CN110601839A - Quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding - Google Patents

Quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110601839A
CN110601839A CN201911041183.0A CN201911041183A CN110601839A CN 110601839 A CN110601839 A CN 110601839A CN 201911041183 A CN201911041183 A CN 201911041183A CN 110601839 A CN110601839 A CN 110601839A
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polarization
beam splitter
phase
port
polarization beam
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王东
宋萧天
赵义博
曹兆龙
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852Quantum cryptography
    • H04L9/0858Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding

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  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

The utility model provides a quantum key distribution system of polarization and phase place composite coding, the sending end is including the laser that connects gradually, intensity modulator, polarization coding module, phase coding module and electric adjustable attenuator, the sending end passes through single mode fiber connection with the receiving terminal, in the polarization coding module, the first interface connection intensity modulator of first polarization beam splitter, the third of first polarization beam splitter, four interfaces correspond respectively and connect first Faraday rotator, a phase modulator, first Faraday rotator, the other end interconnect of first phase modulator, the fourth interface connection phase coding module of first polarization beam splitter. Compared with the prior art, the invention can improve the efficiency of the protocol by carrying out phase and polarization composite coding on the single photon bits, and can improve the efficiency to 4 times of the original protocol by adopting a bias selection base mode; the polarization encoding and decoding structure is simple, the performance is stable, the complexity of the system is reduced, and the safety of the system is improved.

Description

Quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of quantum polarization coding, in particular to a quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding.
Background
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can ensure unconditional and secure key distribution for both remote communication parties, and the information theoretical security is ensured by the fundamental principle of Quantum mechanics. After more than 30 years of research and development, quantum key distribution has been gradually put into practical use. The BB84QKD protocol is the most mature in the current technology and the most widely applied, the typical BB84 protocol only encodes bit information on one dimension of a single photon, such as phase, polarization or frequency, and the single photon is subjected to extended encoding, that is, the bit information is encoded on multiple dimensions of the single photon, so that the single photon carries multi-bit information, and the dimensions are decoded respectively, so that the safety code rate can be improved, and the overall efficiency of the system is improved. However, the key generation rate of the current QKD system is low, and cannot meet the encryption requirements of the existing traditional optical fiber communication, and in some solutions, a depolarizer is added at the transmitting end, and polarization randomization is performed before photons enter an optical fiber channel, so that the influence of the optical fiber birefringence effect and environmental disturbance on the polarization state can be eliminated, and a polarization beam splitter is added at the receiving end for polarization, so that a stable interference result can be obtained. But this solution doubles the losses and reduces the efficiency of the system by half.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding, which comprises the following steps:
the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a quantum key distribution system of polarization and phase composite coding comprises a sending end and a receiving end, wherein the sending end comprises a laser, an intensity modulator, a polarization coding module, a phase coding module and an electrically adjustable attenuator which are sequentially connected, the receiving end comprises a phase decoding module, a polarization decoding module and a single photon detector which are sequentially connected, the sending end and the receiving end are connected through a single mode fiber, the polarization coding module comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a first phase modulator and a first Faraday rotator which are sequentially connected, a first interface of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the intensity modulator, a third interface and a fourth interface of the first polarization beam splitter are respectively and correspondingly connected with the first Faraday rotator and the first phase modulator, the other ends of the first Faraday rotator and the first phase modulator are mutually connected, and a fourth interface of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the phase coding module, the phase coding module comprises a first optical fiber beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter, a second phase modulator and a Faraday rotator, wherein three ports and four ports of the first optical fiber beam splitter are respectively connected with one port and two ports of the second polarization beam splitter through long and short arm optical fibers, the three ports and four ports of the second polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the Faraday rotator and the second phase modulator through polarization-maintaining optical fibers, the second phase modulator is connected with the Faraday rotator through the polarization-maintaining optical fibers, one port is connected with the four ports of the first polarization beam splitter, and the two ports are connected with an electrically adjustable attenuator; the electrically adjustable attenuator is connected with a receiving end through a single-mode fiber, the structure of the phase decoding module is consistent with that of the phase encoding module, the polarization decoding module comprises a first circulator, a second circulator and a third circulator, a first port of the first circulator is connected with the electrically controllable attenuator of a transmitting end through a fiber, a first port of a first fiber beam splitter in the phase decoding module is connected with a second port of a third fiber beam splitter in the phase decoding module, a first port of the third circulator is connected with a third port of the third fiber beam splitter, a second port of the first fiber beam splitter in the phase decoding module is connected with a first port of the second circulator, a second port of the second circulator is connected with a port of the third polarization beam splitter, a third port and a fourth port of the third polarization beam splitter are respectively and correspondingly connected with a second Faraday rotator and a third phase modulator, the other ends of the second Faraday rotator and the third phase modulator are mutually connected, and a second port of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with a second port of the, and the three ports of the second circulator are connected with one incident end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, the three ports of the third circulator are connected with the other incident end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, and the two emergent ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with a single photon detector.
Preferably, the first polarization beam splitter, the second polarization beam splitter, the third polarization beam splitter and the fourth polarization beam splitter are 2X2 polarization beam splitters.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the quantum key distribution system of polarization and phase composite coding, the efficiency of a protocol can be improved by carrying out phase and polarization composite coding on single photon bits, and the efficiency can be improved to 4 times of that of an original protocol by adopting a bias selection base mode;
2. the polarization encoding and decoding structure is simple, the performance is stable, and compared with the traditional multi-laser encoding and passive selective base decoding, the side channel quantum state preparation and measurement information leakage are avoided, so that the complexity of the system is reduced, and the safety of the system is improved;
3. the phase coding and decoding module has the characteristic of polarization independence, so that the phase coding and decoding module cannot be influenced by polarization coding and channel disturbance, the phase coding and decoding process is very stable, and the stability of the whole system is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a polarization and phase complex encoded quantum key distribution system of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a detailed schematic diagram of the polarization and phase complex coded quantum key distribution system of the present invention.
In the figure: the optical fiber polarization modulator comprises a transmitting end 100, a laser 110, an intensity modulator 120, a polarization encoding module 130, a first polarization beam splitter 131, a first phase modulator 132, a first Faraday rotator mirror 133, a phase encoding module 140, a first optical fiber beam splitter 141, a second polarization beam splitter 142, a second phase modulator 143, a Faraday rotator 144, an electrically adjustable attenuator 150, a receiving end 200, a phase decoding module 210, a polarization decoding module 220, a first circulator 221, a second circulator 222, a third circulator 223, a third polarization beam splitter 224, a second Faraday rotator mirror 225, a third phase modulator 226, a fourth polarization beam splitter 227 and a single photon detector 230.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown.
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, a polarization and phase composite coded quantum key distribution system includes a sending end 100 and a receiving end 200, where the sending end 100 includes a laser 110, an intensity modulator 120, a polarization coding module 130, a phase coding module 140, and an electrically adjustable attenuator 150, which are connected in sequence, the receiving end 200 includes a phase decoding module 210, a polarization decoding module 220, and a single photon detector 230, which are connected in sequence, the sending end 100 and the receiving end 200 are connected by a single-mode optical fiber 300, the polarization coding module 130 includes a first polarization beam splitter 131, a first phase modulator 132, and a first faraday rotator 133, which are connected in sequence, a first interface of the first polarization beam splitter 131 is connected to the intensity modulator 120, a third interface and a fourth interface of the first polarization beam splitter 131 are respectively connected to the first faraday rotator 133 and the first phase modulator 132, the other ends of the first faraday rotator mirror 133 and the first phase modulator 132 are connected to each other, the fourth interface of the first polarization beam splitter 131 is connected to a phase encoding module 140, the phase encoding module 140 includes a first optical fiber beam splitter 141, a second polarization beam splitter 142, a second phase modulator 143, and a faraday rotator 144, the three and four ports of the first optical fiber splitter 141 are respectively connected to one and two ports of the second polarization splitter 142 via long and short arm optical fibers, the three and four ports of the second polarization beam splitter 142 are connected to the faraday rotator 144 and the second phase modulator 143 through polarization maintaining fibers, the second phase modulator 143 is connected to the faraday rotator 144 through a polarization maintaining fiber, one port of the first fiber splitter 141 is connected to the four ports of the first polarization splitter 131, and the other port is connected to the electrically adjustable attenuator 150; the electrically adjustable attenuator 150 is connected to the receiving end 200 through a single-mode fiber, the structure of the phase decoding module 210 is consistent with that of the phase encoding module 140, the polarization decoding module 220 includes a first circulator 221, a second circulator 222, and a third circulator 223, a port of the first circulator 221 is connected to the electrically controllable attenuator 150 of the transmitting end 100 through a fiber, a port of the first fiber splitter 141 in the phase decoding module 210 is connected to a port of the third circulator 223, a port of the first fiber splitter 141 in the phase decoding module 210 is connected to a port of the second circulator 222, a port of the second circulator 222 is connected to a port of the third polarization-preserving splitter 224, three and four ports of the third polarization splitter 224 are respectively connected to a second faraday rotator 225 and a third phase modulator 226, and the other ends of the second faraday rotator 225 and the third phase modulator 226 are connected to each other, two ports of the third polarization beam splitter 224 are connected to two ports of the third circulator 223, three ports of the second circulator 222 are connected to one incident end of the fourth polarization beam splitter 227, three ports of the third circulator 223 are connected to the other incident end of the fourth polarization beam splitter 227, and two emergent ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter 227 are respectively connected to the single photon detector 230. The first polarization beam splitter 131, the second polarization beam splitter 142, the third polarization beam splitter 224, and the fourth polarization beam splitter 227 are all 2X2 polarization beam splitters.
The specific implementation process comprises the following steps:
the transmitting end comprises a laser, an intensity modulator IM, a polarization coding module consisting of a 2X2 polarization beam splitter and a phase modulator PM (wherein the phase modulator PM is welded with the optical fiber of one port of the 2X2 polarization beam splitter at 90 degrees), the phase coding module MZSI (Mach-Zehnder-Sagnac Interferometer) and an electrically adjustable attenuator EVOA. Wherein the optical fiber of the input port of the 2X2 polarization beam splitter is welded with the output end of the intensity modulator by 45 degrees. After the light pulse emitted by the laser is modulated by IM, before the light pulse enters PBS, the polarization state of the photon is rotated by 45 degrees, at this time, the light pulse is divided into two vertical polarization components | H > and | V > which enter PBS of the polarization coding unit, the two components respectively pass PM in turn from opposite directions, and the phase difference between | H > and | V > can be changed by modulating the voltage of PMThe polarization state thus produced isWhen the phase difference is betweenThe corresponding 4 polarization states are shown in Table 1
Table 1: 4 polarization states generated by a transmitting end
The optical pulse enters a phase encoding unit MZSI after polarization encoding, and phase encoding is carried out. The phase encoding unit MZSI consists of a single-mode fiber splitter BS of 2X2, a polarization splitter PBS of 2X2, a phase modulator PM and 1 faraday rotator FR. It can be seen that the MZSI consists essentially of an unequal arm Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer and a Sagnac ring. The long arm (l) of the unequal arm MZ interferometer is provided with a Delay Line (DL) to ensure that the arm length difference between the long arm (l) and the short arm(s) is delta l. The fibers within the Sagnac loop are polarization maintaining fibers and the remainder are single mode fibers, and the phase modulator PM is required to allow both TM and TE polarized light components to pass through (e.g., a commercially available titanium diffusion phase modulator), and the faraday rotator FR introduces the faraday effect that rotates the polarization of the light by 90 °. The polarization-encoded optical pulse enters a 2X2 fiber beam splitter and is divided into two optical pulses, wherein the pulse P1 passes through the long arm of the unequal arm MZ interferometer, and the pulse P2 passes through the short arm of the MZ interferometer. The long arm pulse P1 is split by the polarization beam splitter PBS into two mutually orthogonal polarized light pulses P1x and P1y, which pass through the Sagnac loop structure clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively, and finally return to the polarization beam splitter and combine into one pulse P11 and back to the long arm of the MZ interferometer. Since the pulses P1x and P1y arrive at the phase modulator from opposite directions at the same time, they are modulated by the same phase θlAnd the polarization state of the resulting optical pulse P11 is orthogonal to the polarization state of the incident optical pulse P1. After returning to the long arm, the optical pulse P11 is split into two optical pulses again by the fiber splitter BS and output. Similarly, light passing through the short arm of the MZ interferometerThe pulse P2 is also split by the PBS into two orthogonal polarized light pulses P2x and P2y, which pass through the Sagnac loop to the phase modulator at the same time and are PM modulated in phase θsThen combined at the PBS to form 1 optical pulse P22 with the polarization state perpendicular to P2, and finally returned to the short arm of the MZ interferometer and split into two optical pulses output by the fiber splitter BS. Finally, two time intervals of 2 Δ l/v (where v is the propagation speed of light in the optical fiber) are output from the phase encoder with a phase difference ofTwo light pulses before and after. Random control of phase difference by adjusting PMThe phase coding can be carried out when the value is 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2. Finally, the optical pulse is attenuated to a single photon magnitude by an electrically adjustable attenuator.
The receiving end comprises 3 circulators CIR, a phase decoding unit MZSI (which is completely the same as the phase encoding unit), 2 polarization controllers PC, a polarization decoding unit (which is completely the same as the polarization encoding unit), a polarization beam splitter and 2 single photon detectors. After optical pulses enter a receiving end through a channel, the optical pulses firstly enter a phase decoding unit from a 1 st port of a BS through a circulator CIR1, the decoded pulses are respectively output from a 1 st port and a 2 nd port of the BS, the pulses output from the 1 st port enter a 2 nd port of a CIR1 and are output from a 3 rd port of the CIR1, then sequentially pass through a 1 st port and a 2 nd port of a PC and CIR3, enter a polarization decoding unit from a 2 nd port of a PBS for polarization decoding, then are output from a 1 st port of the PBS, sequentially pass through a 2 nd port, a 3 rd port, a 45-degree fusion optical fiber and the PBS of a CIR2, and finally enter a single photon detector for detection; the pulse output from the 2 nd port of the BS passes through the 1 st port and the 2 nd port of the PC and the CIR2 in sequence, and enters the polarization decoding unit from the 1 st port of the PBS. The decoded pulse is output from the 2 nd port of the PBS, sequentially passes through the 2 nd port and the 3 rd port of the CIR3, the 45-degree fusion optical fiber and the PBS, and finally enters the single photon detector for detection. The optical pulse emitted from the 3 rd port of the CIR1 is subjected to a time delay DL, which is equivalent to time division multiplexing of two signals. The polarization controller incorporates a polarization compensation algorithm for recovering the polarization state disturbed by the channel.
The workflow of the quantum key distribution system is summarized as follows:
1. triggering a laser: the pulse laser generates a series of pulsed light at a repetition rate by a trigger signal.
2. Decoy state modulation: the light pulses are randomly intensity modulated by an Intensity Modulator (IM) into a signal state, a decoy state, or a vacuum state.
3. And (3) encoding at a transmitting end: the light pulse modulated by the intensity modulator enters a polarization coding module for coding, and the generated polarization states are | + >, | - >, | R >, | L > respectively. And then the optical pulse passes through a phase coding module MZSI and is subjected to random phase modulation by a phase modulator, so that the phase difference between two pulses output from the MZSI is 0, pi/2, pi and 3 pi/2 respectively.
4. Electrically controlled adjustable attenuator (EVOA): EVOA attenuates optical pulses to the single photon magnitude.
5. Decoding at a receiving end: after being transmitted through an optical fiber channel, an optical signal enters a receiving end and sequentially enters a phase decoding unit and a polarization decoding unit to finish a decoding process, wherein the phase decoding PM modulates the phase 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the polarization decoding PM modulates the phase 0, pi/2.
6. Measurement: measuring system results with a single photon detector for subsequent processing to generate a secure key
The structure and the principle of the invention are integrated, so that the quantum key distribution system of the polarization and phase composite coding can improve the efficiency of the protocol by carrying out the phase and polarization composite coding on single photon bits, and the efficiency can be improved to 4 times of the original protocol by adopting a bias selection method; the polarization encoding and decoding structure is simple, the performance is stable, and compared with the traditional multi-laser encoding and passive selective base decoding, the side channel quantum state preparation and measurement information leakage are avoided, so that the complexity of the system is reduced, and the safety of the system is improved; the phase coding and decoding module has the characteristic of polarization independence, so that the phase coding and decoding module cannot be influenced by polarization coding and channel disturbance, the phase coding and decoding process is very stable, and the stability of the whole system is improved.

Claims (2)

1. A quantum key distribution system of polarization and phase composite coding comprises a sending end and a receiving end, and is characterized in that the sending end comprises a laser, an intensity modulator, a polarization coding module, a phase coding module and an electrically adjustable attenuator which are sequentially connected, the receiving end comprises a phase decoding module, a polarization decoding module and a single photon detector which are sequentially connected, the sending end is connected with the receiving end through a single mode fiber, the polarization coding module comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a first phase modulator and a first Faraday rotator which are sequentially connected, a first interface of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the intensity modulator, a third interface and a fourth interface of the first polarization beam splitter are respectively and correspondingly connected with the first Faraday rotator and the first phase modulator, and the other ends of the first Faraday rotator and the first phase modulator are mutually connected, the fourth interface of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with a phase coding module, the phase coding module comprises a first optical fiber beam splitter, a second polarization beam splitter, a second phase modulator and a Faraday rotator, the three ports and the four ports of the first optical fiber beam splitter are respectively connected with the first port and the two ports of the second polarization beam splitter through long and short arm optical fibers, the three ports and the four ports of the second polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with the Faraday rotator and the second phase modulator through polarization-maintaining optical fibers, the second phase modulator is connected with the Faraday rotator through the polarization-maintaining optical fibers, one port of the first optical fiber beam splitter is connected with the four ports of the first polarization beam splitter, and the two ports of the first optical fiber beam splitter are connected with an electrically adjustable attenuator; the electrically adjustable attenuator is connected with a receiving end through a single-mode fiber, the structure of the phase decoding module is consistent with that of the phase encoding module, the polarization decoding module comprises a first circulator, a second circulator and a third circulator, a first port of the first circulator is connected with the electrically controllable attenuator of a transmitting end through a fiber, a first port of a first fiber beam splitter in the phase decoding module is connected with a second port of a third fiber beam splitter in the phase decoding module, a first port of the third circulator is connected with a third port of the third fiber beam splitter, a second port of the first fiber beam splitter in the phase decoding module is connected with a first port of the second circulator, a second port of the second circulator is connected with a port of the third polarization beam splitter, a third port and a fourth port of the third polarization beam splitter are respectively and correspondingly connected with a second Faraday rotator and a third phase modulator, the other ends of the second Faraday rotator and the third phase modulator are mutually connected, and a second port of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with a second port of the, and the three ports of the second circulator are connected with one incident end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, the three ports of the third circulator are connected with the other incident end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, and the two emergent ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with a single photon detector.
2. The polarization and phase multiplexed encoded quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth polarizing beam splitters are 2X2 polarizing beam splitters.
CN201911041183.0A 2019-10-30 2019-10-30 Quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding Pending CN110601839A (en)

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WO2021188045A1 (en) * 2020-03-17 2021-09-23 Nanyang Technological University System and apparatuses for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
CN113541807A (en) * 2020-12-30 2021-10-22 广东国腾量子科技有限公司 Light source coding driving system for quantum key distribution
CN113572595A (en) * 2020-10-13 2021-10-29 华南师范大学 Polarization encoding-based half-quantum key distribution system and method
CN113708931A (en) * 2021-11-01 2021-11-26 浙江九州量子信息技术股份有限公司 Polarization encoding device for quantum key distribution and quantum key distribution system
CN114650133A (en) * 2022-03-31 2022-06-21 北京中科国光量子科技有限公司 Polarization encoding device for quantum key distribution and quantum key distribution system
CN116155495A (en) * 2023-04-19 2023-05-23 北京中科国光量子科技有限公司 Switchable coding module, quantum key distribution transmitting end and system

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CN110324145A (en) * 2019-08-08 2019-10-11 赵义博 It is a kind of to polarize unrelated phase code quantum key distribution system and method
CN110380853A (en) * 2019-07-24 2019-10-25 赵义博 A kind of polarization encoder quantum key distribution system
CN210629517U (en) * 2019-10-30 2020-05-26 赵义博 Quantum key distribution system for polarization and phase composite coding

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CN111371554A (en) * 2020-03-16 2020-07-03 华南师范大学 Intrinsic stable coding device and method for automatically calibrating input polarization state
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WO2021188045A1 (en) * 2020-03-17 2021-09-23 Nanyang Technological University System and apparatuses for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
CN113572595A (en) * 2020-10-13 2021-10-29 华南师范大学 Polarization encoding-based half-quantum key distribution system and method
CN113572595B (en) * 2020-10-13 2023-09-19 华南师范大学 Polarization coding-based semi-quantum key distribution system and method
CN113541807A (en) * 2020-12-30 2021-10-22 广东国腾量子科技有限公司 Light source coding driving system for quantum key distribution
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CN113708931A (en) * 2021-11-01 2021-11-26 浙江九州量子信息技术股份有限公司 Polarization encoding device for quantum key distribution and quantum key distribution system
CN114650133A (en) * 2022-03-31 2022-06-21 北京中科国光量子科技有限公司 Polarization encoding device for quantum key distribution and quantum key distribution system
CN114650133B (en) * 2022-03-31 2022-11-08 北京中科国光量子科技有限公司 Polarization encoding device for quantum key distribution and quantum key distribution system
CN116155495A (en) * 2023-04-19 2023-05-23 北京中科国光量子科技有限公司 Switchable coding module, quantum key distribution transmitting end and system
CN116155495B (en) * 2023-04-19 2023-06-23 北京中科国光量子科技有限公司 Switchable coding module, quantum key distribution transmitting end and system

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Denomination of invention: A quantum key distribution system with polarization and phase composite coding

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