CN111072088A - Seawater evaporator and application thereof - Google Patents
Seawater evaporator and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111072088A CN111072088A CN201811233267.XA CN201811233267A CN111072088A CN 111072088 A CN111072088 A CN 111072088A CN 201811233267 A CN201811233267 A CN 201811233267A CN 111072088 A CN111072088 A CN 111072088A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
Abstract
The invention discloses a seawater evaporator and application thereof. The seawater evaporator comprises a support column with water absorption and transportation functions and reactor units with photo-thermal conversion functions, wherein the reactor units are distributed on the support column. The material of the reactor unit is carbon-based hybrid material and/or high-molecular functionalized cotton fabric. The seawater evaporator disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of simple structure, small volume, three-dimensional omni-directionality and the like, so that the seawater evaporator has the advantages of strong weather resistance, excellent mechanical property, high evaporation efficiency and the like in the seawater desalination process, and has a wide application prospect in the field of seawater desalination.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a seawater evaporator, in particular to a three-dimensional seawater evaporator and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of material technology and seawater desalination.
Background
Water is a source of life and is a necessary resource for supporting economic and social development. With the rapid development of the economic society and the continuous promotion of the urbanization process of China, the contradiction between the total water resource shortage and the space-time matching is increasingly prominent, and particularly in coastal areas and islands, the water resource shortage becomes one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of the economic society. Over one billion people worldwide are starved of fresh water, and the relevant scholars reckon that two thirds of the world population will be starved of fresh water by 2025. Meanwhile, seawater resources are very abundant, and the aim of people to dilute seawater into drinking water is always pursued. Seawater desalination as a stable water resource increment technology is an important strategic choice for solving the contradiction between water resource supply and demand in coastal and coastal areas in China, optimizing the water resource structure and guaranteeing the water supply safety. The commonly used filtering method of seawater desalination is characterized in that the required filtering material needs to be replaced frequently in the aspect of economic benefit, the cost is high, the technical difficulty is high, the energy consumption is high, the economic burden is heavy, and the problem of low efficiency still exists in the aspect of seawater treatment effect. Patent CN108035050A discloses a three-dimensional multilayer filling electrothermal evaporation fabric, a preparation method and application. The fabric comprises an electrothermal evaporation layer, a floating heat-insulation layer and a water absorption layer which are sequentially compounded, and the electrothermal evaporation layer, the floating heat-insulation layer and the water absorption layer are mutually interwoven and combined into a whole through binding yarns. The preparation method comprises the following steps: arranging warp yarns and binding yarns of each layer according to a yarn selection scheme; introducing weft yarns of each layer; introducing a floating embedding material; the binding yarns are interwoven with each other, and the layers are woven into a whole. Two ends of the electrothermal fibers in the electrothermal evaporation layer are connected with electrodes, and the water in the electrothermal evaporation layer is heated and evaporated by using the heat generated by the electrothermal fibers. Patent CN108035051A discloses a coil structure multilayer hollow electrothermal evaporation fabric, which is characterized by comprising an evaporation layer, an electrothermal layer, a heat and water insulation layer and a floating layer, wherein the evaporation layer, the electrothermal layer, the heat and water insulation layer and the floating layer are woven into a whole through different functional fibers. Patent CN108166126A discloses an electrothermal evaporation fabric with a three-dimensional structure and a preparation method thereof, wherein the fabric comprises an electrothermal evaporation layer, a floating heat-insulating layer and a water absorption layer which are compounded in sequence, and the electrothermal evaporation layer, the floating heat-insulating layer and the water absorption layer are combined into a whole through binding yarns. The preparation method comprises the following steps: arranging the warp yarns according to a yarn selection scheme; introducing weft yarns of each layer; the binding yarns are interwoven to weave the warp and weft yarns of each layer into a whole; coiling by a stepping motor; and (5) taking off the machine after multiple cycles. Two ends of the electrothermal fibers in the electrothermal evaporation layer are connected with electrodes, and the water in the electrothermal evaporation layer is heated and evaporated by using the heat generated by the electrothermal fibers. Patent CN108035036A discloses a three-dimensional multilayer hollow structure electric heat evaporation fabric, the fabric includes compound evaporation layer, electric heat layer, thermal insulating and water conducting layer and the layer that floats in proper order, and four are as an organic whole through the interval yarn combination. The preparation method comprises the following steps: starting a weft insertion device to introduce weft yarns of each layer; the single group of heald frames move to drive each layer of warp yarns to be synchronously interwoven, so that the evaporation layer, the electric heating layer, the heat and water insulation layer and the floating layer are woven; the height of the spacer is set, the movement of the double-group harness frames drives the spacer yarns to interweave with each other to form a spacer layer; beating up and coiling by a stepping motor to obtain the electrothermal evaporation fabric with the three-dimensional multilayer structure. The two ends of the electrothermal fiber in the electrothermal layer are connected with electrodes, and the heat generated by the electrothermal fiber is used for heating the evaporation layer to evaporate water. Patent CN108018642A discloses a multilayer filling electrothermal evaporation fabric with a coil structure and a manufacturing method thereof, which is characterized in that the fabric is composed of an evaporation layer, an electrothermal layer, a floating heat-insulating layer and a water absorption layer, wherein the evaporation layer, the electrothermal layer, the floating heat-insulating layer and the water absorption layer are woven into a whole by different functional fibers and materials. The above prior patents adopt weft yarns for weaving, and utilize electric heat to accelerate the evaporation of water, so that the cost is increased and the treatment cost is increased.
Yuguihua et al, Austin school of Texas university, developed a gel with a hierarchical nanostructure for seawater evaporation with an evaporation efficiency of 3.2kg/m in one sun2H, but its material strength is only 104Pa, and the preparation process is complicated by 10 times of freeze drying.
Wangcon et al, the university of the Alpo Dula King science and technology, developed a 3D-structured seawater evaporator by suction filtration of a mixed solution of graphene oxide and carbon tubes, but the efficiency of the seawater evaporator can only reach 1.59kg/m in one sun2/h。
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a seawater evaporator to overcome the defects of the prior art.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an application of the seawater evaporator.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention comprises the following steps:
the embodiment of the invention provides a seawater evaporator which comprises a support column with moisture absorption and transportation functions and reactor units with photothermal conversion functions, wherein the reactor units are distributed on the support column.
The embodiment of the invention also provides the application of the seawater evaporator in the field of seawater desalination.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a seawater desalination method, which comprises the following steps: and (3) placing the seawater evaporator in a container carrying seawater to evaporate the seawater to obtain the desalted pure water.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the seawater evaporator provided by the invention can realize the structure controllability of the three-dimensional tree-shaped seawater evaporator by reasonably regulating the composition, the geometric structure, the array arrangement mode and the like of the reactor unit with the photothermal conversion effect, and realize the maximum absorption and conversion of the seawater evaporator to different sunlight wave bands, thereby developing the seawater evaporator with simple structure, small volume and three-dimensional omni-directionality;
2) the seawater evaporator provided by the invention has better weather resistance, and after the seawater evaporator is treated in the environments of high temperature, low temperature, high concentration salt, strong acid, strong alkali and the like for 40 hours, the seawater evaporation efficiency is unchanged and still remains above 95%;
3) the seawater evaporator provided by the invention comprehensively utilizes solar energy resources, and the evaporation capacity is 4.0kg/m2More than h, the evaporation efficiency is more than 95 percent, which are all higher than the seawater evaporation material reported at present, and the material can be used for different concentrations (10-10000mg/L) of Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+One or more mixed systems in the plasma all have 9A rejection rate of 9.95% or more;
4) the seawater evaporator provided by the invention has the advantages of strong weather resistance, excellent mechanical property, high evaporation efficiency and the like, and has a wide application prospect in the field of seawater desalination.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure of a seawater evaporator and a seawater desalination process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2a to 2c are diagrams showing different seawater evaporation effects in different arrangements (two-dimensional film material and three-dimensional tree structure) of the photothermal conversion reactor having the same composition according to example 1 of the present invention, respectively, in which fig. 2a is a diagram showing a simulation of the seawater evaporation process in actual sunlight, fig. 2b is a diagram showing a photograph of the evaporation process using an infrared imager, and fig. 2c is a diagram showing that the two-dimensional film material is only a water film in an evaporation container and a water column is formed in an evaporator having a three-dimensional tree structure after the same time.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing different evaporation efficiencies of seawater in different arrangements (two-dimensional membrane material and three-dimensional tree structure) of the photothermal conversion reactor having the same composition in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing different evaporation efficiencies of seawater by changing the spatial structure (two-dimensional membrane material and three-dimensional tree structure) of the photothermal conversion reactor having the same composition in examples 4 and 5 of the present invention.
Fig. 5a and 5b are schematic diagrams of a seawater evaporator immersed in a concentrated sulfuric acid and high-concentration salt solution system for 24 hours in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6a and 6b are schematic diagrams of the retention rates of ions with different concentrations when the seawater evaporator obtained in example 1 of the present invention is used in a seawater desalination experiment.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the mechanical properties of the graded nanostructured gel in comparative example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the amount of desalination of sunlight by the filtration film of a mixed solution of graphene oxide and carbon tubes in comparative example 3 of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals: 1-closed space, 2-seawater evaporator, 3-container carrying seawater, 4-pure water obtained after evaporation.
Detailed Description
In view of the defects in the prior art, the inventor of the present invention has made long-term research and extensive practice to provide the technical scheme of the present invention, which mainly utilizes the photothermal effect of the carbon material and the functional modification of the polymer to the fabric, and can realize the structural controllability of the three-dimensional tree-shaped seawater evaporator by reasonably regulating the composition, the geometric structure, the array arrangement mode and the like of the reactor unit with photothermal conversion effect, thereby realizing the maximum absorption and conversion of the seawater evaporator to different sunlight wave bands, and further developing the seawater evaporator with simple structure, small volume and three-dimensional omni-directionality. The technical solution, its implementation and principles, etc. will be further explained as follows.
As one aspect of the technical solution of the present invention, it relates to a seawater evaporator, as shown in fig. 1, which includes a support having moisture absorption and transport functions and reactor units having a photothermal conversion function, the reactor units being distributed on the support.
The seawater evaporator is a tree-shaped three-dimensional seawater evaporator, has a three-dimensional tree-shaped structure, and is beneficial to transportation and transfer of water vapor.
In some embodiments, the reactor unit and the support are at an angle of 5 to 75 °.
Further, the number of layers of the reactor units on the support is 10-100.
Further, the distance between any two adjacent reactor units is 0.01-0.05 m.
In some embodiments, the material of the reactor unit is a carbon-based hybrid material and/or a polymer-functionalized cotton fabric, and the texture of the cotton fabric includes plain, twill, satin, honeycomb, and the like, and preferably, the honeycomb fabric has a controllable pore size, excellent mechanical properties, and a stable structure, but is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the struts have a length of 0.1 to 5m and a diameter of 0.01 to 0.10 m.
In some embodiments, the material of the support pillar may be one of paper and cotton. Wherein the shape of the paper comprises one of a sawtooth shape, a flat-grain shape, a diamond shape, a step shape and a screw thread shape. The texture of the cotton fabric includes plain weave, twill weave, satin weave, honeycomb weave and the like, and the preferred one is a honeycomb fabric with controllable pore diameter, excellent mechanical property and stable structure, but is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the shape of the reactor may be one or more of a circular structure, a rectangular structure, a triangular star structure, a pentagonal star structure, a hexagonal structure, an octagonal structure, and may be one of a cylinder, a cube, and a compass type, but is not limited thereto.
In some embodiments, the carbon-based hybrid material comprises a mixed system of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide.
Wherein the mass ratio of the carbon nano tube to the graphene oxide is 1: 6-6: 1.
in some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes include any one or a combination of two or more of aminated carbon nanotubes, carboxylated carbon nanotubes, hydroxylated carbon nanotubes, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
Further, the length of the carbon nano tube is controlled to be 200 nm-2 mu m.
Further, the graphene oxide includes, but is not limited to, carboxylated graphene oxide, hydroxylated graphene oxide, and the like.
Further, the size of the graphene oxide sheet layer is controlled to be 200 nm-4 μm.
Furthermore, the content of the functional group contained in the carbon nanotube or the graphene oxide is 0.5-3.5 wt%.
In some embodiments, the polymer in the polymer-functionalized cotton fabric includes, but is not limited to, polypyrrole derivatives, polyaniline derivatives, and the like.
Further, the polypyrrole derivative comprises a copolymer of polypyrrole and a high polymer material and/or doped polypyrrole, and the polyaniline derivative comprises a copolymer of polyaniline and a high polymer material and/or doped polyaniline.
Further, the copolymerized polymer material includes any one or a combination of two or more of polar polymers such as polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, polyglycerol, benzoic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, and poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), but is not limited thereto.
Further, the doping element contained in the doped polypyrrole or doped polyaniline includes any one or a combination of two or more of N, S, Si, Bi, Ti, P, and the like, but is not limited thereto.
Further, the number average molecular weight of the polypyrrole derivative is 10000-50000.
Further, the number average molecular weight of the polyaniline derivative is 5000-50000.
In some embodiments, the seawater evaporator has good weather resistance, and the seawater evaporation efficiency is kept above 95% after being treated for 40 hours in an environment with high temperature (100-600 ℃), low temperature (50-0 ℃), high concentration salt (salt concentration is 0.1-10 mol/L sodium chloride solution), strong acid (hydrochloric acid with concentration of 0.1-5 mol/L), and strong base (sodium hydroxide with concentration of 0.1-10 mol/L).
Furthermore, the evaporation capacity of the seawater evaporator is 4.0kg/m2More than h, the water vapor is higher than the seawater evaporation material reported at present.
Furthermore, the seawater evaporator has a retention rate of more than 99.95% for ions with different concentrations (10-10000mg/L), wherein the ions comprise Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+And the like, but not limited thereto.
As another aspect of the technical solution of the present invention, it also relates to the use of the aforementioned seawater evaporator in the field of seawater desalination.
Accordingly, another aspect of the embodiments of the present invention also provides a method for desalinating seawater, as shown in fig. 1, including: in the closed space 1, the seawater evaporator 2 is placed in a container 3 carrying seawater, and the seawater is evaporated to obtain desalinated pure water 4.
By the preparation process, the seawater evaporator disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of simple structure, small volume, three-dimensional omni-directionality and the like, so that the seawater evaporator has the advantages of strong weather resistance, excellent mechanical property, high evaporation efficiency and the like in the seawater desalination process, and has a wide application prospect in the field of seawater desalination.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention are explained in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and several preferred embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Example 1
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 0.1m, the diameter is 0.01m, and a paper material with a zigzag structure is selected;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The reactor unit is circular in shape and made of cotton fabric functionalized by carbon nano tubes and graphene oxide. The cotton fabric is in a honeycomb texture, the carbon nanotubes are aminated carbon nanotubes, the amino grafting rate is 0.5%, the length of each carbon nanotube is 200nm, the graphene oxide is carboxylated graphene oxide, the size of each lamella is 200nm, and the mass usage ratio of the carbon nanotubes to the graphene oxide is 1: 6.
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 5 degrees, the number of layers of the reactor unit is 10, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.01 m.
The seawater evaporator obtained in the embodiment and the two-dimensional structure film with the same area are subjected to seawater evaporation desalination comparison under actual natural sunlight (as shown in fig. 2 a), and fig. 2b shows that an infrared imager is used for photographing the evaporation process, and as shown in fig. 2b, the higher the brightness is, the higher the temperature is. After the same time, it was found that the seawater evaporator having three-dimensional dendrites had a higher evaporation capacity than the two-dimensional structure film. Over the same time period toThe two-dimensional structure film is only a water film in an evaporation container, and a water column is formed in the seawater evaporator with the three-dimensional dendritic structure (as shown in figure 2 c). Through calculation, the evaporator composed of the two-dimensional structure film and the three-dimensional dendritic structure shows different seawater evaporation efficiencies, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 2kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 4.4kg/m2H (as shown in FIG. 3). Further, the inventors of the present invention have found that the appearance of the reactor unit is not changed after the seawater evaporator obtained in this embodiment is immersed in a system of concentrated sulfuric acid (fig. 5a) and 5mol/L NaCl (fig. 5b) for 40 hours (as shown in fig. 5a and fig. 5 b). Further, the water evaporator is respectively arranged in a system at 600 ℃ and a system at 0 ℃, and the seawater evaporation efficiency is still kept at 96.4%. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+The retention rate was 99.95% in the range of 10-10000mg/L (as shown in FIGS. 6a and 6 b).
Example 2
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 0.5m, the diameter is 0.02m, and a paper material with a thread-shaped structure is selected;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The shape of the reactor unit is compass type, and the material is cotton fabric functionalized by carbon nano tubes and graphene oxide. The cotton fabric is satin texture, the carbon nano tube is a carboxylated carbon nano tube, the carboxyl grafting rate is 2.5%, the length of the carbon nano tube is 1 mu m, the graphene oxide is aminated graphene oxide, the size of a lamella is 1 mu m, and the mass usage ratio of the carbon nano tube to the graphene oxide is 1: 3.
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 15 degrees, the number of layers of the reactor unit is 15, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.02 m.
Comparing the seawater evaporator obtained by the embodiment with a two-dimensional structure film with the same area under actual natural sunlight for seawater evaporation desalination, and calculating to obtain a two-dimensional structureThe evaporator composed of the structural film and the three-dimensional dendritic structure shows different seawater evaporation efficiency, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structural film is 2.1kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 4.5kg/m2H is used as the reference value. Furthermore, after the seawater evaporator obtained in the example is respectively immersed in an environment system of 0.1mol/L concentrated sulfuric acid, 5mol/L NaCl, 5mol/L NaOH, 200 ℃ and-15 ℃ for 40 hours, the seawater evaporation efficiency still maintains 95.2% of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Has 99.96 percent of retention rate in the concentration range of 10-10000 mg/L.
Example 3
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 2m, the diameter is 0.05m, and a paper material with a stepped structure is selected;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The shape of the reactor unit is eight-sided row, and the material is carbon nano tube and graphene oxide functionalized cotton fabric. The cotton fabric is twill texture, the carbon nano tube is a hydroxylated carbon nano tube, the hydroxyl grafting rate is 3.5%, the length of the carbon nano tube is 2 micrometers, the graphene oxide is aminated graphene oxide, the size of a lamella is 4 micrometers, and the mass usage ratio of the carbon nano tube to the graphene oxide is 6: 1.
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 25 degrees, the number of layers of the reactor unit is 50, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.04 m.
Comparing the seawater evaporator obtained by the embodiment with a two-dimensional structure film with the same area under actual natural sunlight for seawater evaporation desalination, calculating that the evaporator composed of the two-dimensional structure film and the three-dimensional dendritic structure shows different seawater evaporation efficiencies, wherein the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 2.5kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 5.7kg/m2H is used as the reference value. Further, the inventors of the present invention immersed the seawater evaporators obtained in the examples in respective stagesAfter the seawater is put into an environment system with 1mol/L concentrated sulfuric acid, 10mol/L NaCl, 10mol/L NaOH and 600 ℃ and 50 ℃ below zero for 40 hours, the seawater evaporation efficiency is kept to be 95.1 percent of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Has 99.95 percent of retention rate in the concentration range of 10-10000 mg/L.
Example 4
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the support is 2m, the diameter is 0.03m, the material is polyacrylic acid/polypyrrole copolymer modified cotton fabric with the number average molecular weight of 10000, wherein the texture of the cotton fabric is plain weave;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The reactor unit is of a cylindrical structure and is made of a cotton fabric modified by a poly (benzoic acid)/N-polypyrrole copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 20000;
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 35 degrees, the number of the reactor units is 20, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.02 m.
The seawater evaporator obtained in the embodiment and the two-dimensional structure film with the same area are subjected to seawater evaporation desalination comparison under actual natural sunlight, and after the same time, the seawater evaporator with three-dimensional dendrites has higher evaporation capacity than the two-dimensional structure film. Through calculation, the space structure (two-dimensional structure film, namely 2D film, and three-dimensional dendritic structure, namely 3D HPG) is changed to show different seawater evaporation efficiencies, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 3.2kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 7.0kg/m2H (shown in the left region of FIG. 4). Furthermore, the inventor of the present invention found that the appearance of the reactor unit is not changed after the seawater evaporator obtained in this example is immersed in a system of 0.1mol/L concentrated sulfuric acid and 3mol/L NaCl solution for 40 hours. Furthermore, the water evaporator is respectively arranged in a system at 600 ℃ and a system at 0 ℃, and the seawater evaporation efficiency still keeps 96.1 percent of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventors obtained the present exampleThe obtained seawater evaporator is used for seawater desalination experiments, and Na is contained in the seawater evaporator+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Has 99.98 percent of retention rate in the concentration range of 10-10000 mg/L.
Example 5
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 3m, the diameter is 0.05m, a cotton fabric is selected, and the macromolecular modifier is a Si-doped poly (dimethylamine ethyl methacrylate)/polyaniline copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 5000;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The shape of the reactor unit is a compass-type structure, and the material is N-doped poly (N-dimethylamine ethyl methacrylate)/polyaniline copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 30000;
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 45 degrees, the number of the reactor units is 50, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.03 m.
The seawater evaporator obtained in the embodiment and the two-dimensional structure film with the same area are subjected to seawater evaporation desalination comparison under actual natural sunlight, and after the same time, the seawater evaporator with three-dimensional dendrites has higher evaporation capacity than the two-dimensional structure film. Through calculation, the space structure (two-dimensional structure film, namely 2D film, and three-dimensional dendritic structure, namely 3D HPG) is changed to show different seawater evaporation efficiencies, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 3.8kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 7.0kg/m2H (as shown in the right region of FIG. 4). Furthermore, the inventors of the present invention have found that the appearance of the reactor unit is not changed after the seawater evaporator obtained in this example is immersed in a system of 1mol/L concentrated sulfuric acid and 4mol/L NaCl solution for 40 hours. Furthermore, the water evaporator is respectively arranged in a system at 400 ℃ and a system at 10 ℃, and the seawater evaporation efficiency still keeps 95.7 percent of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+In the thick stateThe degrees of the components are within the range of 10-10000mg/L, and the retention rate is 99.96 percent.
Example 6
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 4m, the diameter is 0.06m, a cotton fabric is selected, and the macromolecular modifier is a P-polyvinyl alcohol/polyaniline copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 50000;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The reactor unit is in a three-dimensional structure and is made of a poly (benzoic acid)/polyaniline copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 10000;
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 55 degrees, the number of the reactor units is 60 layers, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.04 m.
The seawater evaporator obtained in the embodiment and the two-dimensional structure film with the same area are subjected to seawater evaporation desalination comparison under actual natural sunlight, and after the same time, the seawater evaporator with three-dimensional dendrites has higher evaporation capacity than the two-dimensional structure film. Through calculation, the space structure (two-dimensional structure film, namely 2D film, and three-dimensional dendritic structure, namely 3D HPG) is changed to show different seawater evaporation efficiencies, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 3.7kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 6.9kg/m2H is used as the reference value. Furthermore, the inventor of the present invention found that the appearance of the reactor unit is not changed after the seawater evaporator obtained in this example is immersed in a system of 2mol/L sulfuric acid, 1mol/L sodium hydroxide, and 8mol/L NaCl solution for 40 hours. Furthermore, the water evaporator is respectively arranged in a system at 100 ℃ and a system at-50 ℃, and the seawater evaporation efficiency still keeps 95.3 percent of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Has 99.96 percent of retention rate in the concentration range of 10-10000 mg/L.
Example 7
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 5m, the diameter is 0.08m, a cotton fabric is selected, and the macromolecular modifier is a Bi-polyglycerol/polyaniline copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 20000;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The shape of the reactor unit is a triangular structure, and the material is poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)/polypyrrole copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 20000;
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 65 degrees, the number of the reactor units is 80 layers, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.04 m.
The seawater evaporator obtained in the embodiment and the two-dimensional structure film with the same area are subjected to seawater evaporation desalination comparison under actual natural sunlight, and after the same time, the seawater evaporator with three-dimensional dendrites has higher evaporation capacity than the two-dimensional structure film. Through calculation, the space structure (two-dimensional structure film, namely 2D film, and three-dimensional dendritic structure, namely 3D HPG) is changed to show different seawater evaporation efficiencies, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 3.9kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 7.2kg/m2H is used as the reference value. Furthermore, the inventor of the present invention found that the appearance of the reactor unit is not changed after the seawater evaporator obtained in this example is immersed in a system of 1.5mol/L sulfuric acid, 6mol/L sodium hydroxide, and 7mol/L NaCl solution for 40 hours. Furthermore, the water evaporator is respectively arranged in a system at 300 ℃ and a system at-20 ℃, and the seawater evaporation efficiency still keeps 97.2 percent of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Has 99.97% retention rate in the concentration range of 10-10000 mg/L.
Example 8
(1) The structure and composition of the struts. The length of the strut is 5m, the diameter is 0.10m, a cotton fabric is selected, and the macromolecular modifier is a Ti-polyethylene glycol/polypyrrole copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 50000;
(2) structure and composition of the reactor unit. The reactor unit is in a pentagram structure and is made of a poly (benzoic acid)/polyaniline copolymer with the number average molecular weight of 30000;
(3) the spatial structure of the support and the reactor unit. The space included angle between the support and the reactor unit is 75 degrees, the number of the reactor units is 60 layers, and the distance between the adjacent reactor units is 0.04 m.
The seawater evaporator obtained in the embodiment and the two-dimensional structure film with the same area are subjected to seawater evaporation desalination comparison under actual natural sunlight, and after the same time, the seawater evaporator with three-dimensional dendrites has higher evaporation capacity than the two-dimensional structure film. Through calculation, the space structure (two-dimensional structure film, namely 2D film, and three-dimensional dendritic structure, namely 3D HPG) is changed to show different seawater evaporation efficiencies, and the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the two-dimensional structure film is 3.7kg/m2H, the evaporation capacity of the evaporator adopting the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 6.9kg/m2H is used as the reference value. Furthermore, the inventor of the present invention found that the appearance of the reactor unit is not changed after the seawater evaporator obtained in this example is immersed in a system of 2mol/L sulfuric acid, 1mol/L sodium hydroxide, and 8mol/L NaCl solution for 40 hours. Furthermore, the water evaporator is respectively arranged in a system at 100 ℃ and a system at-50 ℃, and the seawater evaporation efficiency still keeps 95.4 percent of the original seawater evaporation efficiency. The inventor of the present invention uses the seawater evaporator obtained in the present embodiment in seawater desalination experiments, and Na thereof+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Has 99.96 percent of retention rate in the concentration range of 10-10000 mg/L.
Comparative example 1: the patent with publication number CN4941461A discloses a nanofiltration membrane for seawater desalination and a preparation method thereof, wherein the seawater desalination rate is between 31% and 98%, and the desalination rate is low.
Comparative example 2:
yuguihua et al, Austin school of Texas university, developed a gel with a hierarchical nanostructure for seawater evaporation with an evaporation efficiency of 3.2kg/m in one sun2H, but its material strength is only 104Pa (FIG. 7), and the preparation process was freeze-dried 10 times, and comparativeAnd (3) mixing.
Comparative example 3
Wangcon et al, the university of the Alpo Dula King science and technology, developed a 3D-structured seawater evaporator by suction filtration of a mixed solution of graphene oxide and carbon tubes, but the efficiency of the seawater evaporator can only reach 1.59kg/m in one sun2H (FIG. 8).
In addition, the inventor also refers to the mode of the embodiment 1 to the embodiment 8, tests are carried out by other raw materials and conditions listed in the specification, and the seawater evaporator with the characteristics of simple structure, small volume, three-dimensional omni-directionality and the like is also manufactured. It should be understood that the above is only a specific application example of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited in any way. All the technical solutions formed by equivalent transformation or equivalent replacement fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A seawater evaporator is characterized by comprising a support column with moisture absorption and transportation functions and a reactor unit with a light-heat conversion function, wherein the reactor unit is distributed on the support column.
2. The seawater evaporator of claim 1, wherein: the included angle between the reactor unit and the strut is 5-75 degrees; and/or the number of layers of the reactor units on the support is 10-100; and/or the distance between any two adjacent reactor units is 0.01-0.05 m; and/or the seawater evaporator is a dendritic three-dimensional seawater evaporator.
3. The seawater evaporator of claim 1, wherein: the reactor unit is made of a carbon-based hybrid material and/or a high-molecular functionalized cotton fabric, the texture of the cotton fabric comprises plain, twill, satin or honeycomb texture, and particularly preferably, the cotton fabric comprises honeycomb fabric.
4. The seawater evaporator of claim 1, wherein: the length of the strut is 0.1-5 m, and the diameter of the strut is 0.01-0.10 m; and/or the material of the support column comprises paper or cotton fabric; preferably, the shape of the paper comprises a sawtooth shape, a flat grain shape, a diamond shape, a step shape or a thread shape; preferably, the texture of the cotton fabric comprises a plain, twill, satin or honeycomb texture, and particularly preferably, the cotton fabric comprises a honeycomb fabric.
5. The seawater evaporator of claim 1, wherein: the shape of the reactor unit comprises any one of a circle, a cylinder, a cube, a compass type, a rectangle, a triangle, a pentagon, a hexagon and an octagon; preferably, the reactor unit is of the cylindrical, cubic or compass type.
6. The seawater evaporator of claim 1, wherein: the carbon-based hybrid material comprises a mixed system of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide; preferably, the mass ratio of the carbon nanotubes to the graphene oxide is 1: 6-6: 1;
preferably, the carbon nanotubes include one or a combination of two of aminated carbon nanotubes, carboxylated carbon nanotubes and hydroxylated carbon nanotubes; preferably, the length of the carbon nano tube is 200 nm-2 μm; preferably, the graphene oxide comprises carboxylated graphene oxide and/or hydroxylated graphene oxide; preferably, the size of the graphene oxide sheet layer is 200 nm-4 μm;
preferably, the content of the functional group in the carbon nanotube or the graphene oxide is 0.5 to 3.5 wt%.
7. The seawater evaporator of claim 1, wherein: the polymer in the high-molecular functionalized cotton fabric comprises a polypyrrole derivative and/or a polyaniline derivative;
preferably, the polypyrrole derivative comprises a copolymer of polypyrrole and a high polymer material and/or doped polypyrrole, and the polyaniline derivative comprises a copolymer of polyaniline and a high polymer material and/or doped polyaniline;
preferably, the polymer material comprises any one or a combination of more than two of polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, polyglycerol, poly benzoic acid, polyvinyl alcohol and poly dimethylamine ethyl methacrylate;
preferably, the doped polypyrrole or doped polyaniline contains a doping element which comprises any one or a combination of more than two of N, S, Si, Bi, Ti and P;
preferably, the number average molecular weight of the polypyrrole derivative is 10000-50000;
preferably, the number average molecular weight of the polyaniline derivative is 5000-50000.
8. The seawater evaporator of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: the evaporation efficiency of the seawater evaporator is over 95 percent; preferably, after the seawater evaporator is soaked in a high-temperature, low-temperature, high-salt, strong-acid or strong-base environment for 40 hours, the seawater evaporation efficiency is still more than 95%, wherein the temperature of the high-temperature environment is 100-600 ℃, the temperature of the low-temperature environment is-50-0 ℃, the salt concentration of the high-salt environment is 0.1-10 mol/L, the strong-acid environment is a hydrochloric acid solution with the concentration of 0.1-5 mol/L, and the strong-base environment is a sodium hydroxide solution with the concentration of 0.1-10 mol/L;
and/or the evaporation capacity of the seawater evaporator is 4.0kg/m2More than h;
and/or the rejection rate of the seawater evaporator to ions in seawater is more than 99.95%, wherein the ions comprise Na+、Mg2 +、Ca2+、K+、Sr2+、B3+Any one or a combination of two or more of them; preferably, the concentration of the ions is 10-10000 mg/L.
9. Use of the seawater evaporator of any one of claims 1-8 in the field of seawater desalination.
10. A method for desalinating seawater is characterized by comprising the following steps: placing the seawater evaporator of any one of claims 1-8 in a container carrying seawater to evaporate the seawater to obtain desalinated pure water.
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