CN111047072A - Water system planning method for middle and lower Yangtze river areas based on low-influence development theory - Google Patents
Water system planning method for middle and lower Yangtze river areas based on low-influence development theory Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a water system planning method for the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river based on a low-influence development theory, which belongs to the field of water conservancy planning and landscape ecology, and is characterized in that a surface runoff overflowing model is used for extracting a river network digital water system diagram of a target area, the digital water system diagram is verified and modified through field investigation, and finally a water system current situation diagram is obtained through drawing; optimizing the layout of the current water system according to the principle of respecting the natural water system, following the river, digging large filling, bending large straight line and small bending, bending along with bending and increasing the dimension of the river network water system, and checking the river curvature after planning; designing section elements to ensure flood control and waterlogging removal flow; reasonably arranging the storage lake to ensure that the water surface rate is in a reasonable interval. The invention introduces a low-influence development theory, can scientifically optimize the layout of water systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, effectively relieves the phenomena of land competition with water, unsmooth communication between rivers and lakes and the like in the process of city construction in recent years, improves the flood control and waterlogging removal capability of cities, and provides a reference for planning urban water systems.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of water conservancy planning and landscape ecology, and particularly relates to a water system planning method for the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river based on a low-influence development theory.
Background
The water system is an important passage, receiving and regulating space for urban runoff rainwater drainage, and plays an important role in flood control, waterlogging removal and maintenance of regional ecological environment stability. With the advance of urban construction in recent years, natural water systems are more and more greatly influenced by human activities, phenomena of land competition with water, river and lake burying and the like are frequent, the integrity and the connectivity of the original water systems are damaged, water areas and channels for storing and discharging flood are reduced, and the ecological balance of the original water systems is broken.
The low-influence development theory is a brand-new concept and engineering technology of rainfall flood management and non-point source pollution control treatment, is initially used for distributed control of rainfall, and achieves the purposes of reducing rainfall runoff, reducing the total runoff amount and delaying the emergence time of flood peaks. With the development of low-impact development theory, the application in China is extended to the combination of measures of different scales and different stages, such as source control, midway transportation, tail end regulation and storage, and the like of rainwater.
In recent years, low-impact development theories are embodied in aspects of urban rainwater utilization, land development, sponge city construction and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention aims to provide a method for planning water systems in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river based on a low-influence development theory, which is used for scientifically and reasonably planning and arranging water systems in specific areas, improving the capacity of overall allocation of water resources and resisting flood and drought disasters, protecting original landscapes and ecology and improving the ecological environment of the areas.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a water system planning method for the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river based on a low-impact development theory comprises the following steps:
a1: extracting a digital river network water system of a target area by using a surface runoff overflowing model, checking and modifying the digital river network water system through field investigation, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram;
a2: according to the current situation diagram of the water system, the water system is optimally distributed according to the principle that the natural water system is respected, the river course follows, the water system is dug to be large and filled, the water system is large, straight and small are bent, the water system is bent along with the bending, and the dimension of the river network water system is increased, and the weighted average curvature of the planned river network is checked;
a3: ensuring flood control and waterlogging removal flow; calculating the flood control and waterlogging removal flow of the river channel, selecting the shape of the section according to the functions of the river channel, and designing section elements;
a4: the water surface rate is ensured; reasonably arranging the storage lakes to form landscape water surfaces, calculating and checking the water surface rate after planning, and ensuring that the water surface rate of the target area is within a reasonable interval.
Further, the step a1 includes the following steps:
b1: downloading an shp file of an administrative range of a target area and a DEM elevation data file containing the target area from a geospatial data cloud, and importing the shp file and the DEM elevation data file into Arcgis; cutting the downloaded DEM elevation data by using an extraction and analysis-according to mask extraction tool in a Spatial analysis tool in Arcgis software to obtain an accurate DEM elevation data file of a target area;
b2: analyzing accurate DEM elevation data of the target area by adopting a hydrological analysis tool in a Spatial analysis tool, wherein the operations comprise: acquiring a water flow direction, filling a depression, calculating confluence cumulant, vectorizing a grid river network and grading the river network by using a maximum slope method, and further extracting a digital river network water system; and checking and modifying the digitalized river network water system according to the field investigation result, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram of the target area.
Further, the step a2 includes the following steps:
c1: respect to natural water system; the natural conditions and ecological functions of the water system are respected, the current situation of the water system and the topographic features of a research area are satisfied, the requirement of urban construction on water system adjustment is combined, the bone dry river channel is reasonably arranged, the protection and treatment of key areas are enhanced, the original form of the water system is maintained as much as possible, and the natural, ecological and landscape effects of the water system are maintained;
c2: river course is followed; the water system and the road network are planned in a coordinated way, newly opened main and secondary main roads can be arranged along a backbone and a secondary main river channel, or the backbone and the secondary main river channel are arranged along the road network; the greening and revetment of the river channel are green belts of the road, and the waterfront space of the river channel can be used as a landscape belt of the road; the coordinate function of a water system and a road network is fully exerted, the water system layout is fully connected with the planning of the road network, a green belt and the like, so that the comprehensive utilization of limited space is realized, and the ecological, economic and social benefits are unified;
c3: digging large and small; during planning, the small messy and fine river branches and the water surface can be buried so as to arrange a complete and available land block; the large backbone riverways and water surfaces which need to be reserved can be dredged and dug deeply; to ensure enough land occupation in water area and improve the land utilization rate;
c4: large straight and small bending, bending along with bending; for wide rivers, a certain river curvature needs to be met during planning, a Kaplan is forbidden, and the river reaches the end; while the overall shape of the river channel is kept to be linear, bending can be added at small nodes according to construction requirements, and a 'big-straight-small-bent' water system pattern is formed; after the water system is planned, the river curvature needs to be checked, and the river curvature of the planned water system is ensured to be in a reasonable interval; meanwhile, the bending can not be cut to be straight to a great extent, the characteristics of the terrain and the original water system are skillfully utilized, and the bending is planned along with the regional terrain and the bending trend of the original river channel, namely the bending is performed along with the bending; the river curvature S is the ratio of the actual river length to the linear distance from the river to the section, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula (1), S is river curvature; l isaKm, the actual length of the river; l issThe linear distance from the river to the section is km;
c5: increasing the dimensionality of the river network water system; if the water system trend in the current situation of the research area is single, a 'transverse river channel' perpendicular to the whole river trend can be newly opened according to the local terrain conditions so as to increase the dimensionality of the water system in the target area, the water systems are communicated in space, and a vertically and horizontally alternate water system pattern is formed, so that a 'joint defense, joint drainage and joint debugging' flood control and waterlogging removal system is constructed.
Further, the step a3 includes the following steps:
d1: determining a design standard, selecting a control section, and calculating design rainstorm by adopting an actual measurement design rainstorm or an isoline graph method according to the existing hydrological data of a research area;
d2: according to the design rainstorm obtained from D1, calculating design flood by applying a graphical method and a trial algorithm, and further obtaining the peak flow of each section; the following reasoning formula is adopted:
q in formulae (2) to (4)mpM is the peak flow3S; f is the basin area, km2(ii) a L is the length of the river channel, km; j is the average river slope; n, SpIs a rainstorm parameter; τ is the sink flow time, s; mu is a watershed loss parameter, mm/h; m is a confluence parameter; t is tcProducing time, h;
d3: selecting a proper section shape according to the geographical position of each section and the function of a river channel, wherein the section shapes which can be adopted are a trapezoidal section, a rectangular section, a compound section, an arc section and the like;
d4: calculating a water surface curve by adopting a trial algorithm or a graphical method according to the selected section shape and the calculated peak flow of each section in D2 and an energy equation, and then designing section elements by applying an open channel uniform flow formula to ensure flood control and flood removal sections; the calculation formula is as follows:
A＝(b+mh)h (6)；
R＝A/χ (8)；
in the formulas (5) to (9), Q is the river channel design flow, m3S; a is the cross-sectional area of water passing, m2(ii) a R is the metabolic coefficient, m0.5S; χ is wet week, m; c is hydraulic radius, m; n is roughness; m is a slope coefficient; h is water depth m; b is the base width, m.
Further, the step a4 includes the following steps:
reasonably arranging and regulating lakes and wetlands, manufacturing urban water landscape, calculating and checking the water surface rate, and ensuring that the water surface rate is in a reasonable interval after planning; the water surface rate is the proportion of the water area of water bodies such as riverways, lakes and the like under the average water level for many years to the total area of the area, and the calculation formula is as follows:
w in formula (10)pWater surface rate,%; t iswKm total area of rivers and lakes in the area2(ii) a T is area, km2。
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the method for planning the water system in the middle and lower Yangtze river areas based on the low-influence development theory extracts the river network digital water system diagram of the target area by utilizing the surface runoff overflowing model, verifies and modifies the digital water system diagram through field investigation, and finally draws the water system current situation diagram; optimizing the layout of the current water system according to the principle of respecting the natural water system, following the river, digging large filling, bending large straight line and small bending, bending along with bending and increasing the dimension of the river network water system, and checking the river curvature after planning; calculating the flood control and waterlogging removal flow of the river, selecting the shape of the section, and designing section elements to ensure the flood control and waterlogging removal flow; reasonably arranging a regulation lake, checking the water surface rate and ensuring that the water surface rate is in a reasonable interval. The invention introduces a low-influence development theory, can scientifically optimize the layout of water systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, and can effectively relieve the phenomena of land competition with water, unsmooth communication between rivers and lakes and the like in the process of city construction in recent years, thereby improving the flood control and waterlogging removal capability of cities and providing reference for city water system planning.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a water system planning method for the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river based on a low-impact development theory;
FIG. 2 is a current water system diagram of a research area of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a water system diagram after the study area planning of the selected embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the following drawings and specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, a method for planning water systems in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river based on a low-impact development theory includes the following steps:
a1: extracting a digital river network water system of a target area by using a surface runoff overflowing model, checking and modifying the digital river network water system through field investigation, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram;
a2: according to the current situation diagram of the water system, optimizing the layout of the water system according to the principle of 'respecting a natural water system, following a river course, digging large filling, bending large straight line and small straight line, bending along with the bending, and increasing the dimension of the water system of the river network', and checking the weighted average curvature of the river network after planning;
a3: ensuring flood control and flood removal flow. Calculating the flood control and waterlogging removal flow of the river channel, selecting the shape of the section according to the functions of the river channel, and designing section elements;
a4: and the water surface rate is ensured. Reasonably arranging the storage lakes to form landscape water surfaces, calculating and checking the water surface rate after planning, and ensuring that the water surface rate of the target area is within a reasonable interval.
Step a1 includes the following steps:
b1: and downloading the shp file of the administrative range of the target area and the DEM elevation data file containing the target area from the geospatial data cloud, and importing the shp file and the DEM elevation data file into Arcgis. And cutting the downloaded DEM elevation data by using an extraction and analysis-by-mask extraction tool in a Spatial analysis tool in Arcgis software to obtain an accurate DEM elevation data file of the target area.
B2: analyzing accurate DEM elevation data of the target area by adopting a hydrological analysis tool in a Spatial analysis tool, wherein the operations comprise: and obtaining the water flow direction, filling the depression, calculating confluence cumulant, vectorizing the grid river network and grading the river network by using a maximum slope method, and further extracting a digital river network water system. And checking and modifying the digitalized river network water system according to the field investigation result, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram of the target area.
Step a2 includes the following steps:
c1: respect to natural water system. The method considers the natural conditions and ecological functions of the water system, and the current situation of the water system and the topographic features of a research area, combines the requirements of urban construction on water system adjustment, reasonably arranges the bone-dry river channel, strengthens the protection and treatment of key areas, maintains the original form of the water system as much as possible, and keeps the natural, ecological and landscape effects of the water system.
C2: the river course follows. The water system and the road network are planned in a coordinated mode, newly opened main and secondary main roads can be arranged along the backbone and the secondary main river channels, or the backbone and the secondary main river channels are arranged along the road network. The greening and revetment of the river channel are green belts of the road, and the water-side space of the river channel can be used as a landscape belt of the road. The coordinate function of a water system and a road network is fully exerted, the water system layout is fully connected with the planning of the road network, a green belt and the like, so that the comprehensive utilization of the limited space is realized, and the ecological, economic and social benefits are unified.
C3: digging big and filling small. During planning, the small and messy river branches and water surface can be buried so as to arrange a complete and available land parcel. And some 'large' backbone riverways and water surfaces which need to be reserved can be dredged and dug deeply. To ensure sufficient land occupation in water area and improve land utilization rate.
C4: big straight and small bending, bending along with bending. For wide rivers, a certain river curvature needs to be met during planning, a Marchant is forbidden, and the river reaches the end. The whole form of the river channel is kept to be linear, and meanwhile, bending can be added at small nodes according to construction requirements, so that a 'big-straight-small-bent' water system pattern is formed. After the water system is planned, the river curvature needs to be checked, and the river curvature of the planned water system is ensured to be in a reasonable interval. Meanwhile, the curve can not be cut to be straight to a large extent, the characteristics of the terrain and the original water system are skillfully utilized, and the curve is planned along with the regional terrain and the curve trend of the original river channel, namely the curve is curved along with the curve. The river curvature S is the ratio of the actual river length to the linear distance from the river to the section, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula (1), S is river curvature; l isaKm, the actual length of the river; l issThe distance from the river to the cross section is km.
C5: increasing the dimension of the river network water system. If the water system trend in the current situation of the research area is single, a 'transverse river channel' perpendicular to the whole river trend can be newly opened according to the local terrain conditions so as to increase the dimensionality of the water system in the target area, the water systems are communicated in space, and a vertically and horizontally alternate water system pattern is formed, so that a 'joint defense, joint drainage and joint debugging' flood control and waterlogging removal system is constructed.
The step A3 includes the following steps:
d1: determining a design standard, selecting a control section, and calculating design rainstorm by adopting an actual measurement design rainstorm or an isoline graph method according to the existing hydrological data of a research area;
d2: and (4) calculating design flood by applying a graphical method and a trial algorithm according to the design rainstorm obtained by D1, and further obtaining the peak flow of each section. The following reasoning formula is adopted:
q in formulae (2) to (4)mpM is the peak flow3S; f is the basin area, km2(ii) a L is the length of the river channel, km; j is the average river slope; n, SpIs a rainstorm parameter; τ is the sink flow time, s; mu is a watershed loss parameter, mm/h; m is a confluence parameter; t is tcProducing time, h;
d3: selecting a proper section shape according to the geographical position of each section and the function of a river channel, wherein the section shapes which can be adopted are a trapezoidal section, a rectangular section, a compound section, an arc section and the like;
d4: calculating a water surface curve by adopting a trial algorithm or a graphical method according to the selected section shape and the calculated peak flow of each section in D2 and an energy equation, and then designing section elements by applying an open channel uniform flow formula to ensure flood control and flood removal sections; the calculation formula is as follows:
A＝(b+mh)h (16)；
R＝A/χ (18)；
in the formulas (5) to (9), Q is the river channel design flow, m3S; a is the cross-sectional area of water passing, m2(ii) a R is the metabolic coefficient, m0.5S; χ is wet week, m; c is hydraulic radius, m; n is roughness; m is a slope coefficient; h is water depth m; b is the base width, m.
Step a4 includes the following steps:
reasonably arranging and regulating lakes and wetlands, manufacturing urban water landscape, calculating and checking the water surface rate, and ensuring that the water surface rate is in a reasonable interval after planning; the water surface rate is the proportion of the water area of water bodies such as riverways, lakes and the like under the average water level for many years to the total area of the area, and the calculation formula is as follows:
w in formula (10)pWater surface rate,%; t iswKm total area of rivers and lakes in the area2(ii) a T is area, km2。
The following will explain the implementation steps of the specific technology in detail by taking the drawing and the Tanshengcheng new area in Nanchang, research district as an example. The research area is located in the south Chang city of the Jiangxi province in the midstream of the Yangtze river, and the area is 141.17km2. The following specific embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a method for planning water systems in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river based on a low-impact development theory includes the following steps:
a1: and extracting a digital river network water system of the target area by using the surface runoff overflowing model, checking and modifying the digital river network water system through field examination, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram.
A2: according to the current situation diagram of the water system, the water system is optimally distributed according to the principle of respecting the natural water system, following the river course, digging large filling, bending large straight and small, bending along with the bending and increasing the dimension of the water system of the river network, and the weighted average curvature of the river network after planning is checked.
A3: ensuring flood control and flood removal flow. And calculating the flood control and waterlogging removal flow of the river channel, selecting the shape of the section according to the function of the river channel, and designing section elements.
A4: and the water surface rate is ensured. Reasonably arranging the storage lakes to form landscape water surfaces, calculating and checking the water surface rate after planning, and ensuring that the water surface rate of the target area is within a reasonable interval.
Step a1 specifically includes:
DEM data of the research area and an administrative division shp file are downloaded and imported into Arcgis. And cutting the downloaded DEM elevation data by using an extraction and analysis-by-mask extraction tool in a Spatial analysis tool to obtain an accurate DEM elevation data file of the city new area. Analyzing accurate DEM elevation data of the target area by adopting a hydrological analysis tool in a Spatial analysis tool, wherein the operations comprise: and obtaining the water flow direction, filling the depression, calculating confluence cumulant, vectorizing the grid river network and grading the river network by using a maximum slope method, and further extracting a digital river network water system. And (4) checking and modifying the digitalized river network water system according to the field examination result, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram of the township new area, as shown in fig. 2.
Step a2 specifically includes:
and D, according to the water system current situation diagram drawn in the step A1, optimizing the layout of the water system according to the principle that the water system respects the natural water system, the river is along with the natural water system, the water system is dug to be filled with small water, the water system is bent along with large water and small water, and the dimension of the river network water system is increased, wherein the water system after optimization is shown in figure 3.
And after the water system is planned, checking the river curvature, and ensuring that the river curvature of the water system is in a reasonable interval after planning. The river curvature is the ratio of the actual river length to the linear distance from the river to the section, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula (1), S is river curvature; l isaKm, the actual length of the river; l issThe distance from the river to the cross section is km.
Generally, the higher the river curvature, the better the river morphology. However, in practical engineering, the curvature of the river is continuously disturbed and damaged by human activities, and in order to seek higher land utilization rate in some cities, the naturally curved river is cut into a curve and straightened. In order to protect the form of the natural water system, the river curvature should be considered as an important index during water system planning, and the river curvature in the research area should be checked after planning.
As shown in Table 1, the river curvature is generally not recommended to be in the range of 1.0-1.05, and if the river curvature is planned to be in the range of 1.0-1.05, the river curvature can be increased according to the current river situation and local topography. The curvature of the partial fine-grained channels in the plain straight river network area and the low hilly area can be 1.05-1.4 of the low curvature. The river curvature of a few river channels of the plain river network and river channels with slower river drop in low hilly areas can be 1.4-1.5 of the medium curvature. In the river channel with larger specific fall in the low hilly area, the river curvature can be relatively higher for releasing the height difference, and the river curvature is more than 1.5 of the river curvature.
TABLE 1 river curvature Adaptation Range
Through calculation, the river curvature of the water system after the planning of the research area is 1.2 at the minimum and 1.8 at the maximum, and the weighted average river curvature is 1.51. The research area is located in a low hill area, the specific reduction range is 0.8-3.0 per mill, the specific reduction fluctuation is large, and the river curvature after verification and planning meets the relevant requirements of the invention.
Step a3 includes the following steps:
determining a design standard, selecting a control section, and calculating design rainstorm by adopting an actual measurement design rainstorm occurrence or an isoline graph method according to the existing hydrological data of a research area. Because the number of rivers in the region is too much, two flood control rivers are taken as an example below to perform calculation demonstration of 'ensuring flood control and waterlogging removal flow'. According to the current flood control standard (GB20201-2014) and other related documents in China, the flood control standard is determined to resist 20-year-first flood. The research area is divided into 11 calculation areas according to the water system planning requirement of the research area, and the total number of the calculation areas is 11. The details are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 flood control and flood control partition table
Adopting a contour map to calculate the design rainstorm, comprising: and (3) calculating the rainstorm capacity of 24h in 20 years, designing the surface rainstorm capacity, and designing the rainstorm time interval distribution and 24h net rain process. Design rainstorm design values for each frequency are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 design rainstorm and parameter result table
And (4) according to the acquired design rainstorm, calculating design flood by adopting an inference formula, and further acquiring the peak flow of each section shown in a table 4. The following reasoning formula is adopted:
q in formulae (2) to (4)mpM is the peak flow3S; f is the basin area, km2(ii) a L is a river channelLength, km; j is the average river slope; n, SpIs a rainstorm parameter; τ is the sink flow time, s; mu is a watershed loss parameter, mm/h; m is a confluence parameter; t is tcTime to stream, h.
TABLE 4 flood peak flow achievement table for each partition
| Calculating cross section | Peak flow (m)3/s) | Calculating cross section | Peak flow (m)3/s) |
| MS1 | 33.2 | XF1 | 65.7 |
| MS2 | 89.12 | XF2 | 144.635 |
| MS3 | 163.902 | XF3 | 205.276 |
| MS4 | 233.422 | XF4 | 247.366 |
| MS5 | 271.469 | XF5 | 274.765 |
| XF6 | 290.763 |
And combining the flood peak flow of each section obtained in the steps, comprehensively considering the position and the function of the river channel and the land planning on two sides, and selecting a trapezoidal section and a rectangular compound section. And calculating a water surface curve by adopting a trial algorithm or a graphical method according to the selected section shape and the calculated peak flow and the energy equation of each section, and then designing section elements by applying an open channel uniform flow formula to ensure the flood control and flood drainage sections. The calculation formula is as follows:
A＝(b+mh)h (26)
R＝A/χ (28)
in the formulas (5) to (9), Q is the river channel design flow rate, and m3S; a is the cross-sectional area of water passing, m2(ii) a R is the metabolic coefficient, m0.5S; χ is wet week, m; c is hydraulic radius, m; n is roughness; m is a slope coefficient; h is water depth m; b is the base width, m.
The design profile elements are shown in table 5 below.
TABLE 5 section element table of research area
Step a4 includes the following steps:
reasonably arranging and regulating lakes and wetlands, manufacturing urban water landscape, calculating and checking the water surface rate, and ensuring that the water surface rate is in a reasonable interval after planning. The water surface rate is the proportion of the water area of water bodies such as riverways, lakes and the like under the average water level for many years to the total area of the area, and the calculation formula is as follows:
w in formula (10)pWater surface rate,%; t iswKm total area of rivers and lakes in the area2(ii) a T is area, km2。
As shown in table 6, since the rainfall in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river is abundant and the total amount of water resources is large, the water surface rate is generally greater than 5% according to the experience of the city water system planning guideline (SL431-2008) and related areas. If the planned water surface rate does not reach 5%, the regulation lake, the wetland or the newly opened river channel needs to be arranged according to the actual situation of the target area so as to ensure the sufficient water surface rate. The water surface rate can be 5-7% in mountainous areas with small water surface area and relatively high altitude. In the low hilly area with moderate water surface area, the water surface rate can be 7-8%. The plain town river network area has flat terrain, higher social and economic development level and water surface rate of 8.0-10 percent. The water surface rate of plain areas with densely-distributed river networks and developed economy can be more than 10%.
TABLE 6 Water surface rate suitable interval
The water surface rate of the research area is calculated according to the water system optimized in the step A2 and the river section elements designed in the step A3, and is shown in a table 7.
Table 7 control water surface rate calculation table for planning area
The research area belongs to a low-hilly area with a moderate water surface area, and the water surface rate in the planned area is in a reasonable interval, so that the requirements of the invention content are met.
Claims (5)
1. A water system planning method for the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river based on a low influence development theory is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a1: extracting a digital river network water system of a target area by using a surface runoff overflowing model, checking and modifying the digital river network water system through field investigation, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram;
a2: according to the current situation diagram of the water system, the water system is optimally distributed according to the principle that the natural water system is respected, the river course follows, the water system is dug to be large and filled, the water system is large, straight and small are bent, the water system is bent along with the bending, and the dimension of the river network water system is increased, and the weighted average curvature of the planned river network is checked;
a3: ensuring flood control and waterlogging removal flow; calculating the flood control and waterlogging removal flow of the river channel, selecting the shape of the section according to the functions of the river channel, and designing section elements;
a4: the water surface rate is ensured; reasonably arranging the storage lakes to form landscape water surfaces, calculating and checking the water surface rate after planning, and ensuring that the water surface rate of the target area is within a reasonable interval.
2. The method for water system planning in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river based on the low-impact development theory as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step A1 comprises the following steps:
b1: downloading an shp file of an administrative range of a target area and a DEM elevation data file containing the target area from a geospatial data cloud, and importing the shp file and the DEM elevation data file into Arcgis; cutting the downloaded DEM elevation data by using an extraction and analysis-according to mask extraction tool in a Spatial analysis tool in Arcgis software to obtain an accurate DEM elevation data file of a target area;
b2: analyzing accurate DEM elevation data of the target area by adopting a hydrological analysis tool in a Spatial analysis tool, wherein the operations comprise: acquiring a water flow direction, filling a depression, calculating confluence cumulant, vectorizing a grid river network and grading the river network by using a maximum slope method, and further extracting a digital river network water system; and checking and modifying the digitalized river network water system according to the field investigation result, and finally drawing to obtain a water system current situation diagram of the target area.
3. The method for water system planning in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river based on the low-impact development theory as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step A2 comprises the following steps:
c1: respect to natural water system; the natural conditions and ecological functions of the water system are respected, the current situation of the water system and the topographic features of a research area are satisfied, the requirement of urban construction on water system adjustment is combined, the bone dry river channel is reasonably arranged, the protection and treatment of key areas are enhanced, the original form of the water system is maintained as much as possible, and the natural, ecological and landscape effects of the water system are maintained;
c2: river course is followed; planning a water system and a road network in a comprehensive mode, and laying newly-opened main and secondary main roads along a backbone and a secondary main river channel, or laying the backbone and the secondary main river channel along the road network; the greening and revetment of the river channel are green belts of the road, and the waterfront space of the river channel can be used as a landscape belt of the road; the coordinate function of a water system and a road network is fully exerted, the water system layout is fully connected with the planning of the road network, a green belt and the like, so that the comprehensive utilization of limited space is realized, and the ecological, economic and social benefits are unified;
c3: digging large and small; during planning, the branches and the water surface of the rivers which are messy and broken at present can be buried so as to arrange a complete and available land parcel; and some backbone riverways and water surfaces which need to be reserved can be exploited and dug deeply; to ensure enough land occupation in water area and improve the land utilization rate;
c4: large straight and small bending, bending along with bending; after the water system is planned, the river curvature needs to be checked, and the river curvature of the planned water system is ensured to be in a reasonable interval; the river curvature S is the ratio of the actual river length to the linear distance from the river to the section, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula (1), S is river curvature; l isaKm, the actual length of the river; l issThe linear distance from the river to the section is km;
c5: increasing the dimensionality of the river network water system; if the water system trend in the current situation of the research area is single, according to the local terrain conditions, a transverse river channel perpendicular to the whole river trend is newly opened to increase the dimension of the water system in the target area, the water systems are communicated in space, and a vertically and horizontally alternate water system pattern is formed, so that a combined defense, joint drainage and joint regulation flood control and waterlogging removal system is constructed.
4. The method for water system planning in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river based on the low-impact development theory as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step A3 comprises the following steps:
d1: determining a design standard, selecting a control section, and calculating design rainstorm by adopting an actual measurement design rainstorm or an isoline graph method according to the existing hydrological data of a research area;
d2: according to the design rainstorm obtained from D1, calculating design flood by applying a graphical method and a trial algorithm, and further obtaining the peak flow of each section; the following reasoning formula is adopted:
q in formulae (2) to (4)mpM is the peak flow3S; f is the basin area, km2(ii) a L is the length of the river channel, km; j is the average river slope; n, SpIs a rainstorm parameter; τ is the sink flow time, s; mu is a watershed loss parameter, mm/h; m is a confluence parameter; t is tcProducing time, h;
d3: selecting a proper section shape according to the geographical position of each section and the function of a river channel, wherein the section shapes which can be adopted are a trapezoidal section, a rectangular section, a compound section, an arc section and the like;
d4: calculating a water surface curve by adopting a trial algorithm or a graphical method according to the selected section shape and the calculated peak flow of each section in D2 and an energy equation, and then designing section elements by applying an open channel uniform flow formula to ensure flood control and flood removal sections; the calculation formula is as follows:
A＝(b+mh)h (6)；
R＝A/χ (8)；
in the formulas (5) to (9), Q is the river channel design flow, m3S; a is the cross-sectional area of water passing, m2(ii) a R is the metabolic coefficient, m0.5S; χ is wet week, m; c is hydraulic radius, m; n is roughness; m is a slope coefficient; h is water depth m; b is the base width, m.
5. The method for water system planning in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river based on the low-impact development theory as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step A4 comprises the following steps:
reasonably arranging and regulating lakes and wetlands, manufacturing urban water landscape, calculating and checking the water surface rate, and ensuring that the water surface rate is in a reasonable interval after planning; the water surface rate is the proportion of the water area of water bodies such as riverways, lakes and the like under the average water level for many years to the total area of the area, and the calculation formula is as follows:
w in formula (10)pWater surface rate,%; t iswKm total area of rivers and lakes in the area2(ii) a T is area, km2。
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