CN111010914A - Farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmland - Google Patents
Farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmland Download PDFInfo
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- CN111010914A CN111010914A CN201910987433.3A CN201910987433A CN111010914A CN 111010914 A CN111010914 A CN 111010914A CN 201910987433 A CN201910987433 A CN 201910987433A CN 111010914 A CN111010914 A CN 111010914A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
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Abstract
A farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmland belongs to the technical field of farmland non-point source pollution prevention and control. After the first and second autumn harvests, straw is crushed and returned to the field in combination with deep ploughing and pressing, and the third autumn straw is covered and returned to the field; or after the first autumn harvest, straw crushing and returning to the field in combination with deep ploughing and pressing, and straw covering and returning to the field in the second and third autumn; the straws are smashed and returned to the field for conventional sowing in the spring of the next year, and the straws are covered and returned to the field for no-tillage sowing in the spring of the next year. On the basis of fertilizer application reduction, straw crushing and returning are combined with deep ploughing to form a straw blocking layer, so that leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus is reduced; the straw mulching and returning are combined with no-tillage to form the ground surface covering, the freeze-thaw alternation times and strength can be reduced in the freeze-thaw period, the freeze-thaw water loss is reduced, and the nitrogen and phosphorus ground surface runoff loss can be slowed down in the rainfall period. By adopting two cultivation modes for alternate cultivation, the physical and chemical properties of soil can be improved, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus is reduced, and the pollution caused by the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in freeze-thaw type dry farmland is effectively prevented and treated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of farmland non-point source pollution prevention and control, and particularly relates to a farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmlands.
Background
With the rapid development of intensive agriculture in China, the input amount of chemical fertilizers is continuously increased, and the problem of nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution of farmlands caused by the chemical fertilizers is increasingly serious. The northeast area is an important food main production area in China, the input amount of chemical fertilizers increases year by year, the average utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus of the fertilizers is only about 30%, and most nutrients are lost through leaching, runoff, volatilization and other ways to cause non-point source pollution. On the one hand, the fertilizing amount of farmers is generally higher, and rotary tillage cultivation (12-15cm) is carried out, so that nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in a soil plough layer are retained, the tillage thickness becomes shallow year by year, and nitrogen and phosphorus loss is easily caused. On the other hand, due to regional climate characteristics, obvious soil freezing and thawing alternation processes exist in the northeast region in winter and spring, the process frequently occurs and damages the physical structure of soil, changes the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and in addition, runoff, interflow in soil and leaching caused by the freezing and thawing process generated by snow melting in spring aggravate the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in soil. The dry farmland in the northeast plain has large and wide area, and the freeze thawing process easily causes the runoff and leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the dry farmland in the plain area, so that an effective control technology aiming at the nitrogen and phosphorus loss type is lacked at present.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the cultivation method for reducing the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the freeze-thaw type dry farmland is provided.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of a freeze-thaw type dry land, which comprises two farming methods, wherein one farming method comprises the following steps: after the first and second autumn harvest, straw crushing and returning to the field are carried out, deep ploughing and pressing ridging are combined, and straw covering and returning to the field are carried out in the third autumn.
The other is as follows: a cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of a freeze-thaw type dry land is characterized in that after harvest in autumn of the first year, straw returning is carried out, deep ploughing and pressing ridging are combined, and straw covering returning is carried out in autumn of the second year and the third year.
Preferably, the straw crushing and returning to the field is carried out in the following spring for conventional seeding operation, and the straw covering and returning to the field is carried out in the following spring for no-tillage seeding operation.
Preferably, the fertilizer is applied in spring sowing, and the fertilizer is applied at the conventional fertilizer application amount of 240kg/hm2On the basis of the method, the input amount of the fertilizer is reduced by 15 to 20 percent.
Preferably, the fertilizer applied is a common compound fertilizer or a stable long-acting slow-release and controlled-release compound fertilizer.
Preferably, the fertilization mode is one-time basal fertilization.
Preferably, the fertilization is deep into 15-20cm of topsoil.
Preferably, the straw returning is carried out after the autumn crops are harvested and before rain and snow come in winter.
Preferably, the corn stalks are crushed to 2-3cm, and the feeding amount of the stalks is 7500-12000kg/hm per hectare2。
Preferably, the straws are smashed and returned to the field for deep ploughing to plough layer soil of 25-30 cm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention reduces the input amount of the fertilizer, reduces the input amount of the fertilizer by 15 to 20 percent on the basis of the local conventional fertilizing amount, reduces the production cost and prevents and controls the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss from the source.
2. The invention makes full use of the corn straw waste, not only realizes the recycling of resource and nutrient, but also avoids the atmospheric pollution caused by straw burning.
3. According to the invention, the combination of first-year and second-year straw smashing and returning to fields with deep ploughing and third-year straw covering and returning to fields with no tillage or the combination of first-year straw smashing and returning to fields with deep ploughing and second-year and third-year straw covering and returning to fields with no tillage is adopted, so that the physical structure of soil can be improved, the recycling of straw nutrients is promoted, and the yield of crops is increased.
4. The invention adopts a straw returning cultivation mode after harvesting crops in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter, is beneficial to soil water retention and soil moisture preservation, and reduces the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of soil in freeze thawing periods in winter and spring.
5. On the basis of fertilizer application reduction, the invention adopts a straw crushing and returning combined deep ploughing cultivation mode to reduce leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus; the straw mulching and returning combined no-tillage cultivation mode is adopted, and the loss of surface runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus is slowed down. The two modes are combined, and the pollution caused by nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the freeze-thaw type dry farmland is effectively prevented and treated.
6. By adopting the straw crushing and returning combined deep ploughing mode, the thickness of the ploughing layer is increased, and the nitrogen and phosphorus storage capacity of the ploughing layer soil is expanded; a straw layer of 3-5cm is buried above the plough bottom layer, so that more nitrogen and phosphorus can be absorbed for decomposition, and downward leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus is slowed down.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a soil layer after deep tillage after returning straws to the field of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the soil after no-tillage cultivation according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1. the plough comprises a plough bottom layer, 2 a straw smashing layer, 3 a deep turning layer, 4 a ground surface, 5 a plough layer and 6 a straw covering layer.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and examples.
Example 1: the invention provides a farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of a freeze-thaw type dry land, which comprises the steps of crushing straws and returning the straws to the field after harvesting in autumn in the first year and before rain and snow come in winter, deep ploughing and deep ploughing, pressing and ridging the straws, and covering the straws and returning the straws to the field after harvesting in autumn in the third year and before rain and snow come in winter. Wherein the straw is smashed and returned to the field for conventional seeding operation in the next spring, and the straw is covered and returned to the field for no-tillage seeding operation in the next spring. Fertilizing in spring sowing, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 240kg/hm of the conventional fertilizer application amount2On the basis of the method, 15 percent of application is reduced, and one-time base deep application is adopted. The straw crushing and returning to the field are carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter, and the putting amount of the straws is 7500kg/hm2Crushing the straws to 2cm, deeply ploughing to 25cm plough layer soil, and then pressing and ridging. The straw mulching and returning is carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winterThe input amount of the straws is 7500kg/hm2And covering the earth surface.
Wherein the applied fertilizer is selected from common compound fertilizer or stable long-acting slow-release compound fertilizer, and the applied fertilizer is applied to plough layer soil as deep as 15 cm.
Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of soil after deep tillage in this example, wherein: the deep turnover layer 3 is positioned below the ground surface 4, and the thickness H1 is 20-25 cm; the straw crushing layer 2 is positioned below the deep turning layer 3, and the thickness H2 is 3-5 cm; the plough bottom layer 1 is positioned below the straw smashing layer 2, and the thickness H3 is 5 cm. The deep ploughing and deep ploughing of the embodiment adopts a hydraulic bidirectional turnover plow manufactured by Hebei great industry agricultural equipment Limited company, and the model is 1 LF-435.
As shown in FIG. 2, a cross-sectional view of the soil after no-tillage cultivation in the present embodiment is shown, wherein: the straw covering layer 6 is located below the ground surface 4, the thickness H4 of the straw covering layer is 2-3cm, the plough layer 5 is located below the straw covering layer 6, the thickness H5 of the plough layer is 15-20cm, the plough bottom layer 1 is located below the plough layer 6, and the thickness H6 of the plough layer is 5 cm. The no-tillage of this example adopts the no-tillage finger-clipped precision fertilizing and seeding machine produced by Jilin Kangda agricultural machinery Co., Ltd, the model is 2 BMZF-2.
The comparative test table in the field of this example is as follows:
table 1: comparative test in field (Heishan county)
Table 2: comparative experiment in field (Tieling county)
Experimental comparison results of the above embodiment: compared with the local conventional fertilization and cultivation mode, the method has obvious effects of reducing leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus and improving crop yield.
Example 2: the difference between this example and example 1 is: the cultivation method of the embodiment comprises the steps of carrying out straw crushing and returning to fields in combination with deep ploughing and pressing for ridging after harvesting in autumn in the first year and before rain and snow come in winter; in the first placeAnd secondly, after harvesting in autumn for three years and before rain and snow come in winter, covering and returning the straws to the field. Wherein the straw is smashed and returned to the field for conventional seeding operation in the next spring, and the straw is covered and returned to the field for no-tillage seeding operation in the next spring. Fertilizing in spring sowing, wherein the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced by 20% on the basis of the conventional fertilizer application amount, and one-time base deep application is adopted; the straw crushing and returning to the field are carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter, and the input quantity of the straws is 9000kg/hm2Crushing the straws to 3cm, deeply ploughing to 27cm plough layer soil, and then pressing and ridging. The straw mulching and returning is carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter, and the input quantity of the straws is 9000kg/hm2And covering the earth surface. The soil cross-sectional structure after the deep plowing cultivation and the no-tillage cultivation in this example is the same as that in example 1.
Wherein the fertilizer is applied to soil in plough layer as deep as 20 cm.
Table 3: comparative test in field (Heishan county)
Example 3: the difference between this example and example 1 is: the cultivation method of the embodiment comprises the steps of harvesting in autumn in the first year and before rain and snow come in winter, and carrying out straw crushing and returning to fields, deep ploughing, pressing and ridging; and (4) covering and returning the straws to the field after harvesting in autumn in the second and third years and before rain and snow come in winter. Wherein the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced by 18 percent on the basis of the conventional fertilizer application amount, and one-time base deep application is adopted; the straw crushing and returning to the field are carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter, and the putting amount of the straws is 12000kg/hm2Crushing the straws to 2.5 cm, deeply ploughing to 30cm plough layer soil, and then pressing and ridging. The straw mulching and returning is carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter, and the putting amount of the straws is 12000kg/hm2And covering the earth surface.
Wherein the fertilizer is a stable long-acting controlled-release compound fertilizer applied to plough layer soil with depth of 16 cm.
Table 4: comparative experiment in field (Tieling county)
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of a freeze-thaw type dry land is characterized by comprising the following steps: after the first and second autumn harvest, the straws are crushed and returned to the field, deep ploughing and pressing ridging are combined, and the straws are covered and returned to the field in the third autumn.
2. A cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of a freeze-thaw type dry land is characterized by comprising the following steps: after the harvest in autumn of the first year, straw crushing and returning to the field are carried out, deep ploughing and pressing ridging are combined, and straw covering and returning to the field are carried out in autumn of the second year and the third year.
3. A farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in freeze-thaw type upland fields according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: and the straw is smashed and returned to the field for seeding in the next spring, and the straw is covered and returned to the field for no-tillage seeding in the next spring.
4. The cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in the freeze-thaw type upland field according to claim 3, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: fertilizing in spring sowing, wherein the fertilizing amount is 240kg/hm in the conventional fertilizing amount2On the basis of the method, the input amount of the fertilizer is reduced by 15 to 20 percent.
5. The cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in the freeze-thaw type upland field according to claim 3, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: the fertilizer applied by the fertilizer is selected from a common compound fertilizer or a stable long-acting slow-release and controlled-release compound fertilizer.
6. The cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in the freeze-thaw type upland field according to claim 3, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: the fertilizing mode is one-time basal application.
7. The cultivation method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in the freeze-thaw type upland field according to claim 3, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: the fertilizer is applied deeply to the soil of 15-20cm plough layer.
8. A farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in freeze-thaw type upland fields according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the straw returning is carried out after the crops are harvested in autumn and before rain and snow come in winter.
9. A farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in freeze-thaw type upland fields according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the corn straws are crushed to 2-3cm, and the feeding amount of the straws is 7500-12000kg/hm2。
10. A farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in freeze-thaw type upland fields according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: and the straws are smashed, returned to the field and deeply ploughed to plough layer soil of 25-30 cm.
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Cited By (3)
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CN111699777A (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2020-09-25 | 辽宁省农业科学院 | Regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of rice field in freeze-thaw area |
CN111972108A (en) * | 2020-08-14 | 2020-11-24 | 云南农业大学 | Method for reducing fertilizer application in seedling stage of panax notoginseng |
CN113396661A (en) * | 2021-06-23 | 2021-09-17 | 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 | Water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer in freeze thawing area |
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CN108476651A (en) * | 2018-03-26 | 2018-09-04 | 吉林省农业机械研究院 | A kind of maize straw total crop return conservation tillage method |
CN108934256A (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2018-12-07 | 吉林省农业科学院 | A kind of arable farming method improveing soil |
CN109089451A (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2018-12-28 | 黑龙江省农垦科学院 | A kind of northern cold area rice straw promotees rotten full dose and ploughs deeply returning to the field method |
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CN111699777A (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2020-09-25 | 辽宁省农业科学院 | Regulation and control method for reducing non-point source pollution of rice field in freeze-thaw area |
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Application publication date: 20200417 |