CN110711968A - Multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire - Google Patents

Multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110711968A
CN110711968A CN201911088033.5A CN201911088033A CN110711968A CN 110711968 A CN110711968 A CN 110711968A CN 201911088033 A CN201911088033 A CN 201911088033A CN 110711968 A CN110711968 A CN 110711968A
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flux
cored wire
composite reinforced
element composite
protection
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贾华
李萌
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Dalian Ocean University
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Dalian Ocean University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0255Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
    • B23K35/0261Rods, electrodes, wires
    • B23K35/0266Rods, electrodes, wires flux-cored
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3053Fe as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/308Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of welding materials, and particularly relates to a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire which comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 0-4% of B, 0-5% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder. The outer skin is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low-carbon steel cold-rolled steel strip, which comprises the following raw materials: 0.1-0.3% of C, 0.3% of Si, 0.3-0.7% of Mn, 0-0.045% of S, 0-0.045% of P and the balance of iron. The surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, has excellent welding process performance, high hardness of surfacing metal, good wear resistance, toughness matching and good crack resistance, has the advantages of simple and convenient operation, no need of welding flux and protective gas, and can be widely used for surfacing of low-stress abrasive wear parts.

Description

Multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of welding materials, and particularly relates to a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire.
Background
In various fields where metallic materials are used, wear phenomena occur to different degrees and these wear patterns are complex. However, in these wear forms, the wear rate of the abrasive particles is relatively large, about 50% of the total wear rate, which seriously affects the rapid development of industrial enterprises, especially heavy industries. The overlay welding technique can realize metallurgical bonding between an overlay welding layer and a base metal, so that the base metal obtains special performance, and the overlay welding technique not only can be used for manufacturing new parts, but also can be used for repairing old parts, thereby playing a very important role in various industries.
The rapid development of the surfacing technology promotes the consumption of surfacing materials. The flux-cored wire is a fourth generation welding material after a welding rod and a solid welding wire, has the common advantages of the welding rod and the solid welding wire, and is a novel welding material with a good development prospect. Because of strong vitality in welding production, the appearance of the welding flux has important significance for the development of the hardfacing industry.
At present, the developed flux-cored wire is mainly suitable for submerged arc surfacing and gas protection surfacing. The welding process needs flux protection or gas protection, so that the welding flexibility is poor, and the welding process is easily influenced by the external environment, so that the application is limited. The self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is self-protected by alloy elements, protects a molten pool by the metallurgical reaction of the powder of the self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire, can adopt open arc surfacing, overcomes the defects of submerged arc surfacing and gas protection surfacing and is more widely applied. However, the welding process performance of the self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire cannot meet the requirement due to the influence of the powder coating rate of the flux-cored wire and the burning loss of alloy elements, and the surfacing alloy cannot simultaneously meet the requirement of matching wear resistance, crack resistance and toughness. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire with good comprehensive performance.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the technical problems, the invention provides the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire which is suitable for open arc surfacing and has the advantages of simple and convenient operation, no need of welding flux, no need of protective gas, good welding manufacturability and high comprehensive performance of surfacing alloy.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the invention designs a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire which comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 0-4% of B, 0-5% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder. The outer skin is an outer layer steel belt, and the steel belt is H08A low carbonThe steel cold-rolled strip comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.1 to 0.3% of C, 0.3% of Si, 0.3 to 0.7% of Mn, 0 to 0.045% of S, 0 to 0.045% of P, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities.
Further, the raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), ferrotitanium (27% Ti), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
Further, the filling factor of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
Further, the flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
Furthermore, the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extending length of the wire is 15 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the multielement composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire provided by the invention is suitable for open arc surfacing, has excellent welding process performance, high hardness of surfacing metal, good wear resistance, toughness matching and good crack resistance, has the advantages of submerged arc surfacing and gas protection surfacing, is simple and convenient to operate, does not need a welding flux, does not need protective gas and the like, and can be widely used for surfacing of low-stress abrasive wear parts.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.
The hardfacing layer was tested for macro hardness using a rockwell durometer model HR-150A. An MLS-23 type wet sand rubber wheel type abrasive abrasion tester is adopted to carry out abrasion test, and the test conditions are as follows: the rubber wheel rotating speed is 240r/min, the rubber wheel diameter is 150mm, the rubber wheel surface pressure is 1.5MPa, the abrasion time is 3min, and the abrasion medium is a mixture of 40-70 meshes of quartz sand and water in a mass ratio of 1.5: 1. Before and after abrasion testThe masses M of the samples are each weighed with an analytical balance0And M1The worn mass △ M can be expressed as △ M-M0-M1
Example 1:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer skin is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low-carbon steel cold-rolled steel strip, which comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.1 to 0.3% of C, 0.3% of Si, 0.3 to 0.7% of Mn, 0 to 0.045% of S, 0 to 0.045% of P, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities. After a certain section of the steel strip is subjected to component test, the components of the specific steel strip comprise the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.15% of C, 0.3% of Si, 0.5% of Mn, 0.013% of S, 0.011% of P, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, the high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% of Cr and 8.24% of C), the reduced iron powder and the silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5% are prepared, and the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 47.6HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.9873 g.
Example 2:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 2% of B, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO, 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 56HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.5923 g.
Example 3:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 3% of B, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO, 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 61.5HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.3629 g.
Example 4:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 4% of B, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO, 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay was measured to have a hardness of 64HRC and an amount of wear △ M of 0.4987 g.
Example 5:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 2% of B, 1% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), ferrotitanium (27% Ti), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 56.5HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.5772 g.
Example 6:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 2% of B, 3% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), ferrotitanium (27% Ti), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 63HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.3423 g.
Example 7:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 2% of B, 4% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), ferrotitanium (27% Ti), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 64.5HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.1226 g.
Example 8:
a multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire comprises a sheath and a flux core, wherein the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 2% of B, 5% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
The outer layer is an outer layer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low carbon steel cold rolled steel strip, and the composition is the same as that of example 1.
The raw materials of the medicine core are from the following substances: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), ferrotitanium (27% Ti), reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
The filling coefficient of the drug core is 45 +/-2%.
The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
The weld overlay hardness was measured to be 66HRC and the wear loss △ M was measured to be 0.0487 g.
From the above, it is found that the hardness of the weld overlay layer increases with the addition of boron in the flux core, and the wear amount tends to decrease first and then increase, and when the amount of boron added is 3%, the minimum value is obtained. It can be seen that when the amount of boron added is 3%, the hardness and wear amount of the weld overlay are best matched, i.e., have the best wear resistance. The addition of titanium element to the Fe-Cr-C-B alloy system increases the hardness of the weld overlay and reduces the amount of wear. Limited by the powder coating rate of the flux-cored wire, when the addition amount of titanium is 5%, the hardness and the abrasion loss of the overlaying layer reach optimal values. It can be seen that the overlay layer has the best wear resistance when the titanium addition is 5%. Therefore, the multi-component composite reinforcement is more beneficial to improving the hardness and the wear resistance of the overlaying layer, but the addition amount of the alloy elements is in the optimal range.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and all simple modifications and equivalent variations of the above embodiment according to the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. The flux-cored wire for the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing comprises a sheath and a flux core, and is characterized in that the flux core comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of Cr, 10% of C, 0-4% of B, 0-5% of Ti, 3% of Al, 0.3% of CaO and 0.2% of Al2O3And 0.5% CaF2(ii) a The balance of reduced iron powder.
2. The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire of claim 1, wherein the sheath is an outer steel strip, and the steel strip is an H08A low-carbon steel cold-rolled steel strip, and comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.1-0.3% of C, 0.3% of Si, 0.3-0.7% of Mn, 0-0.045% of S, 0-0.045% of P and the balance of iron.
3. The multi-element composite reinforced self-protecting hardfacing flux-cored wire of claim 1, wherein the flux core is prepared from the following raw materials: according to the mass fraction, ferroboron (19.38% B), high-carbon ferrochrome (60.6% Cr, 8.24% C), ferrotitanium (27% Ti) reduced iron powder and silver flake graphite with the purity of 99.5%, wherein the particle size of the raw materials is 80-100 meshes.
4. The multi-element composite reinforced self-protecting hardfacing flux-cored wire of claim 1, wherein a fill factor of the flux core is 45 ± 2%.
5. The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire is prepared by wrapping H08A steel strips with uniformly mixed flux-cored powder by a flux-cored wire forming machine, and rolling and drawing the powder into a flux-cored wire with the diameter of 2.8 mm.
6. The multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the multi-element composite reinforced self-protection hardfacing flux-cored wire is suitable for open arc surfacing, the welding current is 200A, the welding voltage is 25-30V, the welding speed is 10mm/s, and the extension length of the wire is 15 mm.
CN201911088033.5A 2019-11-08 2019-11-08 Multi-element composite reinforced self-protection wear-resistant surfacing flux-cored wire Pending CN110711968A (en)

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CN114393342A (en) * 2022-01-11 2022-04-26 西安理工大学 Multi-transition metal carbide hybrid reinforced copper-based surfacing layer and preparation method thereof
CN114393342B (en) * 2022-01-11 2022-12-09 西安理工大学 Multi-transition metal carbide hybrid reinforced copper-based surfacing layer and preparation method thereof
CN114571127A (en) * 2022-03-30 2022-06-03 西安理工大学 Welding wire for surfacing of composite carbide reinforced scraper and preparation method thereof
CN114571127B (en) * 2022-03-30 2024-02-13 西安理工大学 Welding wire for surfacing of composite carbide reinforced scraping plate and preparation method

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Application publication date: 20200121