CN110971910A - Embedding method and extracting method for HEVC video information hiding - Google Patents
Embedding method and extracting method for HEVC video information hiding Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an embedding method and an extracting method for HEVC video information hiding. The embedding method comprises the following steps: acquiring a video to be used as a carrier, and receiving secret information to be embedded by a user; encrypting the secret information by adopting a single letter replacing cryptographic algorithm to obtain encrypted secret information; decoding the video, and selecting a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block with the residual error absolute value in the I frame larger than a threshold value T as a candidate embedded block; and if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative embedded block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, embedding the encryption secret information into the alternative embedded block meeting the preset condition by adopting a matrix coding embedding method. The embedding method and the extracting method can effectively ensure the security of the secret information, and have good embedding capacity and visual concealment and good visual effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of information, and particularly relates to an embedding method and an extraction method for HEVC video information hiding.
Background
The existing HEVC video information hiding algorithm can be divided into original domain embedding, compressed domain embedding and code stream domain embedding. The information hiding method for embedding in the original domain directly embeds the hidden information into the original code stream to form an embedded video containing the hidden information, and then carries out HEVC video compression coding. The method needs a video compression process, so that part of secret information is lost, and information extraction is not facilitated. The embedded built-in information hiding method of the compressed domain is that an embedding process and a video encoder are combined into a whole, a sender embeds secret information in an HEVC video encoding process, and if the information embedding position is before a quantization process, the secret information is partially lost in a video partial compression (especially quantization) process; if the embedding location is after the quantization process, the secret information is generally not lost. The information hiding method embedded in the code stream domain is to directly embed the secret message into the compressed code stream, and this method generally brings obvious visual distortion, so that it is usually necessary to perform drift compensation on the embedded error. After embedding, a compensation signal is added to the embedded video, which also results in partial loss of secret information at the time of extraction. Therefore, a built-in information hiding method in which the embedding position is after the quantization process or the embedded information is not processed by the quantization process becomes the most suitable choice for covert communication.
In general, the information embedding positions of the existing extraction-type built-in HEVC information hiding algorithm suitable for covert communication include: intra prediction mode, motion vector, quantized DST coefficient, etc. Since the built-in video information hiding methods are all combined with the video encoding process, considering that the general embedded objects are compressed videos, complete decoding and then embedding are needed. For an algorithm with an embedded position of intra prediction mode, the video needs to be fully decoded, and then the intra prediction and subsequent encoding processes are re-performed. For the algorithm with the embedded position as the motion vector, the video needs to be completely decoded, and then inter-frame prediction, motion estimation and compensation and subsequent encoding processes are carried out again; embedding in the quantized DST coefficients only needs to go through partial entropy decoding and partial entropy coding, and the entropy decoding and entropy coding are both very simple and fast. In addition, embedding in intra prediction mode is less robust, especially against re-encoding and weighting attacks. Embedding in motion vectors causes inter-frame distortion drift and also limits the embedding capacity.
Therefore, most of the extracted built-in HEVC information hiding methods in the prior art are embedded in the quantized DST coefficients, however, the embedding in the quantized DST coefficients generally reduces the video visual quality, thereby also limiting the capacity of information hiding, and accordingly, this also limits the operable space of the security and robustness reinforcement technology.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at least one defect or improvement requirement in the prior art, the invention provides an embedding method and an extraction method for hiding HEVC video information, which can effectively ensure the security of the hidden information, and have better embedding capacity and visual concealment and good visual effect.
To achieve the above object, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an embedding method for HEVC video information hiding, including:
acquiring a video to be used as a carrier, and receiving secret information to be embedded by a user;
encrypting the secret information by adopting a single letter replacing cryptographic algorithm to obtain encrypted secret information;
decoding the video, and selecting a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block with the residual error absolute value in the I frame larger than a threshold value T as a candidate embedded block;
and if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative embedded block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, embedding the encryption secret information into the alternative embedded block meeting the preset condition by adopting a matrix coding embedding method.
Preferably, the preset condition comprises a first condition and a second condition, and the meeting of the preset condition is that the first condition and the second condition are met simultaneously;
condition one means
Wherein right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right neighbor of the current candidate embedded block, under-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right lower neighbor of the current candidate embedded block, top-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right upper neighbor of the current candidate embedded block;
the second condition means
Where under-mode is the intra prediction mode of the next neighbor of the current candidate embedded block and under-left-mode is the intra prediction mode of the left next neighbor of the current candidate embedded block.
Preferably, the embedding method using matrix coding is an embedding method using a (1,2,3) matrix coding mode.
Preferably, the encrypting the secret information by using a single-letter replacement cryptographic algorithm specifically includes:
reordering the position x of each bit of information in the n bits of secret information by using the following formula to obtain a new position f (x):
f(x)＝(k0+k1×x)modn，
gcd(k1,n)＝1，
wherein k is0And k1Is constant and is sent to the recipient as 2 encryption keys, gcd () representing the greatest common divisor.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an extraction method for HEVC video information hiding, including:
acquiring a carrier video carrying encrypted secret information, a secret information digit n, a threshold parameter T and an encryption parameter;
decoding the carrier video, and selecting a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block with a residual absolute value larger than a threshold value T as an alternative extraction block;
if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative extraction block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, extracting encryption secret information from the alternative extraction block meeting the preset condition;
and decrypting the encrypted secret information according to the encryption parameter to obtain embedded secret information.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the method of any of the above.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects: the visual distortion embedded in the quantized DST coefficient can be reduced, the data tamper-resistant capability of the extraction type built-in HEVC information hiding method is improved, and the safety and the embedding capacity of a video covert communication system can be greatly improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flowchart of an embedding method for HEVC video information hiding according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating 33 intra prediction modes according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the definition of a neighbor block mode according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an extraction method for HEVC video information hiding according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
As shown in fig. 1, an embedding method for HEVC video information hiding according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
(1) video to be a carrier is acquired and secret information to be embedded by a user is received.
(2) And encrypting the secret information by adopting a single letter replacing cryptographic algorithm to obtain encrypted secret information.
Examples are as follows: assuming that the position of each bit of information in the n-bit stego information is set as x in sequence0To xn-1The position x of each bit of information can be reordered by using the formula (1) (2) to obtain a new position f (x).
f(x)＝(k0+k1×x)modn (1)
gcd(k1,n)＝1 (2)
Wherein，k0And k1Is constant and is sent to the recipient as 2 encryption keys. gcd (.) denotes the greatest common divisor and mod is the mathematical remainder operator. The single letter substitution cryptographic algorithm can convert the secret information into a meaningless sequence, and the secret information cannot be interpreted unless a cracker determines the algorithm flow and obtains 2 keys.
(3) And decoding the video serving as a carrier, and selecting a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block with the absolute value of the residual error in the I frame larger than a threshold value T as an alternative embedded block. Specifically, the original video may be subjected to entropy decoding and other processing to obtain a quantized 4 × 4 luminance DST coefficient block in the I frame, and the 4 × 4 luminance DST coefficient block in which the absolute value of the residual error in the I frame is greater than the threshold T is selected as the candidate hidden information embedding block. The HEVC video standard is divided into three frames, I, P, and B, where I refers to the first frame of each frame coding group. In embodiments, T is not less than 3.
(4) And judging that the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative embedded block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift.
Specifically, the preset conditions may include condition 1 and condition 2, that is, whether or not the conditions 1 and 2 are met simultaneously, that is, whether or not the current 4 × 4 luma DST coefficient block meets the embedding algorithm for controlling intra-frame distortion drift of the present invention is determined, where the determination condition refers to whether or not the prediction mode of the peripheral neighboring blocks of the block to be embedded in the decoded video carrier (the prediction mode refers to a method for predicting the pixel value of the current block by using the peripheral neighboring blocks, and the mode numbers 2 to 34 respectively represent that the pixel value of the current block is predicted from the pixel values at different positions of the peripheral neighboring blocks, as shown in fig. 2, see the HEVC standard document for a specific calculation method) meets the conditions 1 and 2 of the prediction mode simultaneously:
wherein, condition 1 means
right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right neighbor of the current candidate embedded block; under-right-mode is intra prediction of the lower right neighbor of the current candidate embedded blockA mode; top-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the upper right neighbor of the current candidate embedded block; condition 2 means
under-mode is the intra prediction mode of the next neighbor block of the current candidate embedded block; under-left-mode is the intra prediction mode of the lower left neighbor of the current candidate embedded block, as shown in FIG. 3;
if the intra prediction mode of the current block neighboring block meets both condition 1 and condition 2, distortion caused by embedding the block will not drift to its neighboring block, so that it can be ensured that the embedded video has good visual effect.
(5) And if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative embedded block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, embedding the encryption secret information into the alternative embedded block meeting the preset condition by adopting a matrix coding embedding method.
In particular, the (1,2,3) matrix coding mode may be used for embedding. The matrix coding of the (1,2,3) mode requires three positions where secret information is to be embedded, and two bits can be embedded with one bit modified.
Examples are as follows: for a block of 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficients,
with the last 3 coefficients of each row (e.g. a for the first row)01，a02And a03) As the embedding position, only changing the value of one position according to the situation when actually embedding, the 2-bit information can be embedded.
Now with a of the first row01，a02And a03For example, let w be the 2-bit secret information to be embedded1And w2. To be provided with
To represent w1To do so by
To represent w2，
Is the exclusive or operator.
If it is
And w1In the same way, the first and second,
and w2And if so, no modification is required. Two bits of secret information have been embedded at this time.
If it is
And w1In the same way, the first and second,
and w2If not, modifying a02So that
And w2The same is true. Thus embedding two bits of secret information.
If it is
And w1Is different from the prior art in that,
and w2Same, then modify a01So that
And w1The same is true. Thus embedding intoTwo bits of secret information are present.
If it is
And w1Is different from the prior art in that,
and w2If not, modifying a03Can simultaneously make
And w1In the same way, the first and second,
and w2The same is true. Thus embedding two bits of secret information.
Using the (1,2,3) matrix coding method, 8 bits of secret information can be embedded with only 4 bits of modification to a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block.
(6) And entropy coding all the quantized DST coefficients again to obtain the target embedded video.
As shown in fig. 4, an extraction method for HEVC video information hiding in an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
(1) and acquiring the carrier video carrying the encrypted secret information, the number n of secret information bits, a threshold parameter T and the encryption parameter. The encryption parameter being k used in encryption0And k1I.e. number n of secret information bits shared by sender and receiver, parameter T and key k0And k1。
(2) And decoding the carrier video, and selecting a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block with the residual absolute value larger than a threshold value T as an alternative extraction block. Specifically, entropy decoding is performed on a received target embedded video to obtain an intra-frame prediction mode and a quantized DST coefficient of a video frame, and a 4 × 4 luminance DST coefficient block with a residual absolute value larger than a threshold value T is selected as an alternative extractable block.
(3) And judging that the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative extraction block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift.
Specifically, the preset conditions include condition 1 and condition 2, that is, whether condition 1 and condition 2 are met simultaneously is determined according to the intra prediction mode of the current block neighboring block, where condition 1 refers to that whether condition 1 and condition 2 are met simultaneously
{11-25}，
right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right neighbor of the current candidate embedded extraction block; under-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right next block of the current candidate extraction block; top-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the upper right neighbor of the current candidate extracted block; condition 2 means
under-mode is the intra prediction mode of the next neighboring block of the current candidate extraction block; under-left-mode is the intra prediction mode of the left-next neighbor of the current candidate extraction block.
And if the intra-frame prediction modes of the current block and the adjacent blocks of the current block simultaneously accord with the condition 1 and the condition 2, extracting the block.
(5) And if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the candidate extraction block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, extracting the encryption secret information from the candidate extraction block meeting the preset condition.
Specifically, the xor operation is performed on the last 3 coefficients of each line of the extraction block to extract the hidden information, the xor operation is cycled until the extraction bit number is equal to n, and the embedded encryption secret information is extracted.
A in the first row01，a02And a03For example, calculate a01⊕a03Extracting the first bit of the first line, calculating a02⊕a03The second bit of the first row is extracted. This operation is looped until the number of extracted bits equals n, resulting in embedded encryption information.
(6) And decrypting the encrypted secret information according to the encryption parameters to obtain the embedded secret information.
According to the obtained secret information number n and the secret key k0And k1Substituting the data into the formula (1) can decrypt the original sequence of each bit of information, and obtaining the embedded secret information after reordering.
It should be understood that although the method steps of the above method are shown as being numbered, the steps may be performed in other sequences unless explicitly stated herein or logically inferred to be in the order of execution, and the steps are not strictly limited to the order in which they are performed.
The embodiment of the present invention further provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, where the computer program is executed by a processor to implement the technical solution of any one of the above-mentioned method embodiments. The implementation principle and technical effect are similar to those of the above method, and are not described herein again.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. An embedding method for HEVC video information hiding, comprising:
acquiring a video to be used as a carrier, and receiving secret information to be embedded by a user;
encrypting the secret information by adopting a single letter replacing cryptographic algorithm to obtain encrypted secret information;
decoding the video, and selecting a 4 multiplied by 4 luminance DST coefficient block with the residual error absolute value in the I frame larger than a threshold value T as a candidate embedded block, wherein T is not less than 3;
and if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative embedded block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, embedding the encryption secret information into the alternative embedded block meeting the preset condition by adopting a matrix coding embedding method.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined conditions comprise condition one and condition two, and the meeting of the predetermined conditions is meeting of both condition one and condition two;
condition one means
Wherein right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right neighbor of the current candidate embedded block, under-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right lower neighbor of the current candidate embedded block, top-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right upper neighbor of the current candidate embedded block;
the second condition means
Where under-mode is the intra prediction mode of the next neighbor of the current candidate embedded block and under-left-mode is the intra prediction mode of the left next neighbor of the current candidate embedded block.
3. An embedding method of HEVC video information hiding as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said matrix coding embedding method is (1,2,3) matrix coding mode embedding method.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said encrypting said secret information by using a single letter replacement cipher algorithm is specifically:
reordering the position x of each bit of information in the n bits of secret information by using the following formula to obtain a new position f (x):
f(x)＝(k0+k1×x)modn，
gcd(k1,n)＝1，
wherein k is0And k1Being constant, gcd () represents the greatest common divisor.
5. An extraction method for HEVC video information hiding is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring a carrier video carrying encrypted secret information, a secret information digit n, a threshold parameter T and an encryption parameter;
decoding the carrier video, and selecting a 4 x 4 luminance DST coefficient block with a residual absolute value larger than a threshold value T as an alternative extraction block, wherein T is not less than 3;
if the intra-frame prediction mode of the adjacent block of the alternative extraction block meets the preset condition for preventing intra-frame distortion drift, extracting encryption secret information from the alternative extraction block meeting the preset condition;
and decrypting the encrypted secret information according to the encryption parameter to obtain embedded secret information.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the predetermined conditions comprise a condition one and a condition two, and the meeting of the predetermined conditions is meeting of both the condition one and the condition two;
condition one means
Wherein right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right neighbor of the current candidate extraction block, under-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right next neighbor of the current candidate extraction block, top-right-mode is the intra prediction mode of the right top neighbor of the current candidate extraction block;
the second condition means
Where under-mode is the intra prediction mode of the next neighbor of the current candidate embedded block and under-left-mode is the intra prediction mode of the left next neighbor of the current candidate embedded block.
7. The method as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the extracting of the encryption secret information from the candidate extraction block that meets the preset condition is specifically:
and carrying out XOR operation on the last 3 coefficients of each line of the alternative extraction block to extract hidden information, carrying out the XOR operation circularly until the extraction digit is equal to n, and extracting the embedded encryption secret information.
8. An extraction method of HEVC video information hiding as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein said encryption parameters include constants k0 and k1, and said decrypting said encrypted secret information according to said encryption parameters is specifically:
substituting the obtained secret information number n, keys k0 and k1 into the following formula to decrypt and obtain the original sequence x of the position f (x) of each secret information, and reordering the encrypted secret information according to the original sequence x to obtain the embedded secret information:
f(x)＝(k0+k1×x)modn，
gcd(k1,n)＝1，
wherein k is0And k1For encryption parameters, gcd () represents the greatest common divisor.
9. A computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, which, when being executed by a processor, carries out the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
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