CN110961134B - Method for synthesizing monatomic catalyst, monatomic catalyst and application - Google Patents
Method for synthesizing monatomic catalyst, monatomic catalyst and application Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
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- B01J35/33—
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- B01J35/61—
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/23—Oxidation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of nano catalysts, and discloses a method for synthesizing a monatomic catalyst, the monatomic catalyst and application. The method comprises the following steps: 1) under the acidic condition, taking the polystyrene nanospheres as sacrificial templates, and fully reacting cyanamide compounds, furfural and metal sources to obtain high polymers; the cyanamide compound is more than one of cyanamide, dicyandiamide or melamine; the metal source is more than one of Fe source, Co source, Ni source, Pt source, Au source and Pd source; 2) and carrying out high-temperature pyrolysis on the high polymer in the atmosphere of protective gas to obtain the monatomic catalyst. The method is simple, can synthesize various metal monatomic catalysts, is a universal method, can be used for large-scale synthesis of monatomic catalysts, and overcomes the defects that the synthesis is complex and large-scale preparation is difficult in the prior art. The catalyst of the present invention has excellent performance, and may be used in electrocatalytic chemical reaction as electrocatalyst.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nano catalysts, and particularly relates to a general method for synthesizing a monatomic catalyst, the monatomic catalyst and application.
Background
With the constant consumption of fossil fuels and environmental issues facing worldwide, the search for more sustainable and renewable energy sources has become one of the most important issues in the world today. An important component of the sustainable chain is currently the electrochemical storage and conversion devices, such as fuel cells, water splitting, electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. In order for these energy storage and conversion devices to operate efficiently, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in these electrochemical reactions. Further development of electrocatalysts and enhancement of their electrochemical performance remain challenges.
Metal-based nanomaterials are the main type of heterogeneous catalysts, and research has pushed the development of nanoscience and industrial applications. Research shows that the catalytic performance of the metal nanoparticles can be effectively improved by reducing the particle size of the metal nanoparticles. As the particle size of the nanoparticles decreases, a greater proportion of atoms will be exposed at the surface, with consequent changes in surface atomic structure, electronic structure and surface defects. As expected, as the cluster size decreases, the proportion of non-coordinating atoms increases greatly, which results in a higher activity of the electrocatalyst. For example, Cheng Shao Wei professor et al, California university, discovered AuNanoclusters from Au with cluster size140Reduced to Au11In this case, the electrochemical activity becomes more excellent (Chen W, Chen S. Oxygen electrochemical reduction catalyzed by gold nanoparticles: strongcore size efficiencies [ J]Angew.chem.int.ed., 2009, 48 (24): 4386-4389.). Because the size of the metal nano-particles has great influence on the catalytic performance, the structure of the metal nanocluster is adjusted on the atomic level, and the size of the metal nanocluster is reduced to the size of a single loaded atom, so that an ideal way is provided for maximally improving the atom utilization rate and improving the electrocatalytic performance.
In this context, monoatomic catalysts (SACs) have emerged, which have attracted increasing attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Because of the atomized dispersion of the metal, the single-site catalyst has obvious advantages in the aspects of maximizing the atomic efficiency, enhancing the selectivity of target products, improving the intrinsic activity, enhancing the circulating capacity and the like. Compared with the traditional nanoparticle catalyst with complex structure and composition, the SACs have uniform active sites, so that the SACs have the advantages of both a homogeneous catalyst and a heterogeneous catalyst, and are considered as a bridge for communicating the homogeneous catalyst and the heterogeneous catalyst, thereby making up the difference between the homogeneous catalyst and the heterogeneous catalyst. It is noteworthy that strong interactions between the single metal atoms and the support, such as charge transfer, not only stabilize the dispersion of the individual atoms, but also affect their catalytic performance. The advent of SACs has created a desire to save precious metals, and to reduce the cost of the catalyst, only 1 wt%, or 0.5 wt%, or even 0.2 wt% of the precious metal in the catalyst is required to exhibit activity comparable to its nanoparticles or high metal content carbon, resulting in tens or even hundreds of times higher precious metal utilization.
Although various monatomic catalysts (SACs) have been reported continuously over the last few years, they have achieved brilliant achievements in the field of electrocatalysis. However, since the single metal atom has an extremely large surface energy, the single metal atom is very easy to migrate and aggregate under the driving of the surface energy, so that the catalyst is inactivated, and how to stabilize the single metal atom is the key for preparing the SACs. The synthesis method of the SACs reported at present still has many problems, such as complex synthesis method, difficult large-scale preparation, expensive price of the used precursor, insufficient excellent performance of the SACs of non-noble metal active sites, and the like, and the preparation method is usually effective for only one metal and lacks of general strategies for effectively preparing the SACs for various metals. In view of the inexplicable superiority of SACs in the field of catalysis, it is very urgent and challenging to develop and design a general strategy for preparing monatomic catalysts, which is simple in synthesis method, cheap in precursors, and effective for various metals.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a general method for synthesizing a monatomic catalyst.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a monatomic catalyst synthesized by the above-mentioned method.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide the use of the above monatomic catalyst.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst, comprising the steps of:
1) under the acidic condition, taking Polystyrene (PS) nanospheres as sacrificial templates, and fully reacting cyanamide compounds, furfural and metal sources to obtain high polymers; the cyanamide compound is more than one of cyanamide, dicyandiamide or melamine; the metal source is more than one of Fe source, Co source, Ni source, Pt source, Au source and Pd source;
2) and carrying out high-temperature pyrolysis on the high polymer in the atmosphere of protective gas to obtain the monatomic catalyst.
The monatomic catalyst is an N-doped carbon nanoplate (NCNSs) of metal atoms.
The cyanamide compound: and (3) furfural: the mass ratio of the metal source is 100: (50-200): (0.2-2), wherein the metal source is calculated by metal mass.
The mass ratio of the cyanamide compound to the polystyrene nanospheres is 100: (50-200).
The metal source is chlorine-containing metal salt or acid or a metal complex; preferably FeCl3、CoCl2、NiCl2、H2PtCl6、H2AuCl6、H2PdCl6More than one of them.
The acidic condition means that the pH value of the reaction system is 2-4, preferably 2.5-3. The acidic condition is obtained by adjusting with a pH regulator. The pH regulator is 0.1mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid.
The reaction temperature is 60-100 ℃, and the reaction time is 3-5 days.
The high-temperature pyrolysis temperature is 800-1100 ℃, and the high-temperature pyrolysis time is 1-4 h; the protective gas is nitrogen or inert gas. When high-temperature pyrolysis is carried out, the temperature rising rate is 1-5 ℃/min, and the temperature reduction rate is 4-10 ℃/min.
The monatomic catalyst is prepared by the method. The monatomic catalyst is a monatomic catalyst with more than one active site of Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Au and Pd.
The monoatomic catalyst of the active sites of Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Au and Pd is used for electrocatalytic chemical reaction and is used as an electrocatalyst.
Preferably, when the monatomic catalyst is a monatomic catalyst containing more than one active site of Fe, Co and Ni, the monatomic catalyst is used for catalyzing the OER reaction of the electrolyzed water; when the monatomic catalyst is a monatomic catalyst containing more than one active site of Pt, Au and Pd, the monatomic catalyst is used for electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol.
The mechanism of the invention is as follows: the method takes cyanamide compounds as a nitrogen source and a carbon source, furfural as a second carbon source and a connecting agent, chlorine-containing metal compounds as a metal source, Polystyrene (PS) nanospheres as sacrificial templates, a high polymer simultaneously containing nitrogen, carbon and metal is obtained by polymerization, the high polymer is pyrolyzed under the protection of nitrogen or inert gas to obtain nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets, and metal atoms are further coordinated with nitrogen (sometimes coordinated with carbon) on the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets through chemical bonds at the high temperature of 800-The large surface energy allows the metal atoms to be fixed so as not to migrate into the metal nanoparticles. For Fe, Co and Ni, 1 metal atom is simultaneously fixed by 4 nitrogens to form MN4(M ═ Fe, Co, Ni) structure, in which 1 metal atom is fixed by 2 nitrogen and 2 carbon atoms at the same time to form MN2C2(M ═ Pt, Au, Pd) structure. The introduction of the polystyrene nanosphere template can enable the pyrolysis process to form thinner carbon nanosheets, increase the surface area of the carbon nanosheets and expose more active sites. The coordinated metal atom and the surrounding groups form an active center, and the special electronic structure of the coordinated metal atom ensures that the coordinated metal atom has good stability and excellent activity.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) the method is a universal method, is effective for metals such as Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Au, Pd and the like, and overcomes the defect that other methods are only effective for one metal.
(2) The precursors used in the invention are furfural and cyanamide compounds which are cheap industrial raw materials, and compared with other methods, the method has the advantages of cheap raw materials and low cost, and has the advantage of cost in practical application.
(3) The synthesis method is simple and effective, can be used for large-scale synthesis of the monatomic catalyst, and overcomes the defects that the synthesis is complex and large-scale preparation is difficult in the prior art.
(4) The catalyst synthesized by the synthesis method has excellent performance, and has good product selectivity besides good activity.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a photograph of a spherical aberration corrected high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) of the monatomic catalyst of Co active sites prepared in example 2;
FIG. 2 shows the single-atom Fe, Co and Ni catalysts prepared in examples 1, 2 and 3 with NCNSs and IrO2OER activity plot (LSV curve of catalytic water electrolysis OER reaction);
FIG. 3 is a photograph of a spherical aberration corrected high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) of the monatomic catalyst of Pt active sites prepared in example 4;
FIG. 4 is a graph of mass current activity of Pt, Au, Pd active site monatomic catalysts prepared in examples 4, 5, 6 and a 60 wt% Pt/C benchmark for glycerol oxidation (CV curve for electrocatalytic glycerol oxidation).
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Example 1:
under magnetic stirring, 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% polystyrene nanospheres (the emulsion density is 1.0g/mL, so that 1.3 g of PS nanospheres are contained in 8mL of emulsion), 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution (1.09 g/mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1.2 g of cyanamide is contained in 2mL of aqueous solution), 1mL of furfural, 0.4mL of 0.1M dilute hydrochloric acid (the pH of the reaction solution is 2.5-3), and 10g/L (calculated by the content of Fe element) of FeCl are added into a 50mL centrifuge tube30.75mL of solution is stirred at 60 ℃ and 500rpm and then is subjected to closed reaction for 72h, and then is dried in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 24h to obtain a high polymer; and (3) placing the obtained high polymer in a tubular furnace, heating to 1000 ℃ at a speed of 4 ℃/min in a nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining for 2h, then cooling to room temperature at a speed of 6 ℃/min, fully grinding the obtained solid to fine powder, and obtaining the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet anchored with a single Fe atom, wherein the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet is called Fe-NCNSs.
Example 2:
under magnetic stirring, 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% polystyrene nanospheres, 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1mL of furfural, 0.4mL of 0.1M diluted hydrochloric acid and 10g/L (calculated by Co element content) of CoCl are sequentially added into a 50mL centrifuge tube20.75mL of solution is stirred at 60 ℃ and 500rpm and then is subjected to closed reaction for 72h, and then is dried in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 24h to obtain a high polymer; and (3) placing the obtained high polymer in a tube furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at a speed of 4 ℃/min in a nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining for 3h, then cooling to room temperature at a speed of 6 ℃/min, fully grinding the obtained solid to fine powder, and obtaining the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet anchored with a single Co atom, wherein the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet is called Co-NCNSs.
Example 3:
under magnetic stirring, 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% polystyrene nanospheres, 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1mL of furfural, 0.4mL of 0.1M diluted hydrochloric acid and 10g/L (based on the content of Ni element) of NiCl are sequentially added into a 50mL centrifuge tube20.75mL of solution is stirred at 60 ℃ and 500rpm and then is subjected to closed reaction for 72h, and then is dried in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for 24h to obtain a high polymer; and (2) placing the obtained high polymer in a tube furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at a speed of 4 ℃/min in a nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining for 3h, then cooling to room temperature at a speed of 6 ℃/min, fully grinding the obtained solid to fine powder, and obtaining the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet anchored with a single Ni atom, wherein the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet is called Ni-NCNSs.
Example 4:
under magnetic stirring, 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% polystyrene nanospheres, 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1mL of furfural, 0.4mL of 0.1M diluted hydrochloric acid and 10g/L (calculated by Pt element content) of H are sequentially added into a 50mL centrifuge tube2PtCl60.6mL of solution is stirred at 60 ℃ and 500rpm and then is subjected to closed reaction for 72 hours, and then the solution is placed in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for drying for 24 hours to obtain a high polymer; and (3) placing the obtained high polymer in a tube furnace, heating to 850 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining for 3h, then cooling to room temperature at the speed of 6 ℃/min, fully grinding the obtained solid to fine powder, and obtaining the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet anchored with a single Pt atom, wherein the obtained nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet is called Pt-NCNSs.
Example 5:
under magnetic stirring, 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% polystyrene nanospheres, 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1mL of furfural, 0.4mL of 0.1M diluted hydrochloric acid and 10g/L (calculated by the content of Au element) of H are sequentially added into a 50mL centrifuge tube2AuCl60.6mL of solution is stirred at 60 ℃ and 500rpm and then is subjected to closed reaction for 72 hours, and then the solution is placed in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for drying for 24 hours to obtain a high polymer; and (3) placing the obtained high polymer in a tubular furnace, heating to 900 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining for 3h, then cooling to room temperature at the speed of 6 ℃/min, fully grinding the obtained solid to fine powder, and obtaining the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet anchored with a single Au atom, wherein the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet is called Au-NCNSs.
Example 6:
under magnetic stirring, 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% polystyrene nanospheres, 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1mL of furfural, 0.4mL of 0.1M diluted hydrochloric acid and 10g/L (in terms of Pd element content) of H are sequentially added into a 50mL centrifuge tube2PdCl60.6mL of solution is stirred at 60 ℃ and 500rpm and then is subjected to closed reaction for 72 hours, and then the solution is placed in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for drying for 24 hours to obtain a high polymer; and (3) placing the obtained high polymer in a tube furnace, heating to 850 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining for 3h, then cooling to room temperature at the speed of 6 ℃/min, fully grinding the obtained solid to fine powder, and obtaining the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet anchored with a single Pd atom, wherein the nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet is called Pd-NCNSs.
Comparative example
Adding 8mL of emulsion containing 16 wt% of polystyrene nanospheres, 2mL of 50 wt% cyanamide aqueous solution, 1mL of furfural and 0.4mL of 0.1M diluted hydrochloric acid into a 50mL centrifuge tube in sequence under magnetic stirring, carrying out closed reaction for 72h under stirring at 60 ℃ and 500rpm, and then placing the mixture in a drying oven at 100 ℃ for drying for 24h to obtain a high polymer; the obtained high polymer is placed in a tube furnace, heated to 900 ℃ at the speed of 4 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere and maintained for 3h, and then cooled to room temperature at the speed of 6 ℃/min to obtain NCNSs.
Fig. 1 and 3 are photographs of spherical aberration correction high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) of Co monatomic catalysts and Pt monatomic catalysts prepared in examples 1 and 4, respectively, in the HAADF mode, the brightness of atoms is proportional to the atomic number to the power of 1.8, so metals are extremely bright on carbon-nitrogen carriers, small bright spots in fig. 1 are individual Co atoms, small bright spots in fig. 3 are individual Pt atoms, and the HAADF-STEM photographs show the atomic dispersion of metal elements in the catalysts.
FIG. 2 is a LSV curve of the water OER catalyzed electrolysis by the monatomic catalyst prepared in example 1, example 2, and example 3. And (3) testing conditions are as follows: preparing mixed liquor according to the ratio of ethanol, deionized water, isopropanol, ethylene glycol and Nafion (5 wt%) as 1000: 750: 150: 95: 5, using the above-mentioned mixed liquor to prepare catalyst whose content is 1.6mg/mLThen, 80uL of the dispersion was dropped onto 10X 10mm carbon paper in four times so that the catalyst loading was 128ug/cm2And drying in a drying oven at 60 ℃, and then testing the OER performance in 1M KOH, wherein the sweep number of an LSV curve is 2 mV/s. Under the same potential, the higher the current density, the better the catalytic activity, and the catalyst prepared by the method exceeds or approaches to the standard rod IrO of OER reaction2The superiority of the catalyst is proved.
Fig. 4 is a CV curve of the oxidation of glycerin by the monatomic catalyst electrocatalytic oxidation prepared in example 4, example 5, and example 6. And (3) testing conditions are as follows: preparing a mixed solution according to the proportion of ethanol, deionized water, isopropanol, glycol and Nafion (5 wt%), wherein the proportion is 1000: 750: 150: 95: 5, preparing a dispersion solution with the catalyst content of 1.6mg/mL by using the mixed solution, and dripping 5uL of the dispersion solution into the solution
Dried in a drying oven at 60 ℃ and tested for glycerol oxidation activity under the condition of 0.5MKOH +0.5M glycerol, and the scanning number of a CV curve is 50 mV/s. The larger the peak current density of the curve is, the better the activity is represented, and the activity of the monatomic catalyst prepared by the invention is far higher than that of a standard rod 60 wt% Pt/C, so that the universality and the superiority of the catalyst are proved.
The invention selects the metal source containing chlorine, can well polymerize, has influence on the polymerization of the polymer when nitrate is used, and nitrate can influence the dispersion state of furfural and cyanamide, thus causing the polymerization system to be incapable of homogeneous polymerization, seriously influencing the monomer conversion rate and causing the poor polymerization effect.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:
1) under the acidic condition, taking the polystyrene nanospheres as sacrificial templates, and fully reacting cyanamide compounds, furfural and metal sources to obtain high polymers; the cyanamide compound is one or more of cyanamide, dicyandiamide or melamine; the metal source is one or more of Fe source, Co source, Ni source, Pt source, Au source and Pd source;
2) and carrying out high-temperature pyrolysis on the high polymer in the atmosphere of protective gas to obtain the monatomic catalyst.
2. The method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst of claim 1, wherein:
the metal source is chlorine-containing metal salt or acid or a metal complex; the acidic condition means that the pH value of the reaction system is 2-4.
3. The method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst of claim 2, wherein: the metal source is FeCl3、CoCl2、NiCl2、H2PtCl6、H2AuCl6、H2PdCl6One or more than one of the above;
the pH value is 2.5-3.
4. The method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst of claim 1, wherein: the reaction temperature is 60-100 ℃, and the reaction time is 3-5 days;
the high-temperature pyrolysis temperature is 800-1100 ℃, and the high-temperature pyrolysis time is 1-4 h.
5. The method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst of claim 1, wherein: the cyanamide compound: and (3) furfural: the mass ratio of the metal source is 100: (50-200): (0.2-2), wherein the metal source is calculated by metal mass;
the mass ratio of the cyanamide compound to the polystyrene nanospheres is 100: (50-200).
6. The method of synthesizing a monatomic catalyst of claim 1, wherein: when high-temperature pyrolysis is carried out, the temperature rising rate is 1-5 ℃/min, and the temperature reduction rate is 4-10 ℃/min.
7. A monatomic catalyst obtained by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. Use of the monatomic catalyst according to claim 7, wherein: the monatomic catalyst is used for electrocatalytic chemical reactions and as an electrocatalyst.
9. Use according to claim 8, characterized in that: when the monoatomic catalyst is a monoatomic catalyst containing one or more than one active sites of Fe, Co and Ni, the monoatomic catalyst is used for catalyzing the OER reaction of the electrolyzed water; when the monoatomic catalyst is a monoatomic catalyst containing one or more than one active sites of Pt, Au and Pd, the monoatomic catalyst is used for electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol.
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