CN110741767A - Method for printing and sowing non-heading Chinese cabbages - Google Patents
Method for printing and sowing non-heading Chinese cabbages Download PDFInfo
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- CN110741767A CN110741767A CN201911138942.5A CN201911138942A CN110741767A CN 110741767 A CN110741767 A CN 110741767A CN 201911138942 A CN201911138942 A CN 201911138942A CN 110741767 A CN110741767 A CN 110741767A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/04—Arranging seed on carriers, e.g. on tapes, on cords ; Carrier compositions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for printing and sowing non-heading Chinese cabbages, which comprises the steps of land preparation, selection of sowing paper materials, seed orientation, sowing density, sowing paper printing roller parameters, a field covering mode and sowing paper sowing implementation. The method effectively solves the problems of difficulty in uniformly sowing the non-heading Chinese cabbages, serious seed waste, low emergence rate, high water and fertilizer consumption, poor product appearance and commodity, time and labor waste, high cost and serious mechanical harvesting waste, realizes uniform sowing of the non-heading Chinese cabbages, and improves the emergence rate of the seeds, the appearance commodity of the non-heading Chinese cabbages and the mechanical harvesting adaptability; the yield and the quality of the non-heading Chinese cabbage are greatly improved; the growth cycle is shortened, and the disease and insect disasters are effectively prevented; the water and fertilizer consumption and the production cost are reduced, and the damage and the waste in mechanical harvesting are reduced; the method realizes the harmless environment in the whole process, is environment-friendly and pollution-free, is suitable for mechanized management, and can be popularized and applied to the cultivation and industrial production of the non-heading Chinese cabbages in a large scale.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivation, and relates to a cultivation method capable of realizing uniform sowing and mechanical harvesting of non-heading Chinese cabbages.
Background
The Chinese cabbage without head forming is also called as pakchoi, green vegetable and the like, originates from China, is one of the favorite vegetables of the public, and occupies high production and consumption proportion in China. Chinese cabbage is rich in vitamins, proteins, trace elements and the like, and is an important component of human diet and indispensable life necessities.
The seeds of the non-heading Chinese cabbage are small and are usually sown by a broadcast sowing mode. The uniform sowing is difficult to realize during the sowing, the seed waste is easy to cause, the emergence rate is low, the uniformity is not high, the growth vigor of plants is not uniform, and the appearance and the commodity of the Chinese cabbage product are directly influenced. The growth period of the pakchoi is short, the cultivation density is high, the water and fertilizer consumption is high, the soil fertility is uneven and the soil is salinized easily due to long-term excessive fertilization, and the soil fertility is continuously reduced. In addition, the batch harvesting of the pakchoi and the product grading take time and labor, and the labor and labor cost are greatly increased. The method of seedling raising and transplanting is adopted, the labor amount of manual assistance is large, and the transplanting efficiency is low. In addition to manual broadcast sowing, the pakchoi can also adopt mechanical direct sowing, but is generally limited to small and large vegetables. In addition, when the non-heading Chinese cabbage is sowed by a sowing machine, the actual sowing amount is about 1.5 times of the designed sowing amount to ensure the seedling rate, the seed consumption waste phenomenon is very serious, and the seed leakage and the heavy seed are very common. Therefore, the increasing demand of the mechanized cultivation and uniform sowing technology of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is an important problem that the non-heading Chinese cabbage needs to be considered for cultivation.
The final aims of the cultivation management of the non-heading Chinese cabbages are to reduce the consumption of water and fertilizer, shorten the growth period, control diseases and insect disasters, improve the yield and quality, adapt to mechanical management, meet the market supply and demand and the like. The emphasis is on improving the production efficiency, i.e., yield and quality. Among the factors influencing the yield, the harvesting efficiency is also one of the keys, and particularly, when a leaf vegetable harvester is used for mechanical harvesting, the phenomenon of damage or waste to the non-heading Chinese cabbages is easily caused. Therefore, the adaptability to mechanical management is also one of the cultivation targets. For the non-heading Chinese cabbages, the cutting position is close to the upper part, the non-heading Chinese cabbages are scattered into small parts, and the economic value of lower true leaves is greatly reduced; the cutting position is lower, which is easy to bring roots and affects the appearance of product organs. Starting from the old leaves with economic value, the leaves are upward to the nearest true leaf and downward to the cotyledon, and the sum of the vertical distances of the two leaves is the fault-tolerant cutting distance (figure 5) for measuring the fault-tolerant rate of mechanized harvesting. The method can improve the fault-tolerant cutting process of plants and greatly improve the commodity of the non-heading Chinese cabbages. In addition, the problem that the hypocotyl is shortened and the fault-tolerant cutting process is low due to low night temperature can be solved by properly increasing the night temperature, and the commodity of mechanical harvesting is further improved.
The higher the uniformity of the crop group, the simpler the mechanized management and the higher the marketability after harvesting. The biggest factor of whether the non-heading Chinese cabbage is suitable for mechanical harvesting is the fault-tolerant cutting distance. Practice shows that the longer the fault-tolerant cutting process of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is, the smaller the damage effect of mechanical harvesting on the integrity of the Chinese cabbage is. Therefore, the reasonable balance of the length of the stem of the non-heading Chinese cabbage and the improvement of the uniformity have important significance for ensuring the mechanical harvesting and improving the product quality.
In the whole agricultural mechanized operation process, the printing and seeding can soften the link of the death during the mechanical operation, so that the mechanized operation is easier to control. However, because the non-heading Chinese cabbage seeds are small, the space occupied by the printed seeding paper is small, different factors can have important influence, the problems of difficulty in uniform seeding, missing seeding in mechanical seeding, heavy seeding, small fault-tolerant cutting distance, high difficulty in mechanical implementation and the like easily occur, and how to solve the problem that the printed seeding technology has important significance in the cultivation of the non-heading Chinese cabbage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an efficient cultivation technology for printing and sowing non-heading Chinese cabbages, which is used for solving the problems of difficulty in uniformly sowing the non-heading Chinese cabbages, serious seed waste, low emergence rate, high water and fertilizer consumption, poor product appearance and commodity, time and labor waste, high cost, unsuitability for mechanized management and the like, so that the appearance commodity and mechanized harvesting adaptability of the non-heading Chinese cabbages are improved, the soil fertility is balanced, the soil utilization efficiency is improved, and plant diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented and controlled.
The object of the invention can be achieved by the following measures:
the invention discloses a method for printing and sowing non-heading Chinese cabbages, which comprises the steps of land preparation, selection of sowing paper materials, seed orientation, sowing density, sowing paper printing roller parameters, a field covering mode and sowing paper sowing implementation.
In a specific embodiment, the specific implementation method provided by the present invention is:
a method for printing and sowing non-heading Chinese cabbage comprises the following steps:
step (1): removing large soil blocks of cultivation medium (soil or matrix, etc.), raking, wetting, compacting, and leveling bed surface;
step (2): printing the rough surface seeding paper by using a printing roller, covering the rough surface seeding paper on the surface of a cultivation medium (soil or a matrix and the like) in a mode that a seed surface faces downwards, and immediately irrigating for 3-4 hours by using a sprinkling irrigation facility;
and (3): covering the seeding paper with a single-layer or double-layer white insect-proof net;
and (4): after sowing, each day is respectively sprayed for 0.5-1.5 hours in the morning and at night for 6-10 days;
and (5): after the non-heading Chinese cabbage seedlings emerge, the white insect-proof net and the seeding paper are firstly lifted, and then the management is carried out according to the routine.
According to the method, the large soil blocks of the cultivation medium (soil or matrix and the like) are removed in the step (1), the existence of the large soil blocks easily causes uneven furrow surfaces, the printed seeding paper is paved on the soil surface, gaps exist between the soil and the paper, the volume of the non-heading Chinese cabbage seeds is small, and the negative effect is large. The land should be leveled after watering, if the gap is too large, the phenomenon of hanging seeds can be caused, the rooting of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is directly influenced, and the emergence rate and the survival rate of the Chinese cabbage are reduced.
In the invention, the proper wetting in the step (1) refers to keeping the cultivation medium moist and non-sticky, and the method can ensure that the seeds absorb moisture after sowing and the imbibition effect is generated more quickly so as to realize seedling emergence. If the excessive fruit water drenching leads to the soil to take viscidity after too moist, can influence the normal use of printing seeding cylinder.
The fine raking, the wetting mode, the compacting and the leveling of the ridge surface in the step (1) of the invention can be carried out according to the conventional methods in the field.
The method of printing the matte seeding paper using the printing cylinder in step (2) of the present invention may be a method conventional in the art. In one embodiment, the matt seeding paper has a width of 0.5-0.8 m and a seed fixing density of 1000-1800 grains/m2. The specific seed fixation density of the non-heading Chinese cabbage with vegetable seedlings as harvesting forms varies with regions or sowing periods, and the sowing density of the Chinese cabbage in spring and autumn commonly used in Jianghe, Zhejiang, Shanghai province is 1000-1800 grains/m2. In a preferred embodiment, the seed fixing density on the paper is 1500-1700 grains/m2. If the Chinese little greens are sowed thinly, indexes such as the net weight and the like of the single plant leaf can be increased, and the single seedling is stronger, but for the whole, the leaf area index can be reduced, the land and sunlight utilization rate can be reduced, and meanwhile, the plant height, the stem and the yield can be reduced; if the Chinese little greens are sowed densely, the yield can be improved, but the growth space of the plants is too small, the ventilation and the illumination of the single plant can be reduced, the risk of disease and insect pest outbreak is improved, and the quality is influenced. In a specific embodiment, the preferred grain/m of the invention is 1600 grains/m2The plant seeding density is the paper seed fixation density.
According to the invention, in the step (2), the row spacing of plants can be fixed by controlling the aperture and the hole spacing of the printing roller, and a uniform and tidy plant square matrix is formed on the furrow surface. The existing printing roller template in the market at present is designed into two specifications mainly because the seeding paper used at present is generally large, the combination of the aperture and the pitch of the roller does not meet the normal cultivation requirement of the non-heading Chinese cabbage, and the inventor finds that if the seed fixation condition of the paper surface is calculated, the seed fixation condition is calculatedThe density is more than 10000 grains/m2Far exceeds 500-2000 grains/m used by the non-heading Chinese cabbage2This will result in a great amount of waste of non-heading Chinese cabbage seeds. If the aperture of the roller template used for the printing and sowing of the non-heading Chinese cabbages is smaller than 1.0mm, the fixed seeds are easy to fall off, so that the cavitation phenomenon is caused; if the pore diameter is larger than 1.5mm, more than 3 seeds may be fixed in each hole. In order to overcome the problems, the diameter of the roller adopted by the invention is 1.0-1.5 mm, and the pitch of the holes is 30-40 mm; in a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the roller used in the invention is 1.1 mm-1.4 mm, and the pitch of the holes is 30-40 mm. For better avoidance of waste, the two specifications of combination A (aperture 1.1mm, aperture 30mm) and combination B (aperture 1.1mm, aperture 30mm) are preferred.
According to the method, the rough-surface and strong-hydrophilicity matte paper used in the step (2) has the adhesive dot fixing capacity which is obviously higher than that of the glossy paper. The fixing glue is conventional water-soluble glue, and after the fixing glue is printed on a paper surface, the diffusion speed of the fixing glue on the rough surface paper is higher than that of the glossy surface paper. And the rough surface paper is folded, the surface area of the formed glue dots is larger, and the number of the fixed seeds is more. In addition, the rough surface paper is more easily decomposed by microorganisms due to strong hydrophilicity, and the heat released in the decomposition process promotes the soil surface to be heated, so that the rough surface paper has certain closeness, but the circulation of water-fertilizer air organisms can be slowed down. The paper has strong hydrophilicity, so that on one hand, the paper can lock water, so that a higher humidity environment can be kept near the seeds, and the germination accelerating effect is facilitated; on the other hand, the expansibility of the paper after soaking is enhanced, so that the paper surface can be better attached to the soil surface, and the seed suspension effect can be reduced even if the soil surface is not flat. Therefore, the capacity of fixing seeds by the rough surface paper is stronger, and the method is more suitable for printing and sowing the non-heading Chinese cabbage.
In a preferred embodiment, the seeds are faced down in step (2) of the present invention, and the seeding paper is not covered with soil. When the seeds face upwards, the shells of the seeds are fixed by glue, partial young roots broken by the seeds grow upwards, the roots of the young roots cannot be contacted with soil in a short time due to the geotropism, and the young roots of the non-heading Chinese cabbage cannot penetrate through the paper surface easily, so that the young roots are exposed to air for a too long time, and particularly, the young roots are extremely easy to die in a high-temperature environment with strong sunlight. Even if partial seedlings exist, the main roots of the seedlings are still above the soil, the roots penetrating through the paper surface are only a few of lateral roots, the seedlings of the non-heading Chinese cabbages are in the seedling stage, water and fertilizer absorption mainly depends on the main roots, and under the condition, the main roots cannot play the role of the roots, although the plants can survive, the following poor growth and the growth period delay can be caused due to insufficient nutrition in the early stage. In addition, the seeding paper is not covered with soil, on one hand, the seeds are complicated in the process of thin soil, the principle of printing and seeding simplicity is violated, and on the other hand, the soil covering of the seeding paper can cause local high temperature to inhibit seed germination or seedling growth.
According to the method, a conventional sprinkling irrigation method can be adopted for sprinkling irrigation in the step (2), a high-humidity environment can be created by adopting the sprinkling irrigation, and the phenomenon that water accumulation or paper drying is caused due to unbalanced sprinkling on the ridge surface and the germination uniformity of seeds is influenced is avoided. Compared with common broadcast sowing and mechanical direct sowing, the method saves water by more than 30 percent.
According to the invention, the white insect-proof net is added in the step (3) as a ground cover, so that the air-permeable and insect-proof effects are achieved, the temperature and humidity of the soil surface can be adjusted, the phenomenon of 'sultriness' in summer cultivation and the phenomenon of 'ground sweeping' in winter facility cultivation are avoided, and the seedlings are prevented from being subjected to heat damage and cold damage. When the non-heading Chinese cabbage is covered in the early seedling stage, the sowing paper is pressed by the weight of the non-heading Chinese cabbage, so that the sowing paper is more tightly attached to the surface of soil (or a matrix), the suspension effect of seeds is weakened, and the survival of the seedlings of the seeds is facilitated. In a preferred embodiment, a single layer of white insect net is used in the present invention, and the inventors have found that a single layer of white insect net is more suitable for its weight.
In another embodiment, it is preferable that the sowing paper is covered with a single layer of white insect-proof net in step (3) of the present invention when spring, summer and autumn, and covered with a double layer of white insect-proof net when winter is used. Compared with a double-layer insect-proof net, the single-layer white insect-proof net has a better effect of improving the emergence rate of the non-heading Chinese cabbages in spring, summer and autumn. The temperature is lower in winter, and the growth cycle of non-heading Chinese cabbage in winter is longer than other periods of sowing, and is mostly rainy, snowy and rainy days in this period, so the effect of adding ground covering on the effects of heat preservation, moisture preservation and soil moisture preservation is amplified, meanwhile, the fault-tolerant cutting distance of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is increased, the Chinese cabbage is not easy to scatter during harvesting, and the mechanical harvesting is more suitable. Therefore, the double-layer white insect-proof net has better effect of improving the emergence rate of the non-heading Chinese cabbage.
In the invention, the specification of the white insect-proof net in the step (3) is 15-40 meshes, and the optimal specification is 20 meshes.
According to the invention, the sprinkling irrigation is used in the step (4), the uniform watering is realized, a high-humidity environment is created, the seeding paper is favorably attached to the surface of the cultivation medium better, the water consumption is saved, and the phenomenon that the local area of the paper surface is accumulated with water or is dry due to the uneven watering to influence the germination uniformity of seeds is avoided.
In the invention, the time for opening the white insect-proof net and the sowing paper in the step (5) is preferably 7-10 days after the cotyledon is completely unfolded or when the seedling of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is 2cm high. The inventor finds that the seedling of the non-heading Chinese cabbage cannot break through the paper surface due to the non-sharp structure of the seedling, and the paper is lifted for several days after the seedling emergence to be beneficial to the development of the seedling.
In the invention, when the seeding paper is lifted in the step (5), the speed cannot be too high so as to avoid damaging the seedlings due to too large amplitude, and the paper lifting speed is generally 0.2-0.5 m/s. Only the seed shells are retained on the seeding paper surface at this time.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method, the seed fixation condition and the field emergence rate are measured through investigation, and the paper quality, the seed orientation and the field coverage mode are determined; designing a proper combination of the aperture and the pitch of the roller for printing and sowing the non-heading Chinese cabbages; verifying whether the combination of the aperture and the pitch of the printing roller is suitable for the printing and sowing of the non-heading Chinese cabbages; screening out the influence of different covering modes on the emergence and growth of the non-heading Chinese cabbage under the condition of printing and sowing under the substrate cultivation condition; and finally, integrating and optimizing the tests, screening out an optimal single technology for optimization test, and providing a set of non-heading Chinese cabbage printing and sowing technical system with popularization and application potential, so that technical basis is provided for fundamentally solving the problems of difficulty in uniformly sowing the non-heading Chinese cabbages, serious seed waste, low emergence rate, water and fertilizer consumption, poor product appearance and commodity performance, high time and labor consumption, high cost, inapplicability to mechanical harvesting and the like, the uniformity, the product appearance and the commodity performance of the Chinese cabbages are greatly improved, the seed consumption, the water and fertilizer and a large amount of manpower and material resources are saved, the efficiency of mechanical harvesting is increased, and the cultivation effect and the economic benefit of the non-heading Chinese cabbages are improved. The advantages of the method of the invention can be summarized as follows:
1. uniform sowing is realized, the product uniformity of the non-heading Chinese cabbages is improved, the product appearance and commodity are improved, and the selling price is increased by 3.5-10 times;
2. the growth cycle is shortened, and the harvest can be carried out for 10 days in advance to the maximum;
3. the emergence rate is improved by more than 15 percent;
4. the dosage is reduced by more than 50 percent;
5. the water and fertilizer consumption is reduced, and the supply of irrigation water and fertilizer exceeding 1/3 is reduced;
6. the yield is improved by 40 percent at most;
7. the fault-tolerant cutting process is increased, the scattering, damage and waste in the mechanical harvesting are reduced, and the harvesting efficiency and the yield of product organs are improved;
8. the product quality is improved, the content of soluble sugar, the content of vitamin C and the content of soluble protein are obviously increased, and the content of nitrate is obviously reduced;
9. the labor cost is greatly reduced, and the machine management is adapted;
10. the degradable seeding paper is used, the insect-proof net can be recycled, the environment is protected, and the pollution to the environment is less:
11. is beneficial to timely discovering, preventing and controlling the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests.
Drawings
FIG. 1 different seeding paper seed setting conditions;
FIG. 2 shows the appearance of non-heading Chinese cabbage seedling emergence in different covering modes (autumn);
wherein: a: combination a (no overlay); b: combination B (no overlay); CK: sowing mixed soil; r: strip-type broadcasting; b1: covering a single-layer black sunshade net; b2: covering a double-layer black sunshade net; w1: covering a single-layer white insect-proof net; w2: covering a double-layer white insect-proof net;
FIG. 3 shows the field performance of different optimized systems for the printing and sowing of non-heading Chinese cabbage;
wherein: CK: sowing mixed soil; t1: combining A + single-layer white insect-proof net; t2: combining A + double-layer white insect-proof net; t3: b + single-layer white insect-proof net is combined; t4: combining B + double-layer white insect-proof nets;
FIG. 4 shows the inter-hole seed suspension effect;
FIG. 5 is a fault-tolerant cut-off for different cultivation methods.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated in detail by the following examples, but the content of the present invention is not limited thereto, and reagents used in the present invention or methods used therein are conventional in the art if not specifically described.
Example 1:
taking non-heading Chinese cabbage as 'green basket' as experimental material, printing plain paper and facial paper with rice printing roller (aperture 2.00mm, hole distance 14.00mm), fixing two kinds of seeding paper width at 0.6m, cutting into rectangle with length of 1m, i.e. area of each paper is 0.6m2. The test uses a random block method to set 8 treatments: the rough paper, the seeds face upwards and the paper is not covered with soil (T1); the rough paper, the seeds face upwards and the paper surface are covered with soil (T2); the rough paper, the seed surface and the paper surface are not covered with soil, and the paper is lifted (T3); the rough paper, the seed surface and the paper surface are covered with soil (T4); glossy paper + seed side up + no soil on paper (T5); glossy paper + seed side up + paper cover soil (T6); the glossy paper and the seeds face downwards, the paper surface is not covered with soil and is lifted afterwards (T7); glossy paper + seed side down + paper side earthing (T8). Each processing 3 repetitions, totaling 24 cells, each cell occupying 0.6m2. Observing the seeding paper, randomly taking 10 squares of 10cm multiplied by 10cm (or 12cm multiplied by 12cm) on the seeding paper, counting the actual seed quantity, counting the number (empty number) of the seeds on the site, and counting the number of the holes occupied by different seed quantities. And (3) calculating the seed quantity fixation ratio and the empty seed rate, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
the fixation ratio of the seed amount is the number of holes/total number of holes of the seed amount
Empty seed rate is empty number of seeds/total number of bits
TABLE 1 influence of different fixation numbers of sowing paper and different coverage patterns in field on seedling emergence
And (4) surface note: the difference of the small and medium letters is obvious (P <0.05)
Results as shown in table 1 and fig. 1, the average number of seeds per area and the number of fixation seeds per hole of the matte paper was significantly higher than the average number of fixation seeds per hole of the glossy paper. Therefore, the effect of selecting the rough surface paper as the seeding paper of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is better. The Chinese cabbage seedling growing method is characterized in that the rough surface paper is used, the seeds face downwards, the paper surface is not covered with soil, and the average seedling emergence number and the seedling emergence rate of the Chinese cabbage are highest under the treatment of later lifting the paper. The glossy paper scheme has infeasible whole, low and uneven seedling emergence quantity and overlarge standard deviation.
Example 2:
two specifications of printing and seeding combinations, namely a combination A (aperture 1.1mm and pitch 30mm) and a combination B (aperture 1.4mm and pitch 40mm), are produced according to the plant density by adopting the rough paper, and the seed fixation condition is respectively investigated.
TABLE 2 fixed number of seeds sowed on the roller with different apertures and pitches
The result shows that the number of seeds which can be fixed by each hole of the combination A (the hole diameter is 1.1mm, the hole distance is 30mm) is 1 and accounts for 56.27 percent, the number of seeds accounts for 28 percent of 2, and the rest number accounts for a small amount; the combination B (aperture is 1.4mm, hole distance is 40mm) has larger glue point, the number distribution of the fixed seeds is more uniform, and each hole is fixed with 2 or 3 seeds which account for 69.60 percent of the total number of the holes. The average number of particles per acupoint in the composition A is fixed 1.46 particles, and the conversion is 1622 particles/m2(ii) a The average of 2.52 grains are fixed in each acupoint in the combination B, and the conversion is 1575 grains/m2. The two types of combined seeding paper are verified to meet the seeding density target.
Example 3:
testing in Kunshan vegetable industry research institute at Nanjing agriculture university between 2018, 9 and 5 days and 2019, 2 and 25 daysThe cultivation is carried out in a glass greenhouse of a Kunshan jade leaf vegetable food base by adopting strip-shaped substrates, the groove width of the cultivation substrates is 0.8m, the width of sowing paper is 0.6m, and the rest 0.2m can be used for protection while walking. The test is carried out in two seasons of autumn and winter. The test adopts a random block method, 5 treatments are set, namely, no covering object (CK), a single-layer covered black sunshade net B1, a double-layer covered black sunshade net B2, a single-layer covered white insect-proof net W1 and a double-layer covered white insect-proof net W2 are set, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, the total number of the treatments is 15 cells, each cell is 0.6m to 1.0m, and the area of the cell is 0.6m2. The total area of the test is 12m2. After the sowing is carried out by using the printed sowing paper, the sowing paper is covered by using a corresponding covering mode. All mulch was removed 7 days after sowing. And then field management is carried out according to the conventional method.
TABLE 3 influence of different coverage patterns on emergence of cabbage seedlings with no head formed by sowing in print (autumn)
TABLE 4 influence of different coverage patterns on emergence of print-sown non-heading Chinese cabbage (winter)
The results are shown in fig. 2 and tables 3 and 4:
w1 can reflect excessive sunlight in autumn daytime to prevent excessive heating; and can play a certain role in heat preservation at night, so that the emergence rate of the W1 non-heading Chinese cabbage is remarkably higher than that of other treatments, is 85.54 percent, and is equivalent to 1347 plants per square meter.
The emergence rate of B2 is only 51.15%, and the reason is the endothermic effect of black objects, on one hand, the black objects absorb a large amount of heat from sunlight in a short time, so that the water evaporation is too fast, the surface of the sowed paper is dry, and finally the seedlings are stressed by drought; on the other hand, the sunlight is excessively weakened, so that the seedlings lack the sunlight and grow badly. As shown in Table 3, W2 has better heat preservation, moisture preservation and soil moisture preservation effects in winter, so the emergence rate is significantly higher than other treatments, and is 92.59%, and the number of strains per square meter is 1458.
B2 attenuated the sunlight excessively, with the lowest rate of emergence being only 67.90%. The black sunshade net is not favorable for the emergence rate in winter because: the sunshade net itself absorbs a large amount of heat to prevent the heat from entering the soil, so the soil can not be heated sufficiently, at night, the heat absorbed by the black sunshade net is lost rapidly, but the soil is still at a continuous low temperature, and the long-time low temperature is not beneficial to the germination of the non-heading Chinese cabbage seeds, and more ungerminated seeds can be found on the seeding paper of B2.
Example 4:
the variety of the non-heading Chinese cabbage used in the test is green basket, which is provided by the cabbage system biology laboratory of the gardening academy of Nanjing university. The printing work of the seeding paper is completed by Huaian Hande printing machine company Limited. The printing seeding paper adopts a combination A (aperture is 1.1mm, and pitch is 30mm) and a combination B (aperture is 1.4mm, and pitch is 40mm), and is made of rough surface paper. White insect-proof net (specification 20 mesh) test area 30m2. The width of the two kinds of seeding paper is fixed to be 0.6m, and the two seeding paper are laid in parallel in each district to meet the row width requirement of 1.2 m. The thousand-grain weight of the green-basket variety of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is 2g, and the seeding density is 1600 grains/m2. The test set up the following five treatments:
CK: 7.68g of seeds and dry fine soil in a mass ratio of 1: 4 mixing at 2.4m2Uniformly broadcasting in the cell;
t1: combination A (aperture 1.1mm, hole distance 30mm) + single-layer white insect-proof net cover;
t2: combination A (aperture 1.1mm, hole distance 30mm) + double-layer white insect-proof net cover;
t3: combination B (aperture 1.4mm, hole distance 40mm) + single-layer white insect-proof net cover;
t4: combination B (aperture 1.4mm, pitch 40mm) + double-layer white insect-proof net cover.
After the sowing is carried out by using the printed sowing paper, the sowing paper is covered by using a corresponding covering mode. All mulch was removed 7 days after sowing. After that, all the field management of the treatment is carried out according to the conventional method.
TABLE 5 Effect of different treatments on emergence of non-heading Chinese cabbage
The results are shown in table 5, and table 5 shows the actual emergence of seedlings in different treatments, wherein the highest emergence rate is T2, the lowest emergence rate is CK, the effect of improving the emergence rate is very obvious, and the sowing amount can be improved by 15.63% -22.65% by printing sowing (as shown in fig. 3). T2 has less competition among seedlings after emergence and highest overall emergence rate because of less seeds per hole. All treatment standard errors of printing sowing are low, and the treatment with the minimum standard error is T4, so the seedling emergence regularity of T1, T2, T3 and T4 is higher than that of soil mixing sowing CK, and the uniform sowing effect is obviously embodied. The yield of T3 was highest, but the emergence rate was lower than that of T1. Probably, the emergence rate of T1 is high in the early stage of emergence, but the seedling rate is reduced due to the inter-hole seed suspension effect (as shown in FIG. 4), the seedlings without root cutting affect the overall growth rate due to the longer 'seedling recovering period', and finally the emergence rates of T1 and T2 are 'falsely high', so that the yields of T1 and T2 are lower than those of T3 and T4.
Example 5:
the non-heading Chinese cabbage variety used in the test is 'blue basket', and the test is provided with two treatments: CK: manually broadcasting; t1: (rough paper, seed face down, no soil covering on the paper surface, paper lifting, aperture of 1.1mm, hole distance of 30mm) and double-layer white insect-proof net. Other processing is the same as real-time case 4.
TABLE 6 influence of different treatments on the quality of non-heading Chinese cabbage
The results are shown in table 6, the contents of soluble sugar, protein and vitamin C in the printed and sowed non-heading Chinese cabbage are remarkably increased, the content of nitrate in leaves and stems is remarkably reduced, and the quality of the product is greatly improved.
Example 6:
the non-heading Chinese cabbage variety used in the test is 'Qingzhan', the test adopts a random block method, and the mixture is setTotal 4 treatments of soil spreading (CK1), bar spreading (CK2), combination a (aperture 1.1mm, hole spacing 30mm) and combination B (aperture 1.4mm, hole spacing 40mm), each treatment was repeated 3 times for a total of 12 cells, each cell being 1.2m × 2.0 m. The total area of the test is 50m2. And (2) mixed soil broadcasting, namely, manually broadcasting and sowing in a common mode, namely, mixing the seeds with the dry fine soil according to the mass ratio of 1: 4, mixing, and uniformly broadcasting the seeds in the cells; and (4) strip-type broadcasting, namely, filling seeds into a funnel-shaped bag, and enabling the seeds to drop downwards into a cell at a constant speed along with gravity through small holes. The seeding density of the mixed soil spreading CK1 or the bar spreading CK2 is 1600 grains/m2. The field management is carried out according to the conventional method.
TABLE 7 influence of different sowing modes on emergence of non-heading Chinese cabbage
As shown in table 7, the emergence rate, maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, fresh weight per plant and fault tolerance cutting distance of the printing sowing treatments a and B are significantly higher than those of the mixed soil sowing and the strip sowing, so that the growth, development and mechanical harvesting efficiency of the non-heading Chinese cabbage is significantly promoted by the printing sowing. The standard error of each index of the printing and seeding combination A and the combination B is less than that of CK1 and CK2, and the uniform effect of printing and seeding can be embodied on the sprouting rate, the leaf growth condition and the fault-tolerant cutting process. Wherein, the fault-tolerant cutting distance of the printing and seeding B is the highest, 5.52cm, which is obviously higher than that of other treatments.
Among yield-related factors, the fresh weight of a single plant is a main influence factor. As can be seen from table 7, the net weights of the individuals of combination a and combination B were significantly higher than CK1 and CK2, indicating that combination a and combination B have high photosynthetic product content, high absorbed water content, and thus high net weights.
Claims (10)
1. A method for sowing non-heading Chinese cabbage by printing is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1): removing large soil blocks of the cultivation medium, raking to be fine, properly wetting, compacting, and leveling the ridge surface;
step (2): printing the rough surface seeding paper by using a printing roller, covering the rough surface seeding paper on the surface of the cultivation medium in a mode that the seed surface faces downwards, and immediately irrigating for 3-4 hours by using a sprinkling irrigation facility;
and (3): covering the seeding paper with a single-layer or double-layer white insect-proof net;
and (4): after sowing, each day is respectively sprayed for 0.5-1.5 hours in the morning and at night for 6-10 days;
and (5): after the non-heading Chinese cabbage seedlings emerge, the white insect-proof net and the seeding paper are lifted, and then the management is carried out according to the routine.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the adequate wetting in step (1) is to keep the cultivation medium moist and non-sticky.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coarse seed paper in step (2) has a width of 0.5-0.8 m and a seed fixing density of 1000-1800 grains/m2(ii) a Preferably, the fixation density of the seeds on the paper is 1500-1700 grains/m2。
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the drum in step (2) is 1.0 to 1.5mm, and the pitch is 30 to 40 mm; preferably, the aperture of the roller is 1.1-1.4 mm, and the pitch is 30-40 mm; more preferably, the pore diameter is 1.1mm + the pore diameter is 30mm or the pore diameter is 1.1mm + the pore diameter is 30 mm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the seeds in step (2) are facing downward and the seeding paper is not covered with soil.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein a single layer of white insect net is selected in step (3).
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (3) covers the sowing paper with a single white fly net when spring, summer and fall, and with a double white fly net when winter.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the white insect net in step (3) has a size of 15-40 mesh, preferably 20 mesh.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the time for opening the white anti-insect net and the sowing paper in the step (5) is after the cotyledon is completely unfolded or when the non-heading Chinese cabbage is emerged to a height of 2cm or 7 to 10 days.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the speed of the seed-lifting paper is 0.2-0.5 m/s.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111386788A (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2020-07-10 | 南京农业大学 | Initiator with disease resistance and insect resistance for small-sized seeds of non-heading Chinese cabbages and application of initiator |
| CN114868607A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-08-09 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Culture method and facility suitable for leaf vegetable plants harvested in production line |
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| KR20140001481U (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-03-11 | 변가옥 | Seat for raising of seeding |
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| CN111386788A (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2020-07-10 | 南京农业大学 | Initiator with disease resistance and insect resistance for small-sized seeds of non-heading Chinese cabbages and application of initiator |
| CN111386788B (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2021-09-14 | 南京农业大学 | Initiator with disease resistance and insect resistance for small-sized seeds of non-heading Chinese cabbages and application of initiator |
| CN114868607A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-08-09 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Culture method and facility suitable for leaf vegetable plants harvested in production line |
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