CN110849936A - GIS pipeline defect online detection device and method - Google Patents
GIS pipeline defect online detection device and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a GIS pipeline defect online detection device which comprises a detection device, a control system and a data analysis processing system, wherein the detection device mainly comprises a flash lamp thermal excitation unit and an infrared thermal image acquisition unit; the control system is in communication connection with the detection device, is used for adjusting the excitation generation time and frequency of the flash lamp thermal excitation unit, and is also used for adjusting the acquisition frequency and acquisition time of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit; the data analysis processing system is in communication connection with the detection device and the control system, and the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes data by adopting a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method. The method can quickly, accurately and quantitatively detect the GIS pipeline with defects, and can collect infrared image sequences at multiple angles to realize the identification of the positions, depths and sizes of the defects of the GIS pipeline. The invention also provides a GIS pipeline defect online detection method applied to the detection device.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of nondestructive testing of electrical equipment, in particular to a GIS pipeline defect online detection device and method.
Background
With the continuous development of economy, the power demand is continuously increased, the investment on a power grid is rapidly increased, the scale of the power grid is rapidly enlarged, and more GIS equipment is introduced into the power grid. The GIS is a gas insulated totally-enclosed combined electrical appliance, which comprises a circuit breaker, an isolating switch, an earthing switch, a mutual inductor, a lightning arrester, a bus, a connecting piece, an outgoing line terminal and the like, wherein the equipment or the components are all enclosed in a metal grounded shell, and sulfur hexafluoride insulating gas with certain pressure is filled in the equipment or the components. GIS is widely applied to power systems at present. Although the failure rate of the GIS equipment is low due to the totally-enclosed characteristic, the risk of failure cannot be ignored, for example, the GIS pipeline may crack under the factory or long-term severe operating conditions, and if the small cracks are not detected, the small cracks are serious, the sulfur hexafluoride gas in the pipeline may leak, further damage the internal components of the GIS pipeline, even cause explosion, and once the accident occurs, the consequences caused by the enclosed characteristic are more serious than those of open or distributed electrical equipment. The maintenance is more complicated, the time consumption is longer, and the direct and indirect economic losses to the power grid and the economic production are larger.
The GIS pipeline is manufactured in a factory, defects can be generated on the process, in the process of equipment installation, artificial damage can be generated, cracks can be formed on the GIS pipeline when the operation time is increased, the GIS pipeline is exposed to the sun, or the pipeline can be cracked under poor weather conditions, the cracks of the GIS pipeline are small, the small cracks form great threats to the safe operation of the GIS, if detection is not carried out, the GIS pipeline is further cracked, even sulfur hexafluoride gas leakage in the pipeline is caused, the operation safety of an electric power system can be seriously influenced, and the immeasurable influence is caused on economic production. Therefore, online detection of the GIS pipeline is of great significance to safe operation of equipment.
In the prior art, the nondestructive detection of the GIS pipeline cracks mainly adopts two modes, namely an ultrasonic detection method and a ray detection method. The principle of the ultrasonic detection method is that when ultrasonic waves are transmitted in a GIS pipeline, the ultrasonic waves can generate reflection and refraction on an interface, and when defects exist in the inner part or the surface, the positions and the shapes of the defects can be judged according to the difference of the reflection and the refraction. The ultrasonic detection can detect small defects, and has the advantages of light equipment, no pollution to the environment, accurate defect positioning and the like. However, the ultrasonic detection needs a coupling agent and has high difficulty, complex steps, difficulty in storing detection results and small detection range. The ray detection method is characterized in that a ray emitter generates rays to penetrate through a pipeline, a film is used for detecting the difference of ray intensity penetrating through the pipeline to be detected according to the difference of ray attenuation amount penetrating through a crack part and a crack-free part, and whether defects exist is judged.
Therefore, the multi-angle online detection of the GIS pipeline can be realized, the GIS pipeline with the defects can be quickly, accurately and quantitatively detected, the positions, the depths and the sizes of the defects of the GIS pipeline can be identified, the detection accuracy and the detection speed are improved, and meanwhile, the labor cost can be effectively saved, so that the technical problem to be solved by technical personnel in the field is urgently solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a GIS pipeline defect on-line measuring device to solve among the prior art detection accuracy not high, detection speed not enough and can not detect out the degree of depth and the problem of size of GIS pipeline defect.
In a first aspect of the present application, an online detection device for defects of a GIS pipeline includes:
the detection device mainly comprises a flash lamp thermal excitation unit and an infrared thermal image acquisition unit, wherein the flash lamp thermal excitation unit is symmetrically arranged at two ends of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit;
a control system in communication with the detection device;
and the data analysis and processing system is in communication connection with the detection device and the control system, and analyzes and processes data by adopting a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method.
In the technical scheme, the GIS pipeline is heated by the flash lamp thermal excitation unit in a short pulse thermal excitation mode, the GIS pipeline can be uniformly heated due to the symmetrical arrangement of the flash lamp thermal excitation unit, the portable device has higher practicability due to large energy and small volume of the flash lamp as the flash lamp is used as the thermal excitation unit, and the pulse width of the flash lamp is continuously adjustable and can be set to a control mode suitable for an actual scene, such as a mode with a fixed period, so that a sample with high thermal conductivity is suitable for being detected; the energy can be set to be in a fixed mode, namely the total energy of the flash lamp is fixed every time, the energy decay of the flash system can be automatically compensated, and the detection result is more accurate; the infrared thermal image acquisition unit can convert infrared radiation of the detected part of the GIS pipeline into a visible image and can acquire the visible image in real time to form a thermal image sequence.
In the above technical solution, the control system and the data analysis processing system are both arranged inside a computer.
Optionally, a fixed adjusting device is arranged inside the detection device, and a wire is arranged inside the fixed adjusting device and connected with the flash lamp thermal excitation unit and the infrared thermal image acquisition unit.
By adopting the technical scheme, the infrared thermal image acquisition unit can be ensured to be capable of carrying out effective synchronous sampling on infrared radiation when the excitation source is triggered.
Optionally, at least one handle is disposed on the housing of the detection device.
By adopting the technical scheme, the height and the angle of the detection device can be adjusted, the detection of different directions of the GIS pipeline is realized, the heat map sequence of a plurality of angles of the GIS pipeline is collected, and the number of the handles is set so as to ensure that the height and the angle of the detection device can be stably adjusted.
Optionally, the control system is configured to adjust excitation generation time and frequency of the thermal excitation unit of the flash lamp.
Optionally, the control system is configured to adjust the acquisition frequency and the acquisition time of the infrared thermography acquisition unit.
By adopting the technical scheme, the excitation generation time and frequency and the acquisition time and the acquisition frequency are reasonably adjusted, and a better image sequence collection effect can be achieved.
Optionally, the data analysis processing system is configured to store the dynamic thermal image acquired by the infrared thermography acquisition unit as a time sequence thermal image sequence, and perform frequency domain analysis on the time sequence thermal image sequence.
By adopting the technical scheme, the defects in the time sequence heat map sequence can be more clearly identified by using the amplitude map and the phase map obtained by frequency domain analysis, and the detection effect of the GIS pipeline defects can be improved.
In a second aspect of the present application, a GIS pipeline defect online detection method based on the GIS pipeline defect online detection device is further provided, which includes the following steps:
the position of the detection device is relatively adjusted according to the position of the GIS pipeline;
setting excitation generation time and frequency of a thermal excitation unit of the flash lamp through a control system;
setting the acquisition frequency and the acquisition time of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit through a control system;
the infrared thermal image acquisition unit acquires a dynamic thermal image of the GIS pipeline and sends the dynamic thermal image to the data analysis processing system;
the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by adopting a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method, and identifies the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defect.
Optionally, the step of relatively adjusting the position of the detection device according to the position of the GIS pipeline includes adjusting the height and angle of the detection device according to the position of the GIS pipeline.
By adopting the technical scheme, the parameters of the detection device are adjusted according to the actual detection requirement, so that the thermal excitation unit of the flash lamp and the infrared thermal image acquisition unit are in proper positions, the area to be detected can be effectively thermally excited, the infrared thermal image can be collected in a wider range, a better thermal excitation effect is obtained, and a better image sequence collection effect is achieved.
Optionally, the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by using a frequency domain thermal feature imaging method, and in the step of identifying the position, depth and size of the GIS pipeline defect, the data analysis processing system specifically includes the following steps:
converting the collected dynamic thermal imaging graph into a time sequence thermal image sequence;
performing discrete Fourier transform processing on the time sequence heat map sequence to obtain a magnitude heat map sequence and a phase heat map sequence;
performing frequency domain analysis on the amplitude heat map sequence and the phase heat map sequence by adopting a fast Fourier algorithm, and comparing the obtained change condition of the heat map sequence with a heat map sequence of a standard non-defective GIS pipeline to identify whether the GIS pipeline is defective or not;
if the GIS pipeline has defects, the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defects are calculated and analyzed by combining a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method and a differential phase spectrum.
Optionally, the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by using a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method, and the step of identifying the position, depth and size of the GIS pipeline defect includes performing frequency domain analysis on the data by using a fast fourier algorithm.
By adopting the technical scheme, the infrared image sequence can be collected at multiple angles, the identification of the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defect can be realized through the amplitude diagram and the phase diagram obtained by analysis, the aim of effectively detecting the GIS pipeline defect is achieved, and the detection effect of the GIS pipeline defect is obviously improved.
The GIS pipeline defect on-line measuring device of this application has following beneficial effect for prior art:
(1) the detection device of the application utilizes the GIS pipeline to generate heat under the eddy current effect based on the heat conduction principle, the heat is conducted to the surface of the pipeline and below the pipeline, and if the GIS pipeline has defects, the heat conduction process is affected; the infrared thermal image acquisition unit is used for acquiring the surface temperature information of the GIS pipeline and processing the information by adopting a fast Fourier algorithm, so that the defect position of the GIS pipeline can be easily found in the processed amplitude and phase thermal image sequence.
(2) According to the method and the device, the sample is not damaged in online detection, and according to the difference of heat transmitted at the GIS pipeline defect, the information of the GIS pipeline micro defect is deduced through the thermal image sequence collected by the infrared thermal image collecting unit, so that the GIS pipeline cracking condition is diagnosed quickly and accurately, and the leakage of sulfur hexafluoride gas in the GIS pipeline and the occurrence of other serious accidents can be effectively avoided.
(3) According to the method for frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging, when pulse excitation is applied to a detected area, Fourier transform is adopted for carrying out spectrum analysis on GIS pipeline temperature response, the obtained amplitude spectrum and phase spectrum are compared with those of a standard GIS pipeline, and the specific position, depth and size of the GIS pipeline defect can be accurately found out by combining a differential phase spectrum.
(4) The method and the device have the advantages of on-line measurement, non-contact measurement, high detection speed, visual detection result and quantitative measurement.
(5) According to the detection method and device, in the detection process, the acquisition time and the acquisition frequency of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit are controllable, and different acquisition times and acquisition frequencies can be set according to actual requirements to carry out detection for multiple times, so that accurate GIS pipeline defect information can be obtained.
Drawings
In order to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic overall structure of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a front view of the detecting device of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a GIS pipeline defect detection method according to the present application;
description of reference numerals:
the system comprises a detection device 1, a flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101, an infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 and a handle 103; 2-computer.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, like numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements unless otherwise indicated. The embodiments described in the following examples do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present application. But merely as exemplifications of systems and methods consistent with certain aspects of the application, as recited in the claims.
Referring to fig. 1 and fig. 2, in a first aspect of the present application, there is provided an online GIS pipeline defect detecting device, including: the detection device 1 mainly comprises a flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101 and an infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102, wherein the flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101 is symmetrically arranged at two ends of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102; the control system is in communication connection with the detection device 1; the data analysis processing system is in communication connection with the detection device 1 and the control system, and the data analysis processing system adopts a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method to analyze and process data.
In the technical scheme, the GIS pipeline is heated by the flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101 in a short pulse thermal excitation mode, the GIS pipeline can be uniformly heated due to the symmetrical arrangement of the flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101, the portable device is more practical due to the fact that the flash lamp is large in energy and small in size, the pulse width of the flash lamp is continuously adjustable, and a control mode suitable for an actual scene can be set, for example, a mode with a fixed period is set, and a sample with high thermal conductivity is suitable for being detected; the energy can be set to be in a fixed mode, namely the total energy of the flash lamp is fixed every time, the energy decay of the flash system can be automatically compensated, and the detection result is more accurate; the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 can convert infrared radiation of the detected part of the GIS pipeline into a visible image and can perform real-time acquisition to form a thermal image sequence.
In the above technical solution, the control system and the data analysis processing system are both arranged inside the computer 2 (neither the control system nor the data analysis processing system is shown in the drawing).
On the basis of the above specific embodiment, further, a fixed adjusting device (not shown in the drawings) is arranged inside the detection device 1, and a conducting wire is arranged inside the fixed adjusting device to connect the flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101 and the thermal infrared image acquisition unit 102.
By adopting the technical scheme, the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 can be ensured to effectively and synchronously sample infrared radiation when the excitation source is triggered.
On the basis of the above specific embodiment, further, at least one handle 103 is disposed on the housing of the detection device 1, and the number of the handles 103 is enough to ensure that the height and the angle of the detection device 1 can be stably adjusted; it should be further noted that the handles 103 are preferably arranged symmetrically in two in this embodiment, so that the movement of the detecting device 1 is smoother.
By adopting the technical scheme, the height and the angle of the detection device 1 can be adjusted, the detection of different directions of the GIS pipeline is realized, and the heat map sequence of a plurality of angles of the GIS pipeline is collected.
On the basis of the above embodiment, further, the control system is configured to adjust the excitation generation time and frequency of the thermal excitation unit 101 of the flash lamp.
On the basis of the above specific implementation, further, the control system is configured to adjust the acquisition frequency and the acquisition time of the infrared thermographic acquisition unit 102.
By adopting the technical scheme, the excitation generation time and frequency and the acquisition time and the acquisition frequency are reasonably adjusted, and a better image sequence collection effect can be achieved.
On the basis of the foregoing specific implementation, further, the data analysis processing system is configured to store the dynamic thermography acquired by the infrared thermography acquisition unit 102 as a time-series thermography sequence, and perform frequency domain analysis on the time-series thermography sequence.
By adopting the technical scheme, the defects in the time sequence heat map sequence can be more clearly identified by using the amplitude map and the phase map obtained by frequency domain analysis, and the detection effect of the GIS pipeline defects can be improved.
In a second aspect of the present application, a GIS pipeline defect online detection method based on the GIS pipeline defect online detection apparatus is further provided, including the following steps:
the position of the detection device 1 is relatively adjusted according to the position of the GIS pipeline;
the excitation generation time and frequency of the flash thermal excitation unit 101 are set by the control system;
setting the acquisition frequency and the acquisition time of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 through a control system;
the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 acquires a dynamic thermal image of the GIS pipeline and sends the dynamic thermal image to a data analysis processing system;
the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by adopting a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method, and identifies the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defect.
On the basis of the foregoing specific embodiment, further, the step of relatively adjusting the position of the detection device 1 according to the GIS pipeline position includes adjusting the height and angle of the detection device 1 according to the GIS pipeline position.
By adopting the technical scheme, the parameters of the detection device 1 are adjusted according to the actual detection requirement, so that the thermal excitation unit 101 of the flash lamp and the thermal infrared image acquisition unit 102 are in proper positions, the area to be detected can be effectively thermally excited, the thermal infrared images can be collected in a wider range, a better thermal excitation effect is obtained, and a better image sequence collection effect is achieved.
On the basis of the foregoing specific embodiment, further, the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes data by using a frequency domain thermal feature imaging method, and in the step of identifying the position, depth, and size of the GIS pipeline defect, the method specifically includes the following steps:
converting the collected dynamic thermal imaging graph into a time sequence thermal image sequence;
performing discrete Fourier transform processing on the time sequence heat map sequence to obtain a magnitude heat map sequence and a phase heat map sequence;
performing frequency domain analysis on the amplitude heat map sequence and the phase heat map sequence by adopting a fast Fourier algorithm, and comparing the obtained change condition of the heat map sequence with a heat map sequence of a standard non-defective GIS pipeline to identify whether the GIS pipeline is defective or not;
if the GIS pipeline has defects, the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defects are calculated and analyzed by combining a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method and a differential phase spectrum.
On the basis of the above specific embodiment, further, the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by using a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method, and the step of identifying the position, depth and size of the GIS pipeline defect includes performing frequency domain analysis on the data by using a fast fourier algorithm.
By adopting the technical scheme, the infrared image sequence can be collected at multiple angles, the identification of the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defect can be realized through the amplitude diagram and the phase diagram obtained by analysis, the aim of effectively detecting the GIS pipeline defect is achieved, and the detection effect of the GIS pipeline defect is obviously improved.
Referring to fig. 3, a specific use process and use principle of the online GIS pipeline defect detection device of the present application are as follows:
the position of the detection device 1 is adjusted according to the position of the GIS pipeline, so that the distances between the flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101 and the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 and the area to be detected are appropriate, the area to be detected can be effectively thermally excited, a good thermal excitation effect can be obtained, and the collected infrared thermal image sequence range is larger than the appropriate distance between the collected infrared thermal image sequence range and the area to be detected; switching on a power supply of the detection device 1, turning on a flash lamp thermal excitation unit 101, and turning on an infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102; according to the actual detection requirement, setting the excitation generation time and frequency of a thermal excitation unit 101 of a flash lamp by using a control system of a computer 2, controlling the energy of the thermal excitation unit 101 of the flash lamp, setting the acquisition frequency and acquisition time of an infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 by using the control system of the computer 2, detecting the detected GIS pipeline by holding a detection device 1 after the parameters are set, and acquiring an infrared thermal image sequence of the GIS pipeline by using the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102; the infrared thermal image acquisition unit 102 transmits the acquired infrared thermal image sequence to a data analysis processing system of the computer 2 for analysis processing, the data analysis processing system analyzes the obtained amplitude thermal image sequence and phase thermal image sequence by using a frequency domain thermal feature imaging method, and compares the obtained amplitude thermal image sequence and phase thermal image sequence with a thermal image sequence of a standard defect-free GIS pipeline according to the change condition of the thermal image sequence so as to judge whether the GIS pipeline has defects; if the GIS pipeline has no defects, the online detection of the GIS pipeline defects is finished, if the GIS pipeline has defects after analysis, the specific positions, depths, sizes and the like of the defects can be accurately found by combining the differential phase spectrum, the defect information is recorded, the power supply of the detection device 1 is turned off, and the detection of the GIS pipeline defects is finished.
The embodiments provided in the present application are only a few examples of the general concept of the present application, and do not limit the scope of the present application. Any other embodiments extended according to the scheme of the present application without inventive efforts will be within the scope of protection of the present application for a person skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a GIS pipeline defect on-line measuring device which characterized in that includes:
the detection device mainly comprises a flash lamp thermal excitation unit and an infrared thermal image acquisition unit, wherein the flash lamp thermal excitation unit is symmetrically arranged at two ends of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit;
a control system in communication with the detection device;
and the data analysis and processing system is in communication connection with the detection device and the control system, and analyzes and processes data by adopting a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method.
2. The GIS pipeline defect online detection device of claim 1, wherein a fixed adjusting device is arranged inside the detection device, and a wire is arranged inside the fixed adjusting device to connect the flash lamp thermal excitation unit and the infrared thermal image acquisition unit.
3. The GIS pipeline defect online detection device of claim 2, wherein at least one handle is arranged on a shell of the detection device.
4. The GIS pipeline defect online detection device of claim 1, wherein the control system is configured to adjust excitation generation time and frequency of the flash lamp thermal excitation unit.
5. The GIS pipeline defect online detection device of claim 1 or 4, wherein the control system is used for adjusting the acquisition frequency and the acquisition time of the infrared thermographic acquisition unit.
6. The GIS pipeline defect online detection device of claim 1, wherein the data analysis processing system is configured to store the dynamic thermographic image acquired by the infrared thermographic acquisition unit as a time sequence thermographic sequence and perform frequency domain analysis on the data.
7. An online GIS pipeline defect detection method, which is characterized in that the online GIS pipeline defect detection device based on any one of claims 1-6 comprises the following steps:
the position of the detection device is relatively adjusted according to the position of the GIS pipeline;
setting excitation generation time and frequency of a thermal excitation unit of the flash lamp through a control system;
setting the acquisition frequency and the acquisition time of the infrared thermal image acquisition unit through a control system;
the infrared thermal image acquisition unit acquires a dynamic thermal image of the GIS pipeline and sends the dynamic thermal image to the data analysis processing system;
the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by adopting a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method, and identifies the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defect.
8. The method for online detecting the GIS pipeline defect according to claim 7, wherein the step of relatively adjusting the position of the detection device according to the GIS pipeline position comprises adjusting the height and the angle of the detection device according to the GIS pipeline position.
9. The online detection method for the GIS pipeline defect according to claim 7, wherein the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by using a frequency domain thermal feature imaging method, and the steps of identifying the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defect specifically comprise the following steps:
converting the collected dynamic thermal imaging graph into a time sequence thermal image sequence;
performing discrete Fourier transform processing on the time sequence heat map sequence to obtain a magnitude heat map sequence and a phase heat map sequence;
performing frequency domain analysis on the amplitude heat map sequence and the phase heat map sequence by adopting a fast Fourier algorithm, and comparing the obtained change condition of the heat map sequence with a heat map sequence of a standard non-defective GIS pipeline to identify whether the GIS pipeline is defective or not;
if the GIS pipeline has defects, the position, the depth and the size of the GIS pipeline defects are calculated and analyzed by combining a frequency domain thermal characteristic imaging method and a differential phase spectrum.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the data analysis processing system analyzes and processes the data by using a frequency domain thermal feature imaging method, and the step of identifying the position, depth and size of the GIS pipeline defect comprises performing frequency domain analysis on the data by using a fast fourier algorithm.
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| CN114002222B (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2024-05-14 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Intelligent flaw detection device, system and method for in-service pipeline |
| CN112484681A (en) * | 2020-11-02 | 2021-03-12 | 中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院 | Crack depth detection method and device |
| CN112484681B (en) * | 2020-11-02 | 2022-04-29 | 中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院 | Crack depth detection method and device |
| CN115602194A (en) * | 2022-12-09 | 2023-01-13 | 东莞先知大数据有限公司（Cn） | Self-adaptive water pipe leakage detection method and device and storage medium |
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