CN110925148A - Wind power tower tube spoiler - Google Patents
Wind power tower tube spoiler Download PDFInfo
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- CN110925148A CN110925148A CN201911282548.9A CN201911282548A CN110925148A CN 110925148 A CN110925148 A CN 110925148A CN 201911282548 A CN201911282548 A CN 201911282548A CN 110925148 A CN110925148 A CN 110925148A
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 abstract 3
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 abstract 3
- 241001330002 Bambuseae Species 0.000 abstract 3
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000805 composite resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
- F03D13/20—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/0296—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor to prevent, counteract or reduce noise emissions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a spoiler of a wind power tower cylinder, which consists of a plurality of spoiler units, wherein the cross section of each spoiler unit is of a closed three-side solid structure or a three-side thin-wall structure with an opening end, the spoiler units are sequentially connected to form a strand of continuous spiral line, the strand of spiral line is fixed on the outer wall of the tower cylinder through the spoiler unit positioned at the end part, and the bottom surface of each spoiler unit is attached to the outer wall of the tower cylinder; or a plurality of spoiler units constitute a strand discontinuous helix and arrange on the tower section of thick bamboo outer wall, and every spoiler unit is fixed on the tower section of thick bamboo outer wall promptly, and its bottom surface all laminates to the tower section of thick bamboo outer wall, keeps the interval setting between two adjacent spoiler units. The spoiler disclosed by the invention can adapt to the shape following requirements of different outer diameters of the whole tower barrel, and is good in spoiler effect and long in service life.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of wind driven generator vortex-induced resonance prevention, in particular to a wind power tower spoiler.
Background
When airflow with uniform flow velocity flows through the tower barrel, vortex which falls off alternately is generated on the back flow surface of the tower barrel, and a karman vortex street is formed. The excitation induced by the karman vortex street can cause the tower frame to generate vortex-induced resonance, thereby not only influencing the hoisting of the tower cylinder, but also reducing the fatigue life of the tower cylinder and threatening the safety of the tower cylinder and the wind power complete machine. In the hoisting of the tower drum, the oscillation amplitude of the tower drum is increased due to vortex-induced resonance, the butt joint of the tower drum, the main machine and the wind wheel cannot be smoothly completed, and the hoisting progress is influenced; before the wind turbine is hoisted and connected to the grid after the wind turbine is hoisted, under the non-operation states of power grid power failure, wind turbine fault and the like, the second-order vortex-induced resonance is easy to occur on the tower due to the loss of the disturbance effect of the impeller on the airflow, and great fatigue damage can be caused on the tower.
At the present stage, the mode of prevention vortex-induced resonance has the multiple, including install the vortex strip additional, install vibration control damper additional, set up increase aerodynamic damping etc. through fan blade pitch angle. The additionally-installed turbulence strips are formed by winding triangular sections on the left and right tower drums of the upper half section and are connected in series by ropes in tower hoisting, and the additionally-installed turbulence strips are used for scattering and disturbing airflow flowing through the tower drums, so that a back flow surface of the tower drum cannot generate regular falling vortex; the vibration control damper and the wind turbine blade pitch angle are additionally arranged to increase pneumatic damping, the wind turbine blade pitch angle control device is a passive control mode, and the frequency of a tower in the hoisting process is different along with different hoisting schedules, so that the wind turbine blade pitch angle control device cannot be used in hoisting; the method for increasing the aerodynamic damping through the setting of the pitch angle of the fan blades cannot be applied to tower cylinder hoisting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and provides the wind power tower tube spoiler which has longer service life, can adapt to the conformal requirements of different outer diameters of the whole tower tube, and has better turbulence effect.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: a spoiler of a wind power tower cylinder comprises a plurality of spoiler units, wherein the cross section of each spoiler unit is of a closed three-side solid structure or a three-side thin-wall structure with an open end, the spoiler units are sequentially connected to form a continuous spiral line and are fixed on the outer wall of the tower cylinder through the spoiler units positioned at the end parts, the bottom surface of each spoiler unit is attached to the outer wall of the tower cylinder, and the spiral lines at the corresponding positions of the spoiler units are adapted to the shape following requirements of different outer diameters of the whole tower cylinder by adjusting the rotating angles of the spoiler units; or a plurality of spoiler units form a discontinuous helix and are arranged on the outer wall of the tower barrel, namely, each spoiler unit is fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel, the bottom surface of each spoiler unit is attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel, the distance between every two adjacent spoiler units is kept, and the rotation angle of each spoiler unit is adjusted to adapt to the shape following requirements of different outer diameters of the whole tower barrel.
Further, the whole spoiler unit is cylindrical spiral structure, namely three surfaces are all in the shape of a spiral curved surface, the base circle diameter of the cylindrical spiral structure is the maximum value of the outer diameter of the tower cylinder in the installation area, and the shape of the spiral curved surface of the bottom surface of the spoiler unit is adapted to the shape of the outer wall of the tower cylinder and is attached to the outer wall of the tower cylinder.
Furthermore, the end part of the spoiler unit connected with the adjacent spoiler unit is provided with a connecting piece which can be installed in a mutually matched mode, and the two spoiler units are connected through the connecting piece.
Furthermore, one end of the connecting piece is embedded to the end part of the spoiler unit, the other end of the connecting piece extends outwards to form a connecting plate with an L-shaped structure, and the two connecting plates of the two adjacent spoiler units are connected through bolts.
Furthermore, the end part of the spoiler unit fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel is provided with a fixing part, one end of the fixing part is embedded in the end part of the spoiler unit, the other end of the fixing part extends outwards to form a fixing plate, and the spoiler unit is fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel through the fixing plate.
Further, the fixing plate is fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel through bonding, welding or bolt connection.
And further, adjusting the installation angle of the spoiler unit, namely rotating the spoiler unit in the direction of increasing the spiral pitch of the spoiler until the two ends of the spoiler unit are attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel, and filling the gap with weather-resistant foamed rubber when the spoiler unit cannot be completely attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel.
Further, the plurality of spoiler units form a continuous spiral line or a discontinuous spiral line with the thread pitch of 2D-5D, wherein D is the outer diameter of the tower barrel, the continuous spiral line or the discontinuous spiral line is 2-4 strands and is wound on the outer wall of the tower barrel at intervals.
Further, the spoiler unit is one of a glass fiber resin spoiler unit, a weather-resistant plastic spoiler unit, a metal spoiler unit, or a foam spoiler unit.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the spoiler can play a role in the whole operation period of the fan from the beginning of hoisting, and not only can prevent first-order vortex-induced resonance generated during hoisting, but also can prevent second-order vortex-induced resonance after hoisting.
2. The spoiler provided by the invention has longer service life and can meet the requirement that vortex-induced resonance does not occur in the whole life cycle of the fan for 20 years.
3. The spoiler realizes the method for following the shapes of the cylinder sections with different diameters and different tapers of the whole tower cylinder by using the spoiler unit with the standard appearance specification, is more tightly attached to the tower cylinder, can effectively reduce the manufacturing difficulty and the number of dies, has small gaps even if the spoiler unit still exists after following the shapes, and greatly improves the spoiler effect because the size of the gaps is far smaller than that of the existing straight-section spoiler.
4. The spoiler is fixed at two ends, preferably adopts a non-welded nail-shooting bolt structure or bonding, does not need welding, improves the fatigue performance of the tower drum (the DC value (the stress amplitude when 2e6 times of cyclic failure) of the welding mode is 80Mpa, and the non-welding mode is 90Mpa), is more stable in fixing mode, meets the design requirement of stability, and greatly reduces the cost.
5. The spoiler is preferably made of glass fiber reinforced plastics or weather-resistant plastics, is lighter and lighter than the existing foam materials or metal materials, is not easy to damage the paint surface of the outer wall of the tower, and has better corrosion resistance compared with the metal materials.
6. The spoiler disclosed by the invention can realize various installation and combination modes, a plurality of spoiler units can be connected and then fixed with the outer wall of the tower barrel, each spoiler unit can be fixed with the barrel wall, and can be grouped, matched and fixed, and the optimal arrangement mode can be selected according to the actual condition of the tower barrel in actual operation.
7. When the spoiler is transported after being installed in a tower drum factory, the part interfering with the plate trailer can be avoided in advance or temporarily removed, so that the transportation is facilitated.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a spoiler unit at an end portion in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of a centrally located spoiler unit in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of connection of the connection members in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of fixing of a fixing member in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of spoiler unit adjustment in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a pneumatic cloud view of a section of a tower incorporating the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a pneumatic cloud of a section of tower incorporating the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific examples.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1 to 6, the spoiler for the wind power tower described in this embodiment comprises a plurality of spoiler units 2, the spoiler units 2 are sequentially connected to form a continuous spiral line arranged on the outer wall of the wind power tower 1 (2 to 4 lines can be installed according to actual conditions, fig. 1 has an effect of 2 lines), and fixed on the outer wall of the wind power tower 1 through the spoiler unit 2 located at the end, the spoiler "breaks up" and disturbs "the airflow flowing through the tower by the spiral line structure, so that the back flow surface of the spoiler does not generate regularly falling vortex, thereby damaging the strand members generated by the karman vortex street, and further preventing vortex-induced resonance in the whole life cycle of the fan, the pitch of the continuous spiral line is 2D to 5D, wherein D is the outer diameter of the tower 1, wherein the spoiler unit 2 is made of one of a glass fiber resin composite material, a weather-resistant plastic, a metal or a foam, in this embodiment, a glass fiber resin composite material is preferably selected, the spoiler unit 2 is integrally formed, the cross section of the spoiler unit is of a three-sided thin-wall structure with an open end (or a closed three-sided solid structure), the entire spoiler unit is of a cylindrical spiral structure, the axial length of the spoiler unit is selected according to process and cost factors, namely, three surfaces are all in a spiral surface shape, the base circle diameter of the cylindrical spiral structure is the maximum value of the outer diameter of the tower barrel 1 in the installation area, the spiral surface shape of the bottom surface of the cylindrical spiral structure adapts to the shape of the outer wall of the wind power tower barrel 1 and is attached to the outer wall of the wind power tower barrel 1, the spiral line of the corresponding position of the spoiler unit 2 adapts to the conformal requirement of different outer diameters of the whole tower barrel 1 by adjusting the rotation angle of the spoiler unit 2, the connecting part 201 which can be installed in a mutually, the other end of the connecting plate extends outwards to form an L-shaped connecting plate, the two connecting plates of two adjacent spoiler units 1 are connected through bolts to ensure looseness prevention, a fixing part 202 is arranged at the end part of each spoiler unit 2 fixed on the outer wall of the wind power tower 1, one end of each fixing part 202 is embedded into the end part of each spoiler unit 2, the other end of each fixing part extends outwards to form a fixing plate, the fixing plates can be fixed on the outer wall of the wind power tower 1 through bonding, welding or bolt connection, and the connecting part 201 and the fixing part 202 are metal sheet metal parts.
In the embodiment, the cylindrical tower barrel 1 is designed, that is, the maximum outer diameter of the tower barrel 1 in the installation area is used as the spiral design diameter of the spoiler, the spiral is a cylindrical spiral, and as shown in fig. 6, when the outer diameter of the tower barrel is smaller than the spiral design diameter of the spoiler, the spoiler unit 2 is rotated to the position 2-1 in the direction of increasing the screw pitch until the spoiler is attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel 1; the installation method of the cone section tower barrel 1 is the same as that described above, although the spoiler cannot be completely attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel 1 after being installed, the shape following can be realized to the maximum extent, and the existing gap does not affect the turbulence effect of the spoiler, and in addition, for the spoiler installed on the cone section tower barrel 1, the gap between the spoiler and the outer wall of the tower barrel 1 can be filled with weather-resistant foamed rubber after the installation is completed.
As shown in fig. 9 to 10, the aerodynamic clouds of a section of the tower before and after the tower is installed in the present embodiment can be seen from the fact that the vortex shedding alternately from the rear flow surface of the spoiler is not generated.
Example two
As shown in fig. 7, the structure of the present embodiment is different from that of the first embodiment in that: the plurality of spoiler units 2 form a discontinuous helix and are arranged on the outer wall of the wind power tower barrel 1, namely, each spoiler unit 2 is independently fixed on the outer wall of the wind power tower barrel 1, and the distance between every two adjacent spoiler units 2 is kept.
EXAMPLE III
As shown in fig. 8, the structure of the present embodiment is similar to that of the present embodiment, and the difference is that: every 2 to 10 spoiler units 2 are connected into a group, a plurality of groups of spoiler units 2 form a discontinuous helix and are arranged on the outer wall of the wind power tower barrel 1, and a distance is kept between every two adjacent groups.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, so that variations based on the shape and principle of the present invention should be covered within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a wind power tower tube spoiler which characterized in that: the vortex generator comprises a plurality of vortex generator units, wherein the cross section of each vortex generator unit is of a closed three-side solid structure or a three-side thin-wall structure with an opening end, the plurality of vortex generator units are sequentially connected to form a continuous spiral line and are fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel through the vortex generator units positioned at the end parts, the bottom surface of each vortex generator unit is attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel, and the spiral lines at corresponding positions of the vortex generator units are adapted to the shape following requirements of different outer diameters of the whole tower barrel by adjusting the rotating angles of the vortex generator units; or a plurality of spoiler units form a discontinuous helix and are arranged on the outer wall of the tower barrel, namely, each spoiler unit is fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel, the bottom surface of each spoiler unit is attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel, the distance between every two adjacent spoiler units is kept, and the rotation angle of each spoiler unit is adjusted to adapt to the shape following requirements of different outer diameters of the whole tower barrel.
2. The wind tower spoiler of claim 1, wherein: the whole spoiler unit is of a cylindrical spiral structure, namely, three surfaces are in a spiral curved surface shape, the base circle diameter of the cylindrical spiral structure is the maximum value of the outer diameter of the tower cylinder in the installation area, and the spiral curved surface shape of the bottom surface of the spoiler unit is adapted to the shape of the outer wall of the tower cylinder and is attached to the outer wall of the tower cylinder.
3. The wind tower spoiler of claim 1, wherein: the end part of the spoiler unit connected with the adjacent spoiler unit is provided with a connecting piece which can be installed in a mutually matched mode, and the two spoiler units are connected through the connecting piece.
4. The wind tower spoiler of claim 3, wherein: one end of the connecting piece is embedded to the end part of the spoiler unit, the other end of the connecting piece extends outwards to form a connecting plate with an L-shaped structure, and the two connecting plates of the two adjacent spoiler units are connected through bolts.
5. The wind tower spoiler of claim 1, wherein: the end part of the spoiler unit fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel is provided with a fixing part, one end of the fixing part is embedded into the end part of the spoiler unit, the other end of the fixing part extends outwards to form a fixing plate, and the spoiler unit is fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel through the fixing plate.
6. The wind tower spoiler of claim 5, wherein: the fixing plate is fixed on the outer wall of the tower barrel through bonding, welding or bolt connection.
7. The wind tower spoiler of claim 1, wherein: and adjusting the installation angle of the spoiler unit, namely rotating the spoiler unit in the direction of increasing the spiral pitch of the spoiler spiral line until the two ends of the spoiler spiral line are attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel, and filling the gap with weather-resistant foamed rubber when the spoiler spiral line cannot be completely attached to the outer wall of the tower barrel.
8. The wind tower spoiler of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of spoiler units form a continuous spiral line or a discontinuous spiral line with the thread pitch of 2D-5D, wherein D is the outer diameter of the tower barrel, the continuous spiral line or the discontinuous spiral line is 2-4 strands and is wound on the outer wall of the tower barrel at intervals.
9. The wind tower spoiler of claim 1, wherein: the spoiler unit is one of a glass fiber resin spoiler unit, a weather-resistant plastic spoiler unit, a metal spoiler unit or a foam spoiler unit.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911282548.9A CN110925148B (en) | 2019-12-13 | 2019-12-13 | Wind power tower drum spoiler |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911282548.9A CN110925148B (en) | 2019-12-13 | 2019-12-13 | Wind power tower drum spoiler |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110925148A true CN110925148A (en) | 2020-03-27 |
| CN110925148B CN110925148B (en) | 2024-06-18 |
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| CN201911282548.9A Active CN110925148B (en) | 2019-12-13 | 2019-12-13 | Wind power tower drum spoiler |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111648921A (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2020-09-11 | 浙江运达风电股份有限公司 | Tower drum structure for wind power generation |
| CN113503079A (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-10-15 | 东北电力大学 | Winding type spiral spoiler for restraining wind direction vibration of web member of steel pipe tower |
| CN113700613A (en) * | 2021-09-23 | 2021-11-26 | 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 | Tower section of thick bamboo vortex subassembly and tower section of thick bamboo |
| CN113819009A (en) * | 2021-09-28 | 2021-12-21 | 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 | Passive turbulence device, wind turbine generator and passive turbulence method |
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