CN110685627A - Large-diameter drilling coring device and method - Google Patents
Large-diameter drilling coring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110685627A CN110685627A CN201911080183.1A CN201911080183A CN110685627A CN 110685627 A CN110685627 A CN 110685627A CN 201911080183 A CN201911080183 A CN 201911080183A CN 110685627 A CN110685627 A CN 110685627A
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- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B25/00—Apparatus for obtaining or removing undisturbed cores, e.g. core barrels or core extractors
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/02—Core bits
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
- E21B10/48—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of core type
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
- E21B17/04—Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
- E21B17/042—Threaded
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a large-diameter drilling and coring device, which comprises a coring bit, a core barrel and a screw head which are sequentially connected, wherein the outer diameter of the coring bit is at least phi 130 mm; the invention also discloses a large-diameter drilling and coring method, which comprises the steps of drilling an initial position, connecting a screw head and a core barrel, connecting a coring bit forming assembly into a hole and then connecting the drilling rod and the core barrel, starting coring and drilling, taking up the drilling rod after coring, removing the core barrel, taking out the core, checking the integrity of the core barrel and the coring bit, and repeatedly drilling and coring to a designed depth; the invention has the beneficial effects that: the requirement for identifying the coal rock burst tendency can be met; improve the coring rate and improve the quality of the rock core.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a coring device and a method, in particular to a coring device and a method.
Background
The drilling coring is a method for taking out rock (coal) through a drilling process, and the conventional drilling coring process is a coring process with the diameter of 90mm at present. According to the identification requirement of coal rock impact ground pressure tendency of national and Huainan mining groups, the diameter of the conventional coring cannot meet the requirement.
Application No.: CN201320369378.X, discloses a large-diameter drilling and coring device for soft and hard interbedded rock masses, which comprises a hydraulic device, a drill rod, a drill bit device and a hydraulic connecting pipe, wherein the drill bit device is tubular, and is characterized in that 1.1, a core cutting device is arranged at the bottom of the drill bit device; the core cutting device is an arc-shaped cutter and comprises a cutter head and a cutter body, and the tail end of the cutter body is movably connected to the drill bit device through a pin; the middle end of the cutter body is provided with a second hydraulic jack, the front end of the second hydraulic jack is connected with the cutter body through a pin, the tail end of the second hydraulic jack is movably connected with the drill bit device through a pin, and the cutter head is trapezoidal; the cutter body is also provided with a cutter reset spring (11); 1.2, a feed propulsion device is arranged on the drill rod, and the propulsion device comprises a circular ring sleeved on the drill rod, a first hydraulic jack arranged on the circular ring and a thrust control device of the first hydraulic jack; the thrust control device is characterized in that a pressure sensor is arranged at the tail end of the first hydraulic jack and connected with a hydraulic valve control unit, and a pressure calculation chip is arranged between the pressure sensor and the hydraulic valve control unit.
The device has a complex structure and is more suitable for a composite rock stratum with high hardness of hard rock.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: how to solve the problem that the current coring device can not satisfy the core of major diameter.
The invention solves the technical problems through the following technical means:
major diameter drilling coring device, including coring bit, rock core pipe, screw head, coring bit's external diameter phi 130mm at least, coring bit's one end and rock core pipe are connected, and a plurality of blades of circumference welding are followed to the other end outside, and the screw head is connected to the other end of rock core pipe, and the drilling rod is connected to the other end of screw head, and coring bit, rock core pipe form the bottom after being connected with the screw head and are empty coring space.
According to the invention, the diameter of the coring bit is increased to at least 130mm, so that the requirement for identifying the rock burst tendency can be met; improve the coring rate and improve the quality of the rock core.
Preferably, one end of the coring bit, which is far away from the core barrel, is circumferentially provided with a plurality of water outlets.
The large-diameter drilling coring method adopts the large-diameter drilling coring device to perform coring, and comprises the following steps:
s01, stabilizing the drilling machine, adjusting the direction and the inclination angle of the drilling machine, aligning the drilling machine with a hole position, drilling to the initial coring position by using the hole, pulling out the drill and detaching the drill bit of the hole drill;
s02, sequentially mounting and connecting a screw head, a core barrel and a core bit on the ground to form a component, lowering the connected component into the bottom of a hole after a drilling machine is leveled, and adjusting the drilling machine to align with the hole opening to connect a drill rod with the screw head;
s03: connecting a water source, operating the drill rod to an initial coring position, and starting coring;
SO4, after coring and drilling in place, removing residual coal and rock powder in the hole, pulling out the drill rod, after the assembly is completely withdrawn from the drill hole, dropping the drill, and removing the core tube and the coring bit;
SO5, taking out the core from the core tube, putting the core into a core box in the sequence from shallow to deep, pasting a core ticket, and recording the core condition;
SO6, checking the integrity of the core barrel and the coring bit, and re-drilling for coring;
SO7 repeating the above steps until coring to the designed hole depth.
According to the invention, the combined screw head, the core barrel and the core bit are firstly put into the initial core taking position and then screwed down by the rotation of the drill rod, so that the problems that the distance between a drilling machine holder and an open-hole roadway is smaller than the length of the core barrel, the core barrel cannot pass through the holder and the core barrel is difficult to put into a hole in most construction sites are solved;
preferably, the hole drilling in the step S01 is a three-wing alloy steel drill bit with the diameter of 133 mm.
Preferably, when the screw head, the core barrel and the core bit are installed on the ground in step S02, an oil packing or an oil cotton yarn is wound around the connection portion, and the threading oil is applied. The problem of later stage core pipe, coring bit are twisted and are unloaded the difficulty is solved.
Preferably, when core drilling is performed in step S03, the normal feeding pressure of mudstone is 2-3 MPa, the normal feeding pressure of sandstone is 4-5 MPa, the feeding pressure is not more than 5MPa, and the rotating speed is 120-160 r/min.
The invention reasonably controls the feeding pressure and the rotating speed during construction, and solves the problems of low compressive strength of the core pipe, high temperature in the hole when the drilling pressure is ultrahigh during construction, easy burning of the drill, cracking and distortion of the core pipe and the like, and core failure.
Preferably, the core drilling in step S03 is performed in a single pass at a drilling depth of 80-90% of the length of the core tube. The problem of single core pipe get full core easily cause the core to suppress strength under pressure in the core pipe, destroy the core, and take out the core difficulty is solved.
Preferably, after the core drilling in step S04 is in place, the rotating speed is reduced to idle for 3-5 min, or the pressure water is closed, the dry drilling is carried out for 3-5 min, or the drilling tool is kept rotating, the drill rod is pulled back and forth, and the maximum stroke is not more than 100 mm.
The invention can solve the problem that the core is not easy to twist off when the coring is finished.
Preferably, before the detachment in the step S04, the core barrel clamping and the coring bit are dropped to the ground by using the hoisting device, and then the core barrel clamping and the coring bit are detached by using the chain whip. The hoisting device is adopted, so that potential safety hazards caused by taking out the core drill during construction are avoided, and the safety is improved; the chain whip is adopted for disassembly, the requirement for disassembly of a large diameter is met, and the disassembly is convenient.
Preferably, the specific method for taking out the core from the core barrel in step S05 is as follows: and starting the pressure water to flush the rock core out of the rock core tube. Avoiding the damage of the core caused by knocking and smashing.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) according to the invention, by designing the size of the core drilling hole and the method for coring the drilling hole, the requirement for identifying the rock burst tendency can be met; improve the coring rate and improve the quality of the rock core.
(2) The combined screw head, the core barrel and the core bit are firstly put into the initial core taking position and then screwed down by the rotation of the drill rod, so that the problems that the distance between a drilling machine holder and an open-hole roadway is smaller than the length of the core barrel, the core barrel cannot pass through the holder and the core barrel is difficult to put into a hole in most construction places are solved; so that the lower hole of the rock core pipe is easy;
(3) when the screw head, the rock core tube and the coring bit are installed on the ground, the oil packing or the oil cotton yarn is wound at the joint, and the screw thread oil is coated, so that the problem that the rock core tube and the coring bit are difficult to screw and disassemble in the later period is solved; so that coring is easier;
(4) by reasonably controlling the feeding pressure and the rotating speed during construction, the problems of core taking failure caused by drill burning, cracking and distortion of a rock core pipe and the like easily caused by the fact that the temperature in a hole rises when the drilling pressure is ultrahigh during construction due to low compressive strength of the rock core pipe are solved;
(5) the problem that the core is not easy to twist off after coring is finished can be solved;
(6) the hoisting device is adopted, so that potential safety hazards caused by taking out the core drill during construction are avoided, and the safety is improved; the chain whip is adopted for disassembly, so that the requirement of large-diameter disassembly is met, and the disassembly is convenient;
(7) and the core is taken by adopting pressure water, so that the damage to the core caused by knocking and smashing is avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the construction of a large diameter drill coring device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a coring bit;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a core barrel configuration;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of the screw head.
Reference numbers in the figures: coring bit 1, blade 11, water outlet 12, core barrel 2 and screw head 3
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The first embodiment is as follows:
as shown in fig. 1-3, the large-diameter drilling coring device comprises a coring bit 1, a core barrel 2 and a screw head 3 which are connected in sequence, wherein the coring bit 1, the core barrel 2 and the screw head 3 are connected to form a coring space with an empty front end.
As shown in fig. 2, the diameter of the coring bit 1 is 133mm, the outer diameter of the bit body is 130mm, the wall thickness is 8mm, the front end is welded with a plurality of blades 11 along the circumference, the blades in the embodiment are diamond composite sheets, the inner and outer edges of the composite sheets are 1.5mm, the bottom edge is 1.5mm, and 4V-shaped water outlets 12 are processed at the front end of the bit. The diamond composite sheet is processed by hard alloy materials, the tensile strength is 750MPa to 1500MPa, and in the obtained rock stratum, the normal tensile strength of the rock is 20MPa to 200MPa, and the maximum tensile strength is 350MPa, so that the requirement can be met.
As shown in FIG. 3, geological tubing with an outer diameter of 127mm, a wall thickness of 4.5mm and a length of 1000mm was used for the core barrel 2.
As shown in figure 4, the outer diameter of the left end of the screw head 3 is phi 130mm, the right end of the screw head can be connected with a reducing rod changing from phi 130mm to 73/63.5mm, the screw head 3 plays a role in reducing between the rock core tube 2 and the drill rod, and the two ends of the screw head are provided with threads which can be matched with the threads of the rock core tube and the drill rod.
According to the invention, the diameter of the coring bit 1 is increased to at least 130mm, so that the requirement for identifying the rock burst tendency can be met; improve the coring rate and improve the quality of the rock core.
The large-diameter drilling coring method adopts the large-diameter drilling coring device to perform coring, and comprises the following steps:
and S01, stabilizing the drilling machine, adjusting the direction and the inclination angle of the drilling machine, aligning to a hole position, drilling to the initial coring position by using a three-wing alloy steel drill bit with the diameter of phi 133mm, generally drilling for 0.5m, and removing the drill bit of the open hole drill after the drill bit is pulled out.
S02, sequentially mounting and connecting a screw head 3, a core barrel 2 and a core bit 1 on the ground to form an assembly, winding oil packing or oil cotton yarn at the connection part, and coating screw thread oil, so that the problem that the core barrel 2 and the core bit 1 are difficult to unscrew in the later period can be solved, lowering the connected assembly into the bottom of a hole after a drilling machine is leveled, and adjusting the drilling machine to align with the hole opening to connect a drill rod with the screw head;
through the screw head 3, the rock core pipe 2, the coring bit 1 after will making up first lower the initial position of getting core, through the rotation and the 3 fixed connection of screw head of drilling rod, can adopt buckle or other fixed connection modes, solved most construction site rig holder and trompil tunnel interval and be less than rock core pipe length, rock core pipe 2 can't pass the holder, the problem of the downthehole difficulty of rock core pipe 2 lower income.
S03: the method comprises the steps of connecting a water source, operating a drill rod to an initial coring position, starting coring and drilling, reasonably controlling feeding pressure and rotating speed during construction, observing through a pressure gauge of a drilling machine operating platform, reasonably adjusting drilling pressure, wherein the normal feeding pressure of mudstone is 2-3 MPa, the normal feeding pressure of sandstone is 4-5 MPa, the feeding pressure is not more than 5MPa, and the rotating speed is 120-160 r/min, so that the problems that the compressive strength of a rock core pipe 2 is low, the temperature in a hole rises when the drilling pressure is ultrahigh during construction, the rock core is easy to burn, the rock core pipe 2 is cracked and distorted, and the coring failure is caused can be solved.
And when coring drilling, the principle of less coring is adopted, the drilling depth of a single drilling is 80-90% of the length of the core barrel 2, the single drilling is not full, the core barrel with the diameter of 1000mm drills 800mm, and the core barrel with the diameter of 500mm drills 450 mm; the problems that the rock core is pressed and held tightly in the rock core pipe, the rock core is damaged and the rock core is difficult to take out due to the fact that the rock core is fully taken by a single rock core pipe can be solved;
and when the rock is soft, the pressure water supply is controlled, so that the rock core in the pipe is prevented from being damaged by pressure water scouring.
SO4, after coring and drilling in place, removing residual coal and rock powder in the hole, pulling out the drill rod, after the assembly is completely withdrawn from the drill hole, dropping the drill, and removing the core barrel 2 and the coring bit 1;
the diameter of the core is about phi 111mm, the tensile strength is high, and the core is not easy to twist off after coring; therefore, after core drilling is carried out in place, the rotating speed is reduced to idle for 3-5 min, or pressure water is closed, dry drilling is carried out for 3-5 min, or the drilling tool is kept to rotate, the drill rod is pulled back and forth, and the rock core is easily twisted off in a mode that the maximum stroke does not exceed 100 mm.
Before the rock core tube 2 and the coring bit 1 are disassembled, the rock core tube 2 and the coring bit 1 are fallen to the ground by adopting a lifting device, and then the rock core tube 2 and the coring bit 1 are disassembled by adopting a chain whip;
the hoisting device can be a chain block, the chain block is hung on a reliable support, the core drilling tool is dropped to the ground by loosening the chain block, or a pulley is fixed above or on the side surface of the drill hole, and the core drilling tool is firmly bound by a palm rope and dropped to the ground; because the quality of the full pipe core usually reaches 40KG, the potential safety hazard exists when the core drill bit is taken out during large-inclination-angle construction, and the safety is improved by adopting the hoisting device; adopt the chain whip to dismantle, satisfy major diameter's dismantlement, it is convenient to dismantle, selects for use the specification of chain whip to realize 50 ~ 150mm of centre gripping tubular product external diameter, and length 1000mm is fixed when dismantling core pipe 2, coring bit 1 to can increase to twist through manual additional chain and unload the diameter.
SO5, taking out the core from the core barrel 2, putting the core into a core box in the sequence from shallow to deep, pasting a core ticket, and recording the core condition;
the method for taking out the rock core from the rock core pipe 2 is to lightly knock the rock core pipe 2 or lightly smash the rock core pipe by using a tool hammer with a soft cap.
SO6, checking the integrity of the core barrel 2 and the coring bit 1, and re-drilling for coring;
SO7 repeating the above steps until coring to the designed hole depth.
Example two:
the difference between this embodiment and the first embodiment is that: the length of the core barrel 2 is 500 mm.
In the first embodiment, the length of the core barrel 2 is 1m, and because the difference between the core barrel 2 and the bore hole diameter is small (about 3mm), the coal rock powder in the bore hole drilled for a long time is deposited and easy to discharge slag, so that the bore hole is buried, and the coring failure is caused, therefore, the core barrel with the length of 500mm is processed, the length of the difference between the core barrel 2 and the bore hole diameter and the length of single coring are reduced, and the slag discharge and coring integrity are ensured.
Example three:
the difference between the third embodiment and the first embodiment is that: the method of taking out the core from the core barrel 2 in step SO5 is different;
in the first embodiment, the method for removing the core from the core barrel 2 is easy to generate destructive force on the core; in the embodiment, after the drilling machine falls to the flat, the pressure water is started to flush the rock core out of the rock core pipe 2, so that the rock core is prevented from being damaged by knocking and smashing.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. Major diameter drilling coring device, its characterized in that, including coring bit, rock core pipe, screw head, coring bit's external diameter phi 130mm at least, coring bit's one end and rock core pipe are connected, and a plurality of blades of other end outside edge circumference welding, the screw head is connected to the other end of rock core pipe, and the drilling rod is connected to the other end of screw head, and coring bit, rock core pipe form the bottom after being connected with the screw head and are empty coring space.
2. The large diameter drill coring device of claim 1, wherein the end of the coring bit distal from the core barrel is provided with a plurality of water outlets along a circumference.
3. A large diameter drill coring method, characterized in that the method for coring using the large diameter drill coring device of any of the above claims 1-2 comprises the steps of:
s01, stabilizing the drilling machine, adjusting the direction and the inclination angle of the drilling machine, aligning the drilling machine with a hole position, drilling to the initial coring position by using the hole, pulling out the drill and detaching the drill bit of the hole drill;
s02, sequentially mounting and connecting a screw head, a core barrel and a core bit on the ground to form a component, lowering the connected component into the bottom of a hole after a drilling machine is leveled, and adjusting the drilling machine to align with the hole opening to connect a drill rod with the screw head;
s03: connecting a water source, operating the drill rod to an initial coring position, and starting coring;
SO4, after coring and drilling in place, removing residual coal and rock powder in the hole, pulling out the drill rod, after the assembly is completely withdrawn from the drill hole, dropping the drill, and removing the core tube and the coring bit;
SO5, taking out the core from the core tube, putting the core into a core box in the sequence from shallow to deep, pasting a core ticket, and recording the core condition;
SO6, checking the integrity of the core barrel and the coring bit, and re-drilling for coring;
SO7 repeating the above steps until coring to the designed hole depth.
4. The large-diameter drill coring method according to claim 3, wherein the opening drill in step S01 is a Φ 133mm three-wing alloy steel drill.
5. The coring method for large-diameter drilled holes according to claim 3, wherein in step S02, when the screw head, the core barrel and the coring bit are installed on the ground, an oil packing or an oil cotton yarn is wound around the joint and a threading oil is applied.
6. The large-diameter drill hole coring method according to claim 3, wherein in the core drilling in step S03, the normal mudstone feeding pressure is 2-3 MPa, the normal sandstone feeding pressure is 4-5 MPa, the feeding pressure is not more than 5MPa, and the rotation speed is 120-160 rpm.
7. The large diameter drill coring method of claim 3, wherein the single pass drilling depth is 80-90% of the core tube length when the core is taken in step S03.
8. The large-diameter drilling and coring method as set forth in claim 3, wherein after the core drilling in step S04 is completed, the rotation speed is reduced to idle for 3-5 min, or the pressure water is closed, the drilling is performed for 3-5 min, or the rotation of the drilling tool is maintained, and the drilling rod is pulled back and forth, and the maximum stroke is not more than 100 mm.
9. The large-diameter drilling and coring method as set forth in claim 3, wherein before the detachment in step S04, the core barrel and the coring bit are dropped to the ground by using a hoisting device, and then the core barrel and the coring bit are detached by using a chain whip.
10. The large diameter drill coring method of claim 3, wherein the specific method of core removal in the core barrel in step S05 is: and starting the pressure water to flush the rock core out of the rock core tube.
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| CN201911080183.1A CN110685627A (en) | 2019-11-07 | 2019-11-07 | Large-diameter drilling coring device and method |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111963088A (en) * | 2020-09-27 | 2020-11-20 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Rotary core cutting process for high-permeability or broken stratum |
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