient in the 12-gear and 11-gear engine braking modes in the table 1 is used as a gentle slope gradient control index, and the gentle slope gradient can be determined according to the designed speed and the running speed of a highway, as shown in the table 2:
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0002362922350000071
The gentle slope gradient in the table 2 is the maximum designed gentle slope gradient of the downhill road section, when a truck runs on a slope smaller than the slope corresponding to the table, the truck is favorable for gear reduction and speed reduction, and the brake hub is in a cooling state, so that the loss of the braking performance can be relieved.
(3) And (3) deducing the gentle slope length based on the speed characteristic based on theoretical deduction in the step (1) and the results in the steps (2) shown in the table 1 and the table 2:
the following equations (9) and (10) can be given:
Figure BDA0002362922350000072
the gentle slope length L based on the speed characteristics can be obtained by performing unit conversion on the equation (19) and integrating the two ends of the equation simultaneouslyv：
Figure BDA0002362922350000073
In the formula: l isvFor trucks from speed v2Down to v1The required slope length;
(4) the gentle slope length under different speed reduction conditions can be obtained according to the formula (20) by taking the speed reduction as a safety boundary condition, and the gentle slope length values corresponding to different slope entering speeds when the speed reduction is 20km/h are shown in table 3:
TABLE 3
Figure BDA0002362922350000074
Figure BDA0002362922350000081
Drawing the corresponding slope length of the leading vehicle type when the leading vehicle type runs on the gentle slope with different slope speeds into an engine braking deceleration curve chart, as shown in fig. 2:
as can be seen from FIG. 2, when the reduction values of the running speeds of the trucks are the same, the larger the gradient is, the longer the corresponding gradient length is; when the gradient is unchanged, the slope of the curve is larger and larger in the deceleration process, the driver is engaged while the speed is reduced, the engine braking force is increased, the truck deceleration is increased, and the slope length corresponding to the reduction of the same speed value is shorter. For a gentle slope with the same slope, the longer the slope length is within a certain distance, the larger the running speed value of the vehicle is reduced, and therefore, a designer should reasonably select the gentle slope length according to a target speed reduction value.
When designing the gentle slope, the method can refer to the table 3 and the graph 2 to obtain the gentle slope length corresponding to the speed reduction change in the downhill process of the truck, and the speed of entering and exiting the gentle slope and the gentle slope gradient can be respectively inquired to obtain the gentle slope length when the speed is reduced by 20 km/h. When the target speed reduction is other values, the corresponding gentle slope length can be obtained by a continuous query and linear interpolation method.

Claims (6)

1. A method for designing geometrical indexes of a long and large downhill gentle slope section of a highway is characterized in that the geometrical indexes of the long and large downhill gentle slope section of the highway comprise a gentle slope degree value index and a gentle slope length index, and comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out stress analysis on the six-axis truck in an engine auxiliary braking mode to obtain a balance equation of the six-axis truck in continuous braking downhill driving, and calculating by using the balance equation of the six-axis truck in continuous braking downhill driving to obtain a gentle slope value equation, wherein the gentle slope value equation is a quadratic function related to the vehicle speed;
(2) referring to the corresponding speed range of each gear of the six-axis truck, substituting the stable speed corresponding to each gear into a gentle slope gradient value equation to obtain the gentle slope critical gradient values under different gears and stable speed conditions; determining a gentle slope gradient control index according to the gentle slope critical gradient values under different gears and stable speed conditions;
(3) determining the critical gentle slope gradient values of different running speeds by utilizing the gentle slope gradient control index, and obtaining a gentle slope length formula according to a balance equation of continuous braking downhill running of the six-axle truck, the gentle slope gradient control index and the critical gentle slope gradient values of different running speeds;
(4) and making a table with the gradient information, the slope speed information and the gentle slope length information according to a gentle slope length formula, or drawing a graph with the gradient information, the slope speed information and the gentle slope length information according to the gentle slope length formula, wherein the table or the graph is used as a gentle slope length index.
2. The method for designing the geometric index of the large and steep downgrade and gentle slope section of the expressway according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the balance equation of the six-axle truck for continuous braking downhill driving is as follows:
Fa＝Fb+Fx+FE+Fj
wherein, Fa＝mgi，
Figure FDA0002362922340000011
FE＝Wf，f＝0.0076+0.000056v，
Figure FDA0002362922340000012
Figure FDA0002362922340000013
Wherein i is gradient, sin α is i, m is total weight of vehicle, g is gravity acceleration, and braking torque T is obtained under engine braking modebAnd the rotation speed n is in a quadratic function relation: t isb＝u2n2+u1n+u0；uqTaking q as an engine torque fitting coefficient, and taking 0,1 and 2; z is a radical ofgIs the transmission ratio of the transmission; z is a radical of0Is main speed reducing ratio, η is transmission efficiency, r is effective radius of wheel, C is air resistance coefficient, A is windward area, rho is air density, v is running speed of vehicle, W is wheel load, f is rolling resistance coefficient, delta is rotating mass coefficient of vehicle, dv/dt is acceleration of whole vehicle, delta is speed of whole vehicle1The coefficient of inertia force of the automobile wheel is shown; delta2Is the engine flywheel inertia influence coefficient; z is a radical ofkIs the transmission ratio.
3. The method for designing the geometric index of the large and steep downgrade and gentle slope section of the expressway according to claim 2, wherein in the step (1), the equation of the gentle slope value i is as follows:
Figure FDA0002362922340000021
in the formula: b is0、B1、B2Fitting coefficients to the total braking force; v is the steady velocity.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein in step (2), the critical gradient of the six-axle truck in 12-gear and 11-gear engine braking modes is used as the gradient control index of the gentle slope.
5. The method for designing geometric index of large, downhill and gentle slope section of expressway according to claim 2, wherein in step (3), gentle slope length LvComprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0002362922340000022
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002362922340000023
u0、u1and u2Torque coefficient when engine braking; c0、C1And C2The resistance coefficient in the expression of the function of the running resistance and the vehicle speed is shown; delta0The rotating mass coefficient in neutral gear, η the mechanical transmission efficiency, n the engine speed, v the stable speed of truck, v1Speed before deceleration, v2The speed after the speed reduction.
6. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein δ is the geometric index of a steep downgrade section of a highway1Taking the ratio of 0.03 to 0.05, delta2Taking 0.04-0.05.
CN202010027260.3A 2020-01-10 2020-01-10 Method for designing geometric indexes of long and large downhill gentle slope section of expressway Pending CN111114318A (en)

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