CN110830942A - Building stress balance monitoring system of passive sensor network - Google Patents
Building stress balance monitoring system of passive sensor network Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
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- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
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- G08B5/00—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied
- G08B5/22—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
- G08B5/36—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission using visible light sources
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Abstract
Building stress balance monitoring system of passive sensor network, belong to the information technology field, in order to solve building stress monitoring, the problem that pressure sensor charges more easily, including laying a plurality of nodes in the same building face of building or laying in the holding surface of bridge, the node mainly comprises pressure sensor module, radio frequency signal collection module, the network module is constituteed, building pressure information is gathered and is transmitted to pressure sensor module to the response face of forced induction module, the electric energy that the radio frequency signal collection module provided is received to pressure sensor module, and convert pressure information into data, can pass through the network module and upload the network, the effect is that pressure sensor charges more easily.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of information, and relates to a building stress balance real-time monitoring system based on a passive sensor network.
Background
In the aspect of building safety detection, the X-ray method, the eddy current method, the optical diagnostic method and the like which are originally commonly used in China are used for judging the safety condition of the whole building by detecting a local building, but the detection method has great defects. With the development of information technology, optical fiber communication technology was used later to detect remote buildings. But the area of use and performance of this approach are limited. People have then started to use wireless sensors to install and lay bridge structures to detect their health. However, sensors are arranged in the whole bridge structure, and if the bridge structure is small, the number of sensors to be arranged is large if the bridge structure is large. Many researchers now apply wireless sensors to buildings to detect the information of the buildings at regular time, which improves the accuracy and overall performance of the data compared with some previous methods. However, the conventional wireless sensor is powered by a battery, and once the battery of the sensor has no electricity, the sensor network cannot work. And need consume a large amount of manpower and materials in the battery replacement process in the later stage, a large amount of battery replacement also can cause the waste of environment, and long-time change also causes a large amount of funds waste.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem that a pressure sensor is easier to charge in building stress monitoring, the invention provides a method for receiving electric energy provided by a radio frequency signal acquisition module, charging the pressure sensor through radio frequency without replacing a battery, and more conveniently supplying power, and in order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a building stress balance monitoring system of a passive sensor network comprises a plurality of nodes distributed in the same building surface of a building or a supporting surface of a bridge, wherein the nodes mainly comprise a pressure sensor module, a radio frequency signal acquisition module and a network module, the sensing surface of the pressure sensing module acquires building pressure information and transmits the building pressure information to the pressure sensor module, the pressure sensor module receives electric energy provided by the radio frequency signal acquisition module, the pressure information is converted into data which can be uploaded to the network through the network module, the capacitance of the radio frequency signal acquisition module is smaller than a set threshold value, the pressure sensor module enters a sleep state, the radio frequency signal acquisition module acquires the radio frequency signal and converts the radio frequency signal into electric energy, when the electric energy storage reaches a high set threshold, the pressure sensor module transitions from the sleep state to the active state and is capable of data collection or transmission.
Furthermore, the node is provided with a cobblestone-shaped shell, each module is positioned in the shell, the sensing surface of the pressure sensing module is the top surface of part or all of the cobblestone shell, and the pressure sensing module is connected with the pressure sensor module through the data transmission rod and conducts signal transmission.
Furthermore, the time synchronization method for data transmission between the nodes is executed, so that two adjacent nodes are awakened synchronously, data can be transmitted between the two adjacent nodes, and the data is transmitted between the two adjacent nodes by using the role switching method.
Has the advantages that: the invention makes the pressure monitoring system with passive pressure sensor into 'intelligent pebble' (the shell is in the shape of pebble), and embeds the intelligent pebble in the building to monitor the stress of each building supporting interface in the building and the bridge building in real time, and the system can give an alarm immediately when the stress of a certain area of the building is seriously beyond the stress range, and give an early warning indicator lamp to flash and give an alarm. When the stress of the main supporting interface of the building is monitored in real time, the waste of battery energy of the sensor is reduced, and the quality safety of the building is effectively improved. And all-weather blind-spot-free monitoring can be carried out on the monitoring area. The limitation of the use of the existing sensor in the building is overcome.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a building stress balance monitoring system of a passive sensor network;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of superframe adjustment, where (a) is the frame adjustment when the charge rate of the child node is greater than the parent node, and (b) is the frame adjustment when the charge rate of the child node is less than the parent node;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of superframe extension;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of superframe reduction;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a role switching mechanism, wherein (a) is a data transmission diagram and (b) is a role switching diagram executed by a node in successive work cycles;
FIG. 6 is a node layout diagram in which (a) is a bridge part structural diagram and (b) is a support network layout diagram; (c) is a road surface network layout diagram;
FIG. 7 is a tree network topology routing diagram, wherein (a) is a bearer network routing diagram, (b) a road network routing diagram, (c) a bridge aggregate network routing diagram, (d) an aggregate network routing diagram;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an early warning indicator;
fig. 9 is a flow chart of node information transmission.
1. The intelligent pebble early warning system comprises a pressure sensing module, 2 a data transmission rod, 3 a pressure sensor module, 4 a radio frequency signal acquisition module, 5 an early warning indicator lamp, 6 a pavement node network, 7 a bridge floor, 8 a support node network, 9 a support rod, 10 a capacitor, 11 a power line and 12 an intelligent pebble.
Detailed Description
Embodiment 1 a building stress balance monitoring system of a passive sensor network, comprising a plurality of nodes arranged in the same building surface of a building or in a supporting surface of a bridge, wherein the nodes mainly comprise a pressure sensor module, a radio frequency signal acquisition module and a network module, the sensing surface of the pressure sensing module acquires building pressure information and transmits the building pressure information to the pressure sensor module, the pressure sensor module receives electric energy provided by the radio frequency signal acquisition module, converts the pressure information into data, the data is uploaded to the network through the network module, the electric capacity of the radio frequency signal acquisition module is smaller than a set threshold value, the pressure sensor module enters a sleep state, the radio frequency signal acquisition module acquires radio frequency signals and converts the radio frequency signals into electric energy, when the electric energy storage reaches a high set threshold value, the pressure sensor module is converted from the sleep state into an active state, and carrying out data acquisition or transmission.
Further, the node is provided with a cobblestone-shaped shell, each module is positioned in the shell, and the sensing surface of the pressure sensing module is a partial or whole top surface of the cobblestone shell.
Furthermore, the pressure sensing module is connected with the pressure sensor module through the data transmission rod and performs signal transmission.
Furthermore, the building stress balance monitoring system of the passive sensor network executes a time synchronization method for data transmission between the nodes, so that two adjacent nodes are awakened synchronously, and data can be transmitted between the two adjacent nodes.
Further, the transmission of data between two adjacent nodes uses a role switching method.
As a preferred scheme, it can also be an independent scheme, implementing the method of data transmission between two adjacent nodes, the node data transmission method, through the time synchronization method, awakens two adjacent nodes synchronously, the two adjacent nodes are time synchronized, after awakening, the node judges its data cache, if:
the first situation is as follows: the data cache of the node is smaller than a threshold value, the node is used as a father node role to collect data without transmitting the data, and whether the residual energy of the node can collect the data or not is calculated, so that the data cache is larger than the threshold value;
if the residual energy is not enough to maintain that the data cache is larger than the threshold value, calculating the next time synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent child nodes, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening when the energy of the node is exhausted and enters a sleep state;
if the residual energy is enough to maintain that the data cache is larger than the threshold, calculating the next synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent father node of the node, and if the residual energy can reach that the data cache is larger than the threshold during the awakening, converting the node into a child node role, transmitting the collected data without collecting the data, entering a sleep state when the energy of the node is exhausted, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening;
case two: the data cache of the node is larger than the threshold, the node is used as a child node role to transmit data without collecting the data, and whether the residual energy of the node can transmit the data in the data cache to the data cache is smaller than the threshold is calculated;
if the residual energy is not enough to maintain that the data cache is smaller than the threshold value, calculating the next time synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent father node, entering a sleep state when the energy is exhausted, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening;
if the residual energy is enough to maintain that the data cache is larger than the threshold, calculating the next synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent child node, and if the residual energy can reach that the data cache is smaller than the threshold during the awakening, converting the node into a father node role, collecting data without transmitting the data, entering a sleep state when the energy is exhausted, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening.
As a preferred scheme, it can also be an independent scheme, implementing time synchronization wake-up between two nodes, that is, a time synchronization method: there are two situations between adjacent parent and child nodes: the superframe of the child node is larger than the superframe size of the father node, the superframe size of the father node is larger than the superframe size of the child node, and the adjusting method comprises the following steps: the size of the superframe is changed in one node and kept unchanged in the other node to achieve time synchronization of the two nodes.
Further, the synchronization method for the first case is: when the charging rate of the child node is faster than that of the parent node, the situation that the size of the child superframe is smaller than that of the parent superframe occurs, a beacon message containing information about the superframe time of the parent node is received from the parent node and used for determining the next frame starting time of the parent node, when the beacon message is received, the child node uses the beacon message to adjust the superframe so that the frame starting time of the child superframe is aligned with the starting time of the parent node, a duty cycle is added at the end of the child superframe to expand the child superframe, the child node wakes up and starts to consume preset energy within the expanded duty cycle, then returns to a sleep state and starts to be charged again, the energy at the beginning of the duty cycle is equal to that at the end of the duty cycle, the superframe size between the parent node and the child node is equal, and the node time is synchronized.
Further, the method for calculating the time when the child node wakes up and starts consuming the predetermined energy is as follows: before the child node receives the beacon message, it has passed n x t time in the frame, Tc being the time it takes to consume energy, Tc being calculated as follows: t1 is the time remaining in the current frame, T2 is the sleep time in the duty cycle, T3 is the time occupied by the quadratic duty cycle, T3 is the sum of the times Tc and Th, Tc is the time taken to consume some energy, Th is the time required to collect this energy, the time Tparent for the parent node to start the next frame is the sum of T1 and T2 and T3, i.e., T1 and T2 and T3
T1+T2+T3＝Tparent
Then T1+ T2+ Tc + Th is Tparent formula (1)
The energy consumed during the secondary duty cycle or the adjustment time must be equal to the energy harvested during the same duty cycle, i.e.:
Ec＝Eh，Tc*Rc＝Th*Rh
substituting equation (1) into Th:
the total time spent by the child node in the current superframe is equal to the sum of the time that the child node has spent, the time remaining in the current awake state, and the time required for the child node to fully charge:
t1+ T2+ (n T) ═ Tchild formula (4)
Substituting equation (3) into equation (4) yields:
finishing to obtain:
further, the synchronization method for the second case is: when the charging rate of the child node is slower than that of the father node, the size of the child super frame is larger than that of the father super frame, when the beacon information is received, the child node passes n x t time of the frame and leaves partial energy, the child node can be aligned to the father node only by calculating how long the child node should continue to carry on the current frame, and the child node can be aligned to the father node by contracting the duty ratio of the child node.
Further, a method for calculating how long the child node should continue to the current frame to align itself to the parent node is: t1 is the time that the child node continues to the current frame and consumes energy, T2 is the time it takes for the child node to fully charge, and T1 is calculated as follows:
t1+ T2 Tparent formula (6)
When a beacon message is received from a parent node, the energy remaining in the child node is calculated from the energy it has consumed in the current frame, as represented by:
eleft (effull- (n t) Rc formula (7)
The sum of the consumed and harvested energy and the remaining energy of the child node must be equal to the total charge, i.e.:
eful ═ Eleft- (T1 × Rc1) + (T2 × Rh1) formula (8)
Substituting equation (7) into:
Efull＝{Efull-(n*t)*Rc}-(T1*Rc1)+(T2*Rh1)
T1*Rc1＝(T2*Rh1)-((n*t)*Rc)
substituting equation (6) into, we obtain:
T1*Rc1＝{(Tparent-T1)*Rh1}-((n*t)*Rc)
T1*{Rc1+Rh1}＝(Tparent*Rh1)-((n*t)*Rc)
wherein: n is the period of operation, t is the time per period, Ec is the energy consumed, Eh is the energy harvested, Rh is the energy collection rate, Rc is the energy consumption rate, Eleft is the remaining energy, Efull is the total energy, Tchild is the total time the child node spends in the current superframe, Rc1 is the energy consumption rate of the child node continuing the current frame, and Rh1 is the energy collection rate of the child node continuing the current frame.
As a preferable scheme, it can also be an independent scheme, which can implement role switching of nodes, and when the roles are switched and returned to the original roles, data can be continuously transmitted:
the node sending data is a child node, the node receiving data is to send data from the first node to the third node, the first node must forward the data to the second node, the second node stores the data in a buffer, then the second node transfers the data to the third node as a continuous message stream, the data can only be transferred to one node at a time, the second node has two different roles in data transfer, a father node and a child node;
firstly, the second node is in a father node role and receives a data packet sent by the first node in a child node role;
then, the second node switches the role of the second node into a child node and forwards the data packet to a third node which is used as the role of a father node;
in the process, the second node performs role switching in the process, the second node plays one of two roles at different times according to specific conditions, and the role which the second node needs to play currently is determined according to the size of the buffer area of the second node;
when the buffer space in the second node is free and can receive data from other nodes, the second node plays the role of a parent node and receives the data transmitted by the child node; when the second node's buffer is full and cannot accept more packets, the second node acts as a child node, and the second node, which is a child node, sends data to the parent node to free up buffer space.
Further, when the buffer of the second node reaches 80% of the full capacity, the second node switches from the role of the parent node to the role of the child node; when the buffer of the second node reaches 10% of the full capacity, the second node switches from the child role to the parent role.
Furthermore, when the node serves as a father node, a reference point is fixed on the time dimension, after the node is converted into a child node from the father node, the original child node of the node may wait for communication with the father node, the node needs to record the frame displacement of the node and readjust the node to return to the reference point of the node so as to switch back to the role of the original father node and communicate with the original child node again; the method for calculating the frame displacement comprises the following steps:
the Shift is the displacement of the movement when the child node is converted into the parent node, the Minimum Duty Cycle Time is the Minimum work period, and the Total Frame Shift is the Total adjustment Time;
as a preferred solution, it can also be an independent solution, the method for synchronously transmitting pressure acquisition data of multiple node distribution of a building comprises the following steps:
s1, laying nodes in a building and constructing a network route;
and S2, acquiring the state and energy use information of each node, realizing time synchronization of two adjacent nodes, and transmitting data through role switching.
Further, the method for laying nodes is as follows: the nodes are distributed in the same building surface of a building or a plurality of areas in the supporting surface of the bridge, the nodes are equalized when the nodes are distributed in the same area, and the distances between adjacent nodes are kept consistent; the supporting surface of the bridge comprises a supporting surface of a bridge support and a bridge span road surface, more nodes are distributed on the supporting surface of the bridge support, a region for distributing the nodes is provided with a region for distributing the nodes which is symmetrical with the region, and the node distributing surface is symmetrical as a whole, so that data comparison can be carried out on whether the symmetrical region is in pressure balance or not.
Further, for the bridge to construct the tree-shaped network route, the method comprises the following steps: the name of each node on the route formed by the nodes of the bridge support is formed by the serial number of the support, the support code and the serial number of the node; the bridge is provided with a plurality of bridge supports, a route is formed by road surface nodes between every two adjacent supports, and the name of each node on the route is formed by the serial number of the road surface, the road surface code and the serial number of the node; and (4) forming a large network by all the supports and all the pavements as a graph to form a total route.
Further, the stress of the whole bridge is analyzed through the data transmitted by the network of each bridge support and the road surface, and the nodes transmit the data to the management platform through the route according to the established network route.
Furthermore, the node in a certain network transmits data to the network route, then transmits the data through a father route on the routing network, transmits the data all the way up, and finally transmits the data to the management platform through the sink node and the Internet for analyzing the stress method.
Further, the state of each node is acquired, the states include a sleep/wake-up state and an energy use state, after a network is formed, the nodes need to know information of adjacent nodes and acquire the information by sending information signals, the operation of the nodes is performed in the wake-up state, the nodes in the network have respective data transmission slot numbers, and each operation period can be allocated according to the hop count of the route to perform node data transmission.
The node data transmission method comprises the steps of firstly collecting stress information by a node, then storing the stress information in a local cache, sensing a synchronization period of a neighbor node, judging whether the residual energy of the current node can meet the energy requirement consumed by processing data according to the data size of the node and the distance between the neighbor nodes through time synchronization, and transmitting the node data by using a role conversion method according to whether the data in a cache region reaches a threshold value, wherein the specific transmission method of the node data transmission method is the node data transmission method in the embodiment.
Further comprises a step S3 of carrying out early warning alarm after stress analysis of the bridge, arranging early warning indicator lamp systems at inlets at two ends of the bridge and at two sides of each section of road surface, which mainly comprises an early warning indicator light, a radio frequency signal acquisition module acquires and converts radio frequency signals into electric energy, and is connected with the capacitor through a power line, the electric energy is stored in the capacitor, when the electric quantity of the capacitor is detected to be lower than a certain reserve, the node carries out energy collection, if the electric quantity storage of the capacitor is detected to be full, the node enters a dormant state and does not collect the radio frequency signal, the purpose is that the early warning indicator lamp needs to maintain a stable and longer power supply, so that the radio frequency electric quantity is stored and supplied, the power supply stability can be improved, and the pressure sensor has instantaneity in data acquisition and transmission, and real-time supply can meet the requirements of the pressure sensor. Meanwhile, the early warning indicator lamp system receives an analysis result and warning information of a road network, which are given by the management platform, if the part of the road is overloaded due to stress, the early warning indicator lamp is used for giving a light alarm, the early warning indicator lamp is supported by the supporting rod, the early warning indicator lamp system is connected with the capacitor through a power line, the supporting rod is connected to a shell in which the capacitor is arranged, and the shell is used for supporting the bottom.
Further, the early warning includes:
early warning of a support: at first, the both ends node (optional intelligent cobble) of same support carries out the atress and gathers, through the atress of contrast gathering and the pressure that the support can bear, judge whether the atress bearing transships, if the atress appears overweight, then upload the management end with the overload warning, the early warning pilot lamp at support both ends is bright yellow lamp simultaneously, if lasting atress overload, then the early warning pilot lamp turns red, upload data to the management end simultaneously and handle, other supports if the atress is balanced (in normal range), then bright green lamp.
Road surface early warning: and detecting data on the same section of road surface, if overload occurs on one side or one area of the road surface, turning on yellow lamps by the early warning indicator lamps at two ends of the road surface, if overload continues to be applied, turning on red lamps, and uploading the data to a management end for processing.
Early warning at two ends of the bridge: if a certain section of support or a road surface network is continuously stressed and overloaded, the early warning on the two sides of the bridge head is bright red, a driver can know that the bridge is stressed and overloaded according to the early warning lamp, and then the driver is prohibited to drive into the bridge, so that the danger of bridge damage caused by stress overload is avoided.
Furthermore, the collected data can be used for bridge use prediction, the data uploaded by each support network and each road surface network are stored, the data are analyzed through a big data technology, a stress change diagram of the bridge is obtained, the service life of the bridge can be predicted, and therefore dangerous accidents caused by overlong service life of the bridge can be prevented in advance.
The intelligent pebble network real-time monitoring building stress balance method adopted by the invention can monitor the stress condition and the safety condition of the building in real time. Judging whether the current building is in a normal safe state or not according to the collected stress information, if the stress is unbalanced, namely the lateral surface is excessively stressed, so that the lateral surface exceeds the bearing range, alarming and warning are carried out, and processing is carried out in time, as shown in figure 9. By using the intelligent pebbles, the waste of energy and resources is reduced, the life cycle of the sensor is prolonged, and the method is used for house buildings and bridge buildings, so that the safety of the buildings can be greatly improved.
The passive pressure sensor is made into an intelligent pebble which is embedded in a building to monitor the stress of each building supporting interface in the building and the bridge building in real time, and the system can immediately give an alarm when the stress of a certain area of the building seriously exceeds the stress range of the building and give an early warning indicator lamp to flash to give a warning. When the stress of the main supporting interface of the building is monitored in real time, the waste of battery energy of the sensor is reduced, and the quality safety of the building is effectively improved. And all-weather blind-spot-free monitoring can be carried out on the monitoring area. The limitation of the use of the existing sensor in the building is overcome.
The passive sensor and the data transmission of the passive sensor network are used, and the radio frequency signals in the environment are obtained and converted into electric energy to provide energy for the sensor, so that the waste of funds is reduced. By using the method, the sensor can work all the time, and the life cycle of the sensor network is prolonged. The intelligent pebbles can be embedded into the building in the shape, so that the stress condition of the building can be detected more truly, and the safety condition of the building can be monitored in real time.
The pressure sensor is also called a weighing sensor. The intelligent pebble network has high sensitivity to pressure, and consists of a large number of passive pressure sensors, can acquire the integral stress information of buildings or bridges, and provides data for construction safety in buildings or house quality detection or prediction of the service life of the buildings and the like. The intelligent pebble network can continuously work after data acquisition is carried out in an active state and energy acquisition is carried out in a sleep state. The huge data acquisition and detection potential of the sensor enables the sensor to have a great application prospect in the aspect of detecting the whole stress information of a bridge structure or the safety information of a building, and compared with a traditional battery sensor, the sensor uses a passive sensor module, so that the battery replacement and consumption are reduced, and the maintenance cost is reduced. The hardware principle on which the invention is based is mainly the communication technology of the sensor network. The innovation points of the invention in application are mainly as follows: embedding the intelligent pebbles into a stress interface of a building to acquire stress data; data transmission technology in an intelligent pebble network.
However, it is difficult to synchronize the data transmission between the sensor nodes in terms of time, because the data acquisition rate, the energy acquisition rate, and the energy acquisition time are different between each node. Therefore, problems such as loss in data transmission, collision between nodes, and the like easily occur. In the invention, aiming at the problem in the network, a time synchronization mechanism and a role switching technology are provided to realize data transmission between sensor nodes and improve the accuracy of data transmission.
Example 2: fig. 1 shows an intelligent pebble structure diagram, which is composed of a pressure sensing module, a data transmission rod, a radio frequency signal acquisition module and a pressure sensor module. The pressure sensing module senses pressure information and transmits the pressure information to the pressure sensor module through the data transmission rod, and the pressure sensor module converts and analyzes the pressure information into data by using electric energy provided by the radio frequency signal acquisition module and transmits the data to the routing network through the built-in antenna for processing. When the capacitance is smaller than a certain threshold value, the radio frequency signal acquisition module enters a sleep state to acquire radio frequency signals and convert the radio frequency signals into electric energy, and when the electric energy storage reaches a high threshold value, the radio frequency signal acquisition module is converted from the sleep state to an active state to acquire data.
The following is the core algorithm content of the invention:
the first algorithm, the time synchronization mechanism, divides time into slots, frames, justification time, and superframes. Each frame contains a plurality of slots, each slot being independently transmittable and receivable. The problem that data transmission cannot be carried out between adjacent nodes due to time asynchronism is solved by changing the size of a superframe in one node and keeping the size unchanged in another node. Two situations often occur between adjacent parent-child nodes: one is that the superframe of the child node is larger than the superframe size of the parent node. The other is that the parent node's superframe size is larger than the child node's superframe size.
For the first case, as in fig. 2(a), when the charging rate of the child node is faster than that of the parent node, it may occur that the size of the child superframe is smaller than that of the parent superframe. In this case we will extend the existing superframe by adding another small duty cycle at the end of it, within which the child node will wake up and begin consuming the predetermined energy, then go back to sleep and begin charging again. The energy at the beginning of the duty cycle is ensured to be equal to the energy at the end of the duty cycle, so that the sizes of superframes between parent and child nodes are ensured to be equal, and the nodes can ensure the time synchronization.
The method comprises the following specific steps: it receives a beacon message from the parent node containing information about the parent node's superframe time, which can be used to determine the parent node's next frame start time. Now, the child node uses this information and checks how it adjusts its superframe to align its frame start time with the start time of the parent node. If the parent node's superframe size is larger than its own superframe, it decides to extend its superframe. As shown in fig. 3, n x t times have been passed in the frame before the child node receives the beacon message. T1 is the time remaining in the current frame and T2 is the sleep time in the duty cycle. T3 is the time taken by the secondary duty cycle. T3 is further divided into Tc, which is the time it takes to consume some energy, and Th, which is the time it takes to harvest that energy. We need to calculate the time Tc that the child node consumes energy.
The formula is derived as follows:
the time T3 is the sum of the times Tc and Th, and the time Tparent taken for the parent node to start the next frame is the sum of T1 and T2 and T3, i.e.:
T1+T2+T3＝Tparent
t1+ T2+ Tc + Th as Tparent formula 1
The energy consumed during this secondary duty cycle or adjustment time must be equal to the energy harvested during the same duty cycle, i.e.:
Ec＝Eh，Tc*Rc＝Th*Rh
substituting equation 1 into Th yields:
furthermore, the total time spent by the child node in this superframe is equal to the sum of the time that the child node has spent, the time remaining in the current awake state, and the time required for the child node to fully charge, i.e.:
t1+ T2+ (n T) ═ Tchild formula 4
Substituting equation 3 into equation 4 yields:
and finally, finishing to obtain:
by using equation 5, the child node can align its superframe with the parent node.
For the second case, as shown in fig. 1(b), when the size of the sub-superframe is larger than that of the parent superframe, the size of the frame needs to be reduced to achieve synchronization between the nodes, which is specifically done as follows: in order to align itself with the parent, the child node needs to shrink its duty cycle, as in FIG. 4. Upon receiving the beacon message, a child node has elapsed time n x t of the frame and has left some energy. After leaving this energy, the child node needs to calculate how long it should continue with the current frame to align itself to the parent node. T1 is the time the child continues with the current frame and consumes energy, and T2 is the time it takes for the child to fully charge.
The derivation formula of T1 is as follows:
as can be seen from fig. 4:
t1+ T2 ═ tparen equation 6
Upon receiving the beacon message from the parent node, the energy remaining in the child node (ELeft) may be calculated from the energy it has consumed in the current frame. This can be represented by the following formula:
eleft (eful- (n t) × Rc equation 7
The sum of the consumed and harvested energy and the remaining energy of the child node must be equal to the total charge. Namely:
eful ═ Eleft- (T1 × Rc1) + (T2 × Rh1) formula 8
Substituting equation 7 into:
Efull＝{Efull-(n*t)*Rc}-(T1*Rc1)+(T2*Rh1)
T1*Rc1＝(T2*Rh1)-((n*t)*Rc)
substituting equation 6 into it yields:
T1*Rc1＝{(Tparent-T1)*Rh1}-((n*t)*Rc)
T1*{Rc1+Rh1}＝(Tparent*Rh1)-((n*t)*Rc)
by equation 9, the child node can contract its superframe to align with the parent node.
Wherein: n is the period of operation, t is the time per period, Ec is the energy consumed, Eh is the energy harvested, Rh is the energy collection rate, Rc is the energy consumption rate, Eleft is the remaining energy, Efull is the total energy, Tchild is the total time the child node spends in the current superframe, Rc1 is the energy consumption rate of the child node continuing the current frame, and Rh1 is the energy collection rate of the child node continuing the current frame.
The second algorithm, role switching mechanism: the role switching mechanism is an important improvement, and a node can simultaneously transmit data with lower or higher layer nodes. As shown in fig. 5(a), in order to transmit data from node 4 to node 2, node 4 must forward the data to node 3. Node 3 stores this data in a buffer and then passes it to node 2. This is a continuous stream of messages that can be delivered to a node at a time. Thus, a node must play two different roles, a parent node and a child node. First, node 3 acts as a parent and accepts the packet for node 4, then switches its role to a child and forwards the packet to node 2. In our method, a node can play either of these two roles depending on the particular conditions. The buffer size of a node is used to determine the role that the node needs to play. A node acts as a parent when the buffer space in the node is free and can accept data from other nodes. Likewise, a node will act as a child node when its buffer is full and cannot accept more packets. At this point, the child node needs to send data to the parent node to free up buffer space. The threshold for switching from parent to child role is 80% of full capacity and the threshold for switching from child to parent role is 10% of full capacity. The upper threshold is set to reserve a certain buffer to receive own sensory data, and the lower threshold is set to transmit data to the maximum extent.
The specific conversion is as follows:
fig. 5(b) shows an example of a node performing role switching in four work cycles. At the beginning, a node fixes a reference point in the time dimension when acting as a parent node. The duty cycle shown in the first row is for reference only to demonstrate the shift in duty cycle due to frame shifting. The duty cycle displayed in the second row is the actual duty cycle used by the node. After the node is converted into a child node, the original child node may wait for communication with the node, and at this time, the node needs to record how much its frame has moved, so as to conveniently change the state of the original parent node back to the original child node for communication. In the next figure, in the first two work cycles, the node is in the child node state and two frame shifts are performed to search for the parent node. Thereafter, in task cycle 3, a switch to the parent role is prepared. Now the node needs to calculate the frame displacement it needs in order to readjust itself back to its reference point. The frame displacement is given by equation 10:
shift Duty Cycle Time-Total FrameShifts equation 10
Shift is the displacement of movement when a child node is converted into a parent node, Minimum Duty Cycle Time is the Minimum Duty Cycle Time, and Total Frame Shifts is the Total adjustment Time;
algorithm pseudo code:
initialization E0 ═ 0, T ═ 1, En ═ 0, H ═ 0, Et { }
Setting z (building stress size), Eh (node power supply capacity)
The intelligent pebble is used as a monitoring system, and a method for monitoring in a building is totally divided into three steps, namely node layout in the building, network routing design, time synchronization and data transmission of intelligent pebble nodes and an automatic pressure detection alarm mechanism. Through the design of this structure, effectively solved the circuit in the traditional wired sensor and laid the problem and the extravagant problem of battery in the wireless sensor network. By embedding the intelligent nodes, the real-time stress condition of the whole bridge can be detected more truly, so that a bad event (unbalanced stress or bridge damage) is predicted, an emergency is processed timely, and accidents are avoided.
Step 1: node layout and network routing design in a building:
1.1, node layout: in this part, it is necessary to lay intelligent pebble nodes in the same building surface of the building, the nodes may be inlaid in the building, or the intelligent pebbles are inlaid in the supporting surface of the bridge, the nodes are laid uniformly, the distance between adjacent nodes keeps a certain size, for example, fig. 6(a) is a part of the structure of the bridge, (b) is an intelligent pebble laying diagram of a support in the bridge, (c) is an intelligent pebble laying diagram of a road surface in the bridge, the intelligent pebbles mainly detect the stress of the bridge support and the bridge crossing road surface part, the bridge support is a main supporting point, more intelligent pebble nodes are distributed in the support part of the bridge to obtain the stress condition of the support, the bridge support is divided into a left part and a right part, as shown in fig. 6(b), the same intelligent pebbles are distributed in the left part and the right part, and by analyzing the stress of the two parts, to judge whether the support is stressed in balance. The intelligent pebbles are equally distributed on the bridge-crossing pavement part, and are also divided into a left part and a right part like a support, and in later data acquisition, the stress of the two parts can be acquired to compare the stress of symmetrical positions of the left part and the right part and compare the stress of each node to analyze whether the stress of the bridge is balanced.
1.2, generating a network route: after the nodes are laid, the intelligent pebble nodes need to acquire radio frequency signals to store energy, after the energy storage of the nodes is completed, the node positioning technology is utilized to position the nodes, and then a tree-type network route is constructed. The data transmission process of the intelligent pebble is similar to that of a tree structure, data are transmitted from child nodes to father nodes, the father nodes transmit the data to the management platform, and the tree routing is easy to expand. As shown in fig. 7(a), the routing is composed of intelligent pebble nodes of a bearer, and each node is composed of a bearer number-bearer code-node number, so that which routing is of which bearer in the network can be distinguished, and if a route needs to be added, the node can be added to a child node of the routing network, which is easier to expand. As shown in fig. 7(b), the intelligent pebble node on the road surface forms a route, a bridge is supported by a plurality of supports, a section of road surface is formed between every two supports, the section of road surface forms an intelligent pebble network, the route is established and is formed by the number of the road surface, the road surface code and the number of the node, so that the position of the road surface can be clearly distinguished from the position of the bridge, and the position can be quickly found when a stress warning occurs. And finally, forming a large network by all the supports and all the road surfaces as shown in fig. 7(c), and finally forming a total route as shown in fig. 7(d), and analyzing the stress of the whole bridge through the data transmitted by each network. According to the established network route, the node transmits data to a manager through the route, for example, fig. 7, the node in a certain network transmits the data to the network route, then transmits the data through a father route on the route network, transmits the data all the way up, and finally transmits the data to the management platform through the sink node and the internet, and the management platform processes the data according to the data information.
Step 2:
the part first acquires the state of each node, i.e., sleep/awake state and energy usage information. After the network is formed, the nodes need to know the information of the adjacent nodes and acquire the information by sending out information signals. The operation of the nodes is carried out in an awakening state, the nodes in the network have respective data transmission slot numbers, each operation period is distributed according to the hop count of the route, firstly, the intelligent pebble node collects stress information of the building, then stores the stress information in a local cache, senses the synchronization period of the neighbor nodes, carries out time synchronization through a formula 5 and a formula 9, and then judges whether the consumed energy is larger than the residual energy of the nodes according to the data size of the nodes and the distance between the neighbor nodes. The node then uses the role switching mechanism to transmit data according to the size of the buffer zone.
And step 3:
the working process of the early warning indicator lamp is as follows:
the part is mainly used for early warning and alarming after stress analysis of the bridge, and early warning indicator lamps are arranged at inlets at two ends of the bridge and at positions on two sides of each section of road surface. The early warning indicator light structure is as shown in fig. 8, and is composed of a capacitor, an early warning indicator light and an intelligent pebble, wherein the intelligent pebble in the structure is converted into electric energy through the collection of radio frequency signals and stored in the capacitor, when the electric quantity of the capacitor is detected to be lower than a certain reserve, the energy is collected, otherwise, the intelligent pebble enters a dormant state. And meanwhile, the analysis result given by the management platform and the warning information of the road surface network are received, and if the part of the road surface is overloaded, light alarm is carried out.
Early warning of a support: firstly, the both ends intelligence cobble node of same support is carried out the atress and is gathered, through the atress of contrast collection and the pressure that the support can bear, judge whether the atress bearing transships, if the atress appears overweight, then upload the management end with the overload warning, the early warning pilot lamp at support both ends is bright yellow lamp simultaneously, if lasting atress transships, then the early warning pilot lamp turns red, upload data to the management end simultaneously and handle, other supports if the atress is balanced (in normal range), then bright green lamp.
Road surface early warning: and detecting data on the same section of road surface, if overload occurs on one side or one area of the road surface, turning on yellow lamps by the early warning indicator lamps at two ends of the road surface, if overload continues to be applied, turning on red lamps, and uploading the data to a management end for processing.
Early warning at two ends of the bridge: if a certain section of support or a road surface network is continuously stressed and overloaded, the early warning on the two sides of the bridge head is bright red, a driver can know that the bridge is stressed and overloaded according to the early warning lamp, and then the driver is prohibited to drive into the bridge, so that the danger of bridge damage caused by stress overload is avoided.
And (3) bridge use prediction, wherein data uploaded by each support network and each road surface network are stored, the data are analyzed through a big data technology to obtain a stress change diagram of the bridge, and the service life of the bridge can be predicted, so that dangerous accidents caused by overlong service life of the bridge can be prevented in advance.
The intelligent pebble network real-time monitoring building stress balance method adopted by the invention can monitor the stress condition and the safety condition of the building in real time. Judging whether the current building is in a normal safe state or not according to the collected stress information, if the stress is unbalanced, namely the lateral surface is excessively stressed, so that the lateral surface exceeds the bearing range, alarming and warning are carried out, and processing is carried out in time, as shown in figure 9. By using the intelligent pebbles, the waste of energy and resources is reduced, the life cycle of the sensor is prolonged, and the method is used for house buildings and bridge buildings, so that the safety of the buildings can be greatly improved.
The above description is only for the purpose of creating a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can substitute or change the technical solution and the inventive concept of the present invention within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A building stress balance monitoring system of a passive sensor network is characterized by comprising a plurality of nodes distributed in the same building surface of a building or a supporting surface of a bridge, wherein the nodes mainly comprise a pressure sensor module, a radio frequency signal acquisition module and a network module, the sensing surface of the pressure sensing module acquires building pressure information and transmits the building pressure information to the pressure sensor module, the pressure sensor module receives electric energy provided by the radio frequency signal acquisition module, the pressure information is converted into data which can be uploaded to the network through the network module, the capacitance of the radio frequency signal acquisition module is smaller than a set threshold value, the pressure sensor module enters a sleep state, the radio frequency signal acquisition module acquires the radio frequency signal and converts the radio frequency signal into electric energy, when the electric energy storage reaches a high set threshold, the pressure sensor module transitions from the sleep state to the active state and is capable of data collection or transmission.
2. The system for monitoring stress balance of building with passive sensor network as claimed in claim 1, wherein said node has a pebble-shaped housing, each module is located in the housing, and the sensing surface of the pressure sensing module is the top surface of part or all of the pebble housing, and the pressure sensing module and the pressure sensor module are connected through a data transmission rod and transmit signals.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the time synchronization method for data transmission between nodes is performed, so that two adjacent nodes are awakened synchronously and data can be transmitted between the two adjacent nodes, and the data transmission between the two adjacent nodes is performed by using a role switching method.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the two nodes implement data transmission based on: through the time synchronization method, two adjacent nodes are awakened synchronously, the two adjacent nodes are synchronized in time, after the two adjacent nodes are awakened, the nodes judge the data cache of the two adjacent nodes, and if:
the first situation is as follows: the data cache of the node is smaller than a threshold value, the node is used as a father node role to collect data without transmitting the data, and whether the residual energy of the node can collect the data or not is calculated, so that the data cache is larger than the threshold value;
A. if the residual energy is not enough to maintain that the data cache is larger than the threshold value, calculating the next time synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent child nodes, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening when the energy of the node is exhausted and enters a sleep state; if the residual energy is enough to maintain that the data cache is larger than the threshold, calculating the next synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent father node of the node, and if the residual energy can reach that the data cache is larger than the threshold during the awakening, converting the node into a child node role, transmitting the collected data without collecting the data, entering a sleep state when the energy of the node is exhausted, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening;
case two: the data cache of the node is larger than the threshold, the node is used as a child node role to transmit data without collecting the data, and whether the residual energy of the node can transmit the data in the data cache to the data cache is smaller than the threshold is calculated;
if the residual energy is not enough to maintain that the data cache is smaller than the threshold value, calculating the next time synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent father node, entering a sleep state when the energy is exhausted, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening;
if the residual energy is enough to maintain that the data cache is larger than the threshold, calculating the next synchronous awakening time of the node and the adjacent child node, and if the residual energy can reach that the data cache is smaller than the threshold during the awakening, converting the node into a father node role, collecting data without transmitting the data, entering a sleep state when the energy is exhausted, and waiting for the next time synchronous awakening.
5. The system for monitoring the stress balance of a building with a passive sensor network as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein the time synchronization method is as follows: there are two situations between adjacent parent and child nodes: the superframe size of the child node is larger than that of the parent node, the superframe size of the parent node is larger than that of the child node, and the adjusting method comprises the following steps: the size of the superframe is changed in one node and kept unchanged in the other node to achieve time synchronization of the two nodes.
6. The building stress balance monitoring system of the passive sensor network of claim 5, wherein the synchronization method for the first case is: when the charging rate of the child node is faster than that of the parent node, it may occur that the size of the child superframe is smaller than that of the parent superframe, a beacon message containing information about the superframe time of the parent node is received from the parent node to determine the next frame start time of the parent node, upon receiving the beacon message, the child node adjusts its superframe using the beacon message so that its frame start time is aligned with the start time of the parent node, adds a duty cycle at the end of the child superframe to extend it, within this extended duty cycle, the child node wakes up and starts to consume a predetermined amount of energy, then returns to a sleep state and starts to charge again so that the energy at the start of the duty cycle is equal to the energy at the end of the duty cycleQuantity, superframe size between parent and child nodes is equal, and node time is synchronous; the method for calculating the time when the child node wakes up and starts consuming the predetermined energy is as follows: n x T times have been passed in the frame before the child node receives the beacon message, Tc being the time it takes to consume energy, n being the period of operation, T being the time of each period, TcThe calculation method of (2) is as follows: t1 is the time remaining in the current frame, T2 is the sleep time in the duty cycle, T3 is the time occupied by the quadratic duty cycle, T3 is time TcAnd sum of Th, TcIs the time it takes to consume some energy, Th is the time required to collect this energy, and the time Tparent for the parent node to start the next frame is the sum of T1 and T2 and T3, i.e.
T1+T2+T3＝Tparent
Then T1+ T2+ Tc + Th Tparent formula (1)
The energy consumed during the secondary duty cycle or the adjustment time must be equal to the energy harvested during the same duty cycle,
namely: ec ═ Eh, Tc ═ Rc ═ Th ═ Rh
EcIs the energy consumed, Eh is the energy harvested, Rh is the energy harvesting rate, RcIs the rate of energy consumption;
substituting equation (1) into Th:
the total time spent by the child node in the current superframe is equal to the sum of the time that the child node has spent, the time remaining in the current awake state, and the time required for the child node to fully charge:
t1+ T2+ (n T) ═ Tchild formula (4)
Substituting equation (3) into equation (4) yields:
finishing to obtain:
7. the building stress balance monitoring system of a passive sensor network of claim 6, wherein the synchronization method for the second case is: when the charging rate of the child node is slower than that of the father node, the size of the child super frame is larger than that of the father super frame, when the beacon information is received, the child node passes n x t time of the frame and leaves partial energy, the child node can be aligned to the father node only by calculating how long the child node should continue to carry on the current frame, and the child node can be aligned with the father node by contracting the duty ratio of the child node; the method for calculating how long the child node should continue to the current frame to align itself to the parent node is as follows: t1 is the time that the child node continues to the current frame and consumes energy, T2 is the time it takes for the child node to fully charge, and T1 is calculated as follows:
t1+ T2 Tparent formula (6)
When receiving a beacon message from a parent node, the energy remaining in the child node is calculated from the energy it has consumed in the current frame, Eleft is the remaining energy, Efull is the total energy, and is represented by the following equation:
eleft (effull- (n t) Rc formula (7)
The sum of the consumed and harvested energy and the remaining energy of the child node must be equal to the total charge, i.e.:
eful ═ Eleft- (T1 × Rc1) + (T2 × Rh1) formula (8)
Substituting equation (7) into:
Efull＝{Efull-(n*t)*Rc}-(T1*Rc1)+(T2*Rh1)
T1*Rc1＝(T2*Rh1)-((n*t)*Rc)
substituting equation (6) into, we obtain:
T1*Rc1＝{(Tparent-T1)*Rh1}-((n*t)*Rc)
T1*{Rc1+Rh1}＝(Tparent*Rh1)-((n*t)*Rc)
rc1 energy consumption rate of child node continuing current frame, Rh 1: the child node continues the energy collection rate of the current frame.
8. The system for monitoring the stress balance of a building with a passive sensor network as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein the role switching method comprises: the node sending data is a child node, the node receiving data is to send data from the first node to the third node, the first node must forward the data to the second node, the second node stores the data in a buffer, then the second node transfers the data to the third node as a continuous message stream, the data can only be transferred to one node at a time, the second node has two different roles in data transfer, a father node and a child node; firstly, the second node is in a father node role and receives a data packet sent by the first node in a child node role; then, the second node switches the role of the second node into a child node and forwards the data packet to a third node which is used as the role of a father node; in the process, the second node performs role switching in the process, the second node plays one of two roles at different times according to specific conditions, and the role which the second node needs to play currently is determined according to the size of the buffer area of the second node; when the buffer space in the second node is free and can receive data from other nodes, the second node plays the role of a parent node and receives the data transmitted by the child node; when the second node's buffer is full and cannot accept more packets, the second node acts as a child node, and the second node, which is a child node, sends data to the parent node to free up buffer space.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the node initially fixes a reference point in the time dimension when acting as a parent node, and after the node is converted from a parent node to a child node, the original child node of the node may wait to communicate with the node, and the node needs to record its frame displacement, readjust itself to return to its reference point, switch back to the original parent node's role, and communicate with the original child node again;
the method for calculating the frame displacement comprises the following steps:
Shift＝Minimum Duty Cycle Time-Total Frame Shifts
shift is the displacement of movement when a child node transitions to a parent node, Minimum Duty Cycle Time is the Minimum Duty Cycle Time, and Total Frame Shift is the Total adjustment Time.
10. A synchronous transmission method of pressure acquisition data of building multi-node distribution is characterized in that: a building stress balance monitoring system of the passive sensor network of any of claims 1-9 as the node; the method comprises the following steps:
s1, laying nodes in a building and constructing a network route;
s2, acquiring the state and energy use information of each node, realizing time synchronization of two adjacent nodes, and transmitting data through role switching;
s3, performing early warning and alarming after the stress of the bridge is analyzed;
wherein:
the method for laying the nodes comprises the following steps: the nodes are distributed in the same building surface of a building or a plurality of areas in the supporting surface of the bridge, the nodes are equalized when the nodes are distributed in the same area, and the distances between adjacent nodes are kept consistent; the supporting surface of the bridge comprises a supporting surface of a bridge support and a bridge span road surface, the supporting surface of the bridge support is distributed with more nodes, a region for laying the nodes is provided with a region for laying the nodes which is symmetrical with the region, and the node laying surface is symmetrical as a whole, so that data comparison can be carried out on whether the symmetrical region is in pressure balance or not;
the method for constructing the tree-shaped network route for the bridge comprises the following steps: the name of each node on the route formed by the nodes of the bridge support is formed by the serial number of the support, the support code and the serial number of the node; the bridge is provided with a plurality of bridge supports, a route is formed by road surface nodes between every two adjacent supports, and the name of each node on the route is formed by the serial number of the road surface, the road surface code and the serial number of the node; forming a large network such as a graph by all the supports and all the pavements to form a total route;
the method for acquiring the state and energy use information of each node comprises the following steps: acquiring the state of each node, wherein the state comprises a sleep/wake-up state and an energy use state, after a network is formed, the nodes need to know the information of adjacent nodes and acquire the information by sending information signals, the operation of the nodes is performed in the wake-up state, the nodes in the network have respective data transmission slot numbers, and each operation period can be distributed according to the hop count of the route to perform node data transmission;
firstly, acquiring stress information by a node, then storing the stress information into a local cache, sensing a synchronization period of a neighbor node, judging whether the residual energy of the current node can meet the energy requirement consumed by processing data according to the data size of the node and the distance between the neighbor nodes through time synchronization, and transmitting the node data by using a role conversion method according to whether the data in a cache region reaches a threshold value;
the method for carrying out early warning and alarming after the stress analysis of the bridge comprises the following steps: the early warning indicator lamp system is mainly composed of early warning indicator lamps, capacitors and a radio frequency signal acquisition module, the radio frequency signal acquisition module acquires radio frequency signals and converts the radio frequency signals into electric energy, the electric energy is stored in the capacitors through power lines and is connected with the capacitors, when the electric quantity of the capacitors is detected to be lower than a certain storage quantity, the nodes acquire energy, and if the electric quantity storage quantity of the capacitors is detected to be full, the nodes enter a dormant state and do not acquire the radio frequency signals, the early warning indicator lamp system receives an analysis result given by a management platform and warning information of a road network, and if the part of the road is overloaded, light warning is performed.
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