CN111066705A - 一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111066705A CN111066705A CN201911290377.4A CN201911290377A CN111066705A CN 111066705 A CN111066705 A CN 111066705A CN 201911290377 A CN201911290377 A CN 201911290377A CN 111066705 A CN111066705 A CN 111066705A
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- water
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Abstract
本发明提出一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,在养殖前进行水体净化处理的步骤,净化剂以氢氧化镁为主要成分,可以有效降低养殖水和河道中的硫化氢的含量,对于水质的PH值过低,富营养化有很好的改善效果;养殖过程中采用碱性溶液的补钙剂为,其中的硝酸钙可以直接补充养殖场中的钙质,沸石粉可去除水中氨氮95%,净化水质,缓解转水现象,能够有效吸附池底的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、藻毒素等有害物质,起到补钙除臭的作用;本发明的河蟹养殖方法不但养殖的成蟹质量优异,口味鲜美,且可以规模化养殖,经济效益高,养殖病害减少30%以上;养殖过程环境友好、经济合理;最大程度地避免水体污染,保证河蟹养殖的持续化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业养殖技术领域,特别涉及一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,可以提高河蟹的养殖品质和产量,同时满足环保及可持续发展的要求。
背景技术
河蟹又称中华绒螯蟹,是一种名贵淡水产品,味道鲜美,营养丰富,深受人们的喜爱,具有很高的经济价值。河蟹养殖是一个比较复杂的过程,要使养殖的蟹具备香、鲜、甜的独特风味,需要精细化的管理,要综合考虑养殖区(池塘)的设计布局、水体环境、水草养殖、投喂的食料及时间、防止病害等各种因素;另外,对于现代养殖,还需要达到生态化养殖的需求,减少水污染,节能降耗等,如此来适应规模化养殖的要求。
为满足现代河蟹养殖的要求,本申请人在中国专利申请号为CN201710405721.4中提出了一种河蟹养殖***和养殖方法,此专利申请对河蟹养殖硬件***的构建及养殖过程的控制进行了诸多改进,达到了比较良好的经济效益和社会效益,但是对养殖前后的水体控制等并无过多涉及,而养殖水体的质量及管控对河蟹养殖也非常重要,因此,在之前的专利技术基础之上,本申请人根据政府对环境保护日益严格的要求,进行了进一步的改良和养殖试验,提出一种改进的生态河蟹养殖方法。
发明内容
针对现代河蟹养殖日益严格的生态化的要求,本发明的目的是提供一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,可以实现现代河蟹的规模化生产、生态化养殖、精细化管理的要求,成蟹品质优异,且节能降耗,水体环境得到很好的保证,从而保证河蟹养殖的可持续进行。
为达到本发明的目的,本发明的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,包括如下步骤:
蟹苗选择:选用长江水系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹作蟹种,放养时,用3~4%食盐水溶液浸洗3~5分钟,或用每升15~20毫克浓度的高锰酸钾浸泡20~30分钟;雌雄比例为3:1左右;
养殖前的水体处理:1000 平方米水域按100 g /m2的浓度播撒净化剂,所述的净化剂为固液混合物,按重量份百分比包括氢氧化镁16份-26份,磷酸氢钠5份-10份,水20份-50份;净化剂的PH值为9.5-10.5;
扣蟹培育:在蟹苗培育池塘内栽种水草轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻,水面移植水花生,覆盖面占水面的30~50%;蟹苗下塘前15天,加注新水;蟹苗先在暂养区放养,待水草长出后再放养至养殖区,亩放蟹苗1~1.5千克;
水草培植及饲料投喂:轮叶黑藻和伊乐藻为点状栽培,栽培点间距80~100cm,覆盖面各占水面的20%;池塘内总体水草覆盖率为60~70%;清明前,投放经消毒的鲜活螺蛳200千克左右/667m2,全池均匀抛放,7~8月份根据蟹池螺蛳存塘量补投螺蛳,投放量150千克左右/667m2;养殖前期以豆饼、麦粉、蚕蛹粉、鱼粉或以切碎的小鱼、轧碎的螺蛳与蚌肉为原料,混合成团粒投喂,或以开口性配合饲料为主进行投喂;中期以豆饼、玉米、小麦、马铃薯、南瓜、山芋等精、青饲料为主;后期增加50%动物性饵料或投喂河蟹后期专用配合饲料;
投放补钙剂:在河蟹脱壳前投放补钙剂,投放周期为10~15天一次;所述的补钙剂为固液混合物,按重量备份比其包括:硝酸钙16份-26份,沸石粉5份-10份,水20-50份;补钙剂的PH值为7.3-8.3;
水质监控及增氧:根据水质监控数据控制增养装置的工作开关和工作时间;利用生石灰进行水质调节, 10~15天用一次,每次浓度使用为10~15ppm,配合投施磷酸二氢钙,每月1次,每次施用2千克/667m2,与生石灰进行交叉使用;
生物制剂调控:从4月份起追施光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌、酵母菌(EM)、矿物质等调水生物制剂;6月份开始,每隔15天泼洒一次EM菌和高分子有机聚合物、增氧剂、增效剂等底改生物制剂;
水位监控及调节:根据水位监测结果,适时进行养殖池塘的水位调节,保持池水深度在1~1.5m;
应激反应预防和控制:用生物制剂溶水喷洒颗粒饲料投喂,在饲料中添加VC、聚维多糖;4~5月份,用纤虫净、甲壳净、纤虫必克或硫酸锌复配药等杀纤毛虫一次;在黄梅结束后,进行一次水体消毒和内服药饵,连服3天;9月中旬,杀一次纤毛虫,并进行水体消毒和内服药饵。
优选的,所述的养殖方法中还可以包括河蟹与鳜鱼混养、河蟹与小龙虾混养或者河蟹与青虾混养的步骤。
再优选的,所述的净化剂中的氢氧化镁的质量含量为10%-70%。
再优选的,所述的净化剂中的氢氧化镁的质量含量为30%-70%。
再优选的,所述补钙剂中的硝酸钙的质量含量为10%-70%。
再优选的,所述补钙剂中的硝酸钙的质量含量为20%-50%。
再优选的,所述的投放补钙剂的步骤,在河蟹脱壳期间内再投加补钙剂1次。
本发明的改进的河蟹养殖方法,在养殖前进行水体净化处理, 净化剂以氢氧化镁为主要成分,可以有效降低养殖水和河道中的硫化氢的含量,对于水质的PH值过低,富营养化有很好的改善效果;采用的补钙剂为碱性溶液,硝酸钙可以直接补充养殖场中的钙质,沸石粉可去除水中氨氮95%,净化水质,缓解转水现象,能够有效吸附池底的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、藻毒素等有害物质,起到补钙除臭的作用;本发明的河蟹养殖方法不但养殖的成蟹质量优异,口味鲜美,且可以规模化养殖,经济效益高,养殖病害减少30%以上;养殖过程环境友好、经济合理;最大程度地避免水体污染,保证河蟹养殖的持续化生产。
附图说明
通过下面结合附图的详细描述,本发明前述的和其他的目的、特征和优点将变得显而易见。其中:
图1所示为本发明的一实施例的的河蟹养殖方法所采用的养殖***的成蟹养殖池的布局结构示意图;
图2所示为图1的截面结构示意图。
具体实施方式
结合附图本发明的特征及优点详述如下。
参照图1所示的本发明的河蟹养殖***的布局结构示意图,所述的养殖区域(池塘)设计为矩形池,面积在20~30亩,池深1.5m~1.8m,坡比1:2.5以上,池埂宽2~3m;在一优选的实施方式中,所述的矩形池的东西向长,南北向短;池底种植水草12,在一优选的实施方式中,水草的种植面积占全池水体面积的2/3;当水草生长过密时,可在水草中间每隔10~15m开设宽度为1.5~2m的无草通道121;在矩形池的对角设置的进水口141以及排水口143,所述的池底平面向出水口倾斜,比降为0.5%左右;进、排水口为对角线设置,每口池塘设高灌低排水***,进水闸和排水闸分设在蟹池的两端;在进水口用孔径0.88mm网片设置栏网,再用孔径为0.45mm的网片设置滤水网袋,在排水口用孔径0.88mm网片设置网袋;在矩形池的一角设置有河蟹苗种暂养区10,暂养区10的面积占全池水体面积的1/10-1/5,其可以是用聚乙烯网布围成,当河蟹苗种放养时,先在蟹种暂养区培育,其余部分用于护养水草,待护养区的水草渐渐恢复、快速生长后,将暂养区的网栏撤除。种植的水草品种,主要有轮叶黑藻、苦草、伊乐藻等,以轮叶黑藻与伊乐藻为最佳,苦草次之。苦草以播种为主,用种量0.1千克/667m2;轮叶黑藻和伊乐藻以无性繁殖为主,采取切茎分段扦、插的方法,用量25~30千克/667m2。水草种植应在蟹种放养前进行,种植时间一般在清明左右,保证蟹种下塘前已有水草长出,否则草的嫩芽被河蟹摄食,影响水草生长。
接着参见图1及图2,在成蟹养殖池中铺设有纳米微孔增氧管道18,其通过变径接头与通气总管16连接,将罗茨风机(未图示)与通气总管16连接,可以采用直径50mm 的PVC塑料管为通气总管;纳米微孔增氧管道每间隔8m安装一根,并用竹桩将纳米微孔增氧管道固定在离池底10~15cm处。如此,通过风机把含氧空气直接输到池塘底部,使纳米微孔增氧管道从池底往上曝气,形成一条“V”型的雾化气泡流,从池底往上向水体散气补充氧气,使各个水层溶氧量同步快速提高,同时对池底积存的一些有毒有害气体有氧化和释放作用。正常情况下,风机在夜间22:00时左右开机,至翌日太阳出来后停机;在一优选的实施方案中,可在增氧机上配置定时器,按照设定的时间定时自动增氧;在连续阴雨天以及高温季节要适当提前并延长开机时间,白天也应增氧。
曝气管19设置在通气总管的两侧,垂直进入池塘,实现水体上、中、下同时增氧,保证溶氧更加均匀。一般来说,15亩左右的池塘可以并联安装2-3套增氧设施,根据池塘面积合理选择搭配安装功率适合的罗茨风机。在一优选的实施方式中,曝气装置采用分路控制,节能增效,根据溶氧情况,可选择启动一台增氧设施或启动全部增氧设施。在另一优选的实施方式中,所述的养殖***具有水质在线监测***,对池塘溶氧进行在线实时监测,当溶氧低于一设定值,比如5.5mg/L时,会发出警示,自动或远程开/关增氧机。
所述的养殖***中,还包括配套的防逃设施,采用孔径为5.35mm的聚乙烯网片将池塘四周围起,网底部埋入土中10cm,网高1m。在聚乙烯网片内侧,相隔一定距离比如相隔1米处,用铝皮或塑料薄膜等材料作为防逃墙,防逃墙高0.5~0.6m,埋入土中10cm,并稍向池内侧倾斜;防逃墙拐角处呈圆弧形。
养殖池塘对角设置进水及排水口,用于对池塘内的水位进行适时调控,水位调控坚持“前浅、中深、后勤”的原则,4月份水温偏低,保持低水位,促进水草的生长和水温的提高,促进河蟹脱壳;中期特别是炎热的夏季保持深水位,后期勤加水换水,保持水质清新,溶氧充足。通常每3~4天换水1次,水温低时,7~l0天换水1次,天气闷热时,坚持天天换水,特别是发现河蟹上岸、爬网与以往有异时,则要及时换水,每次换水量一般占池水总量1/5左右。前期水深0.5~0.6m,中期水深1~1.2m,后期水深0.8m左右。
根据上述的河蟹养殖***,本发明的一种基于上述的河蟹养殖***的河蟹养殖方法包括如下步骤:
蟹苗选择:选用自育的长江水系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹作蟹种,要求体色正常、色泽光亮、规格整齐,体质健壮、爬行敏捷,附肢齐全,指节无损伤,肝脏金黄色有光泽、鳃丝白色、无寄生虫附着。放养时,用3~4%食盐水溶液浸洗3~5分钟,或用每升15~20毫克浓度的高锰酸钾浸泡20~30分钟;雌雄比例为3:1左右;
养殖前的水体处理:1000 平方米水域按100 g /m2的浓度播撒净化剂,所述的净化剂为固液混合物,按重量份百分比包括氢氧化镁16份-26份,磷酸氢钠5份-10份,水20份-50份;净化剂额PH值为9.5-10.5,可以对PH值较小的养殖场或者是河道起到较好的调节作用,使得养殖场或者河道中的水质回到弱碱性的良好PH值环境,有利于水生态的健康循环,改善河道和养殖场的环境。所述氢氧化镁的质量含量为10%-70%,是净化剂中的主要成分,氢氧化镁具有极强的缓冲性能和吸附能力,可以用来中和各种酸类物质,即使过量,其PH值也不会超过9。水产养殖场及河道中,由于长期积累的淤泥二产生的硫化氢和其他含硫有机化合物所引起的异味十一个普遍存在的问题,采用氢氧化镁可以与硫化物产生硫酸镁,产物硫酸镁溶于水中无任何害处。用氢氧化镁脱除水体中的硫化氢是一种资源易得,环境友好、经济合理、作业简单的实施方案。
扣蟹培育:在蟹苗培育池塘内栽种水草轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻,水面移植水花生,覆盖面占水面的30~50%;蟹苗下塘前15天,加注新水10cm;蟹苗先在暂养区放养,待水草长出后再放养至养殖区,放养时间一般在5月下旬,亩放蟹苗1~1.5千克;
水草培植及饲料投喂:主要饲料为浮萍等水草,其次为麦麸、豆渣、配合饲料和小杂鱼;商品饲料的日投饲量一般为存塘幼蟹体重的2~3%,饲料沿池边或浅水处,多点投喂;轮叶黑藻和伊乐藻由条带栽培改为点状栽培,栽培点间距80~100cm,覆盖面各占水面的20%。伊乐藻池塘内水面覆盖率下降到20%以下时移植水花生入池,水花生入池前要用水冲洗消毒;池塘内水花生水面覆盖率不大于20%,池塘内水草覆盖率达60~65%。伊乐藻从4月中旬至6月下旬伊乐藻生长快速,水面覆盖率由20%逐步上升到40%;7月上旬至9月下旬水面覆盖率由40%逐步回落到20%以下。4月中旬至5月下旬伊乐藻生长快速,夜间消耗水体溶氧增多,要及时割除伊乐藻上端易腐烂部分,伊乐藻的长度维持在20~40cm且不露出水面。清除多余水草时要努力避免伤害蟹苗。扣蟹池七月份水花生生长旺盛,要及时处理,保证其水面覆盖率40~50%,轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻水面覆盖率低于20%,以提高养殖水体溶氧水平;清明前,投放经消毒的鲜活螺蛳200千克左右/667m2,全池均匀抛放,7~8月份根据蟹池螺蛳存塘量再补投一次螺蛳,投放量150千克左右/667m2;适时施用生物肥料、有机肥料。前期以豆饼、麦粉、蚕蛹粉、鱼粉或以切碎的小鱼、轧碎的螺蛳与蚌肉为原料,混合成团粒投喂,或以开口性配合饲料为主进行投喂。中期以豆饼、玉米、小麦、马铃薯、南瓜、山芋等精、青饲料为主。后期则适当增加动物性饵料的比例(动物性饵料占50%左右)或投喂河蟹后期专用配合饲料。蟹蜕壳来临前,投喂适口性专用配合饲料或投喂动物性饵料,使动物性饵料比例占总投饵量的2/3以上,并增投虾蟹蜕壳生长素,不投喂单一性饲料,以保证河蟹脱壳有充足的营养。有的蜕壳区水草较少,则要及时投放水花生等水生植物,给河蟹蜕壳提供场所,以保证河蟹蜕壳有良好的生态环境。
投放补钙剂:在河蟹脱壳前投放补钙剂,投放周期为10~15天一次;所述的补钙剂为固液混合物,按重量备份比其包括:硝酸钙16份-26份,沸石粉5份-10份,水20-50份;补钙剂的PH值为7.3-8.3;钙是水产养殖品种的骨骼、鳞片、甲壳等的重要组成成分,虾蟹等甲壳类水产在缺钙情况下会出现蜕壳时间延长,硬壳速度减慢,蜕壳死亡现象,及时补钙可以避免上述状况。本发明的补钙剂中使用硝酸钙,硝酸钙溶于水,但是硝酸钙有毒,是不能直接食用的,必须将其转成为较纯净的碳酸钙,然后才能吃下去并起到补钙的作用;若将硝酸钙溶液中加入纯碱(碳酸钠)溶液,皆可以得到碳酸钙沉淀,可以被养殖场中的虾蟹所食,补充钙质。沸石粉是天然的沸石岩磨细而成,颜色为浅绿色、白色,可去除水中氨氮95%,净化水质,缓解转水现象;沸石具备作添加剂预混物的载体和稀释剂的各种基本条件,沸石呈中性pH在7-7.5之间,沸石表面粗糙和具有的多孔结构,使其具有较强的携载能力,不但能使物料均匀地吸附在表面,而且能吸附到孔穴和通道内,提高了物料的可利用性也大大改善混合的均匀性;同时能适当延长微量成份的释放时间更有利于动物吸收,具有明显的促生长作用。在一优选的实施方案中,可以在河蟹脱壳期间内再投加补钙剂1次。
水质监控及增氧:根据水质监控数据控制增养装置的工作开关和工作时间;保证水体的含氧量;利用生石灰进行水质调节,一般10~15天用一次,每次浓度使用为10~15ppm,主要是提高ph值和增加水体钙的含量。配合投施易溶解于水的磷酸二氢钙,不但可调节水质,而且河蟹可直接通过鳃表皮及胃肠内壁吸收,可相应加快河蟹蜕壳速度,对促进河蟹生长有较好的作用。一般每月1次,每次施用2千克左右/667m2,与生石灰进行交叉使用;
生物制剂调控:从4月份起追施光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌、酵母菌(EM)、矿物质等调水生物制剂,养殖中后期晴天中午微孔增氧开动2~3个小时、阴雨天气则夜晚开机增氧;6月份开始,每隔15天泼洒一次EM菌和高分子有机聚合物、增氧剂、增效剂等底改生物制剂;
水位监控及调节:根据水位监测结果,适时进行养殖池塘的水位调节;根据河蟹养殖的周期保证不同时期的水深;对于养殖老塘口,由于塘底较肥,每亩施过磷酸钙2~2.5千克和水全池泼洒;每15~20天泼洒一次生石灰,每次每667m2用量10千克;池水深度稳定在1~1.5m,定期泼洒光合细菌;
应激反应预防和控制:遵循“预防为主、防治结合”的原则,坚持生态调节与科学用药相结合。做好消毒,包括池塘的清塘消毒,蟹体的消毒,饵料及食场的消毒。在捕捞、运输过程中,尽量小心操作,避免蟹体损伤。合理搭配品种比例及放种的规格,选用优质饵料,避免饵料变质污染,保证河蟹在每个生长阶段都有适口的新鲜饵料。在河蟹蜕壳期间,应做到勤注换新水,保持微流水,以刺激河蟹的蜕壳。蟹病流行季节提前做好预防工作,在养殖期间,用底质改良剂和微生态制剂改善底质和调节水质,少量多次定期使用生石灰,适时开动增氧机,注重微生态制剂的应用,改善水质和底质,全年用生物制剂溶水喷洒颗粒饲料投喂,定期在饲料中添加VC、聚维多糖提高河蟹的免疫力。4~5月份,用纤虫净、甲壳净、纤虫必克或硫酸锌复配药等杀纤毛虫一次(在蜕壳前7天使用)。在黄梅结束后,高温来临之前,进行一次水体消毒和内服药饵,连服3天。9月中旬,杀一次纤毛虫,并进行水体消毒和内服药饵。
在优选的实施方式中,可以采取混养的方式,比如:
1、河蟹与鳜鱼混养
充分利用水体空间及天然饵料,鳜鱼捕食池中的野杂鱼,解决了野杂鱼与河蟹争食、争溶氧、争水体等问题,在只增加鳜鱼苗种投入,而无需增加饵料及其他生产成本和管理成本的情况下,增加河蟹养殖单位面积养殖产量,实现低质鱼向优质鱼的转化,提高河蟹养殖经济综合效益。选择自育大规格扣蟹,规格120~140 只/千克,放养密度600只/667m2。6月中旬放养5~7cm的鳜鱼种20~50尾/667m2。鳜鱼下塘前一次投足饵料鱼,一般是鳜鱼苗尾数4~5倍,15天以后,待饵料鱼剩余20%左右,再正常投喂。
2、河蟹与小龙虾混养
小龙虾与河蟹习性、食性、活动空间上基本相似,同时混养同一个池塘,能最大利用养殖资源,增加河蟹养殖单位面积养殖产量,提高河蟹养殖经济综合效益。选择自育大规格扣蟹,规格120~140 只/千克,放养密度600只/667m2。小龙虾规格200~400尾/千克,亩放2500~3000尾。鲢鱼规格11尾/千克,亩放10尾。扣蟹3月下旬放入环沟中暂养,待移植的水草成活后放入池塘,同时放养鲢鱼种,4月下旬放小龙虾幼虾。
3、河蟹与青虾混养
充分利用池塘的面积和饵料,河蟹、青虾相互之间不影响,有一定的促进作用,能有效提高池塘的综合生产能力,适当增加苗种及饲料的投入,可比单养河蟹或青虾获得更好的经济效益。选择自育大规格扣蟹,规格120~140 只/千克,放养密度600只/667m2。5月中下旬投放抱卵虾,抱卵虾选择卵粒呈黄绿色、无伤残、平均规格4~6厘米的优质虾,放养3千克/667m2左右。亲虾下塘2~3天,用生物有机肥1~3千克/667m2培育水质,仔虾孵出后3~5天,用黄豆浸泡磨浆1千克/667m2去渣沿池边均匀泼洒,促其快速变成幼虾。
采用本发明的河蟹养殖***和养殖方法,不但成蟹的质量优异,且可以规模化养殖,经济效益高,按照此养殖模式核心示范面积1万亩,亩均产量80~100公斤,公蟹规格200克/只以上、母蟹规格在150克/只以上达到60%,河蟹亩均利润5000元以上,亩均增效800元,实现养殖病害减少30%以上,养殖效益提升20%以上,实现养殖过程中尾水零排放,***资源平均占有率下降30%以上,辐射带动25万亩。
本发明的改进的河蟹养殖方法,在养殖前进行水体净化处理, 净化剂以氢氧化镁为主要成分,可以有效降低养殖水和河道中的硫化氢的含量,对于水质的PH值过低,富营养化有很好的改善效果;采用的补钙剂为碱性溶液,硝酸钙可以直接补充养殖场中的钙质,沸石粉可去除水中氨氮95%,净化水质,缓解转水现象,能够有效吸附池底的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、藻毒素等有害物质,起到补钙除臭的作用;本发明的河蟹养殖方法不但养殖的成蟹质量优异,口味鲜美,且可以规模化养殖,经济效益高,养殖病害减少30%以上;养殖过程环境友好、经济合理;最大程度地避免水体污染,保证河蟹养殖的持续化生产。
本发明并不局限于所述的实施例,本领域的技术人员在不脱离本发明的精神即公开范围内,仍可作一些修正或改变,故本发明的权利保护范围以权利要求书限定的范围为准。
Claims (7)
1.一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其包括如下步骤:
蟹苗选择:选用长江水系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹作蟹种,放养时,用3~4%食盐水溶液浸洗3~5分钟,或用每升15~20毫克浓度的高锰酸钾浸泡20~30分钟;雌雄比例为3:1左右;
养殖前的水体处理:1000 平方米水域按100 g /m2的浓度播撒净化剂,所述的净化剂为固液混合物,按重量份百分比包括氢氧化镁16份-26份,磷酸氢钠5份-10份,水20份-50份;净化剂的PH值为9.5-10.5;
扣蟹培育:在蟹苗培育池塘内栽种水草轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻,水面移植水花生,覆盖面占水面的30~50%;蟹苗下塘前15天,加注新水;蟹苗先在暂养区放养,待水草长出后再放养至养殖区,亩放蟹苗1~1.5千克;
水草培植及饲料投喂:轮叶黑藻和伊乐藻为点状栽培,栽培点间距80~100cm,覆盖面各占水面的20%;池塘内总体水草覆盖率为60~70%;清明前,投放经消毒的鲜活螺蛳200千克左右/667m2,全池均匀抛放,7~8月份根据蟹池螺蛳存塘量补投螺蛳,投放量150千克左右/667m2;养殖前期以豆饼、麦粉、蚕蛹粉、鱼粉或以切碎的小鱼、轧碎的螺蛳与蚌肉为原料,混合成团粒投喂,或以开口性配合饲料为主进行投喂;中期以豆饼、玉米、小麦、马铃薯、南瓜、山芋等精、青饲料为主;后期增加50%动物性饵料或投喂河蟹后期专用配合饲料;
投放补钙剂:在河蟹脱壳前投放补钙剂,投放周期为10~15天一次;所述的补钙剂为固液混合物,按重量备份比其包括:硝酸钙16份-26份,沸石粉5份-10份,水20-50份;补钙剂的PH值为7.3-8.3;
水质监控及增氧:根据水质监控数据控制增养装置的工作开关和工作时间;利用生石灰进行水质调节,10~15天用一次,每次浓度使用为10~15ppm,配合投施磷酸二氢钙,每月1次,每次施用2千克/667m2,与生石灰进行交叉使用;
生物制剂调控:从4月份起追施光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌、酵母菌(EM)、矿物质等调水生物制剂;6月份开始,每隔15天泼洒一次EM菌和高分子有机聚合物、增氧剂、增效剂等底改生物制剂;
水位监控及调节:根据水位监测结果,适时进行养殖池塘的水位调节;池水深度稳定在1~1.5m;
应激反应预防和控制:用生物制剂溶水喷洒颗粒饲料投喂,在饲料中添加VC、聚维多糖;4~5月份,用纤虫净、甲壳净、纤虫必克或硫酸锌复配药等杀纤毛虫一次;在黄梅结束后,进行一次水体消毒和内服药饵,连服3天;9月中旬,杀一次纤毛虫,并进行水体消毒和内服药饵。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其特征在于,所述的养殖方法中还包括河蟹与鳜鱼混养、河蟹与小龙虾混养或者河蟹与青虾混养的步骤。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其特征在于,所述的净化剂中的氢氧化镁的质量含量为10%-70%。
4.如权利要求3所述的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其特征在于,所述的净化剂中的氢氧化镁的质量含量为30%-70%。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其特征在于,所述补钙剂中的硝酸钙的质量含量为10%-70%。
6.如权利要求5所述的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其特征在于,所述补钙剂中的硝酸钙的质量含量为20%-50%。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的一种改进的河蟹生态养殖方法,其特征在于,所述的投放补钙剂的步骤,在河蟹脱壳期间内再投加补钙剂1次。
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