CN110595815A - Diesel engine aftertreatment solid SCR system - Google Patents
Diesel engine aftertreatment solid SCR system Download PDFInfo
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- CN110595815A CN110595815A CN201910881138.XA CN201910881138A CN110595815A CN 110595815 A CN110595815 A CN 110595815A CN 201910881138 A CN201910881138 A CN 201910881138A CN 110595815 A CN110595815 A CN 110595815A
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 71
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010963 304 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000589 SAE 304 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100496858 Mus musculus Colec12 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001631 strontium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- G01M99/005—Testing of complete machines, e.g. washing-machines or mobile phones
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/10—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using catalysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N2021/3595—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using FTIR
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a diesel engine post-treatment solid SCR system, which is characterized in that: the system is charged with NH3Unit, NH3Generating and injecting unit, NOxThe device comprises an efficiency testing unit, an engine exhaust simulation unit, a data acquisition unit and a safety unit. In which NH is charged3Liquid NH of unit3Steel cylinder, NH3A steel cylinder and a pressure reducing valve. NH (NH)3The generation and injection unit stores NH3Tank, electric heating jacket, temperature control box and NH3Pressure reducing valve, NH3And a mass flow controller. NOxThe efficiency testing unit consists of an infrared spectrometer and an SCR catalyst. The engine exhaust simulation unit is composed of N2、O2NO standard gas, pressure reductionValve, ball valve. The data acquisition unit consists of a data acquisition card, a thermocouple, a temperature transmitter and a pressure transmitter. The safety unit consists of a safety tank and a ball valve. The system stores NH by adjusting heating3Sr (NH) in tank3)8Cl2Temperature control of NH3Rate of formation by NH3Mass flow controller control of NH3The injection rate. The invention has reasonable design and simple structure, and can be efficiently used for testing and evaluating the solid SCR system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a diesel engine post-treatment solid SCR system, which is mainly applied to tail gas NO of a diesel enginexPost-processing industry.
Background
Due to SCR technology on NOxHigh removal efficiency, and the diesel vehicles on the market at present basically adopt SCR to remove NOxThe reducing agent NH required for the reaction3From a 32.5% aqueous urea solution. As technology continues to advance, solid-state SCR technology (SSCR) has begun to advance in recent years. The biggest difference between the solid SCR technology and the traditional SCR technology is that a reducing agent NH3From a different source, the reducing agent NH of conventional SCR technology3From 32.5% aqueous urea solution, and the reductant NH of solid SCR technology3From various solid ammonia stores. The traditional SCR technology has been applied for decades and is used for reducing NO of diesel enginesxThe discharge aspect has good effect, but there are many problems which are difficult to solve.
The advantages of solid SCR are: first, the SSCR system stores ammonia at a higher density. The solid ammonia storage in the solid SCR technology has ammonia storage density much higher than that of the traditional urea aqueous solution. As shown in FIG. 1, for every 1g of NO reduced, the required urea aqueous solution had a mass of 2.9g and a volume of 3.0cm3While the desired solid ammonium carbamate has a mass of only 1.3g and a volume of only 0.81cm3. Second, the SSCR system is much cheaper. The cost of urea solution is about 6,000 yuan for every 50,000km of a liquid urea system. And the cost of the solid ammonia system with the same mileage is 200-400 yuan. Thirdly, the low temperature effect of the SSCR system is significant. The traditional urea aqueous solution can be pyrolyzed and hydrolyzed to release NH at the temperature of more than 150 DEG C3The SSCR system is not limited by the exhaust temperature of the automobile, and the solid ammonia storage is heated by adopting an additional electric heating mode so as to release NH3. The cold start test is added in the WHTC test cycle of the national six-regulation of the Chinese heavy-duty vehicle about to be implemented in 2020, which puts higher requirements on the pollutant control of the low-temperature section of the exhaust gas. Fourth, no crystallization occurs in the piping. The traditional SCR urea aqueous solution has an icing phenomenon under the condition of minus 11 ℃, and the urea thawing time required for normal work is longer. In addition, in the operation process of the SCR system, the urea aqueous solution may form crystal deposition in the pipeline due to incomplete pyrolysis and hydrolysis, and the pipeline is easy to block after a long time. Fifth, NH3The production amount control is more accurate. Conveying applianceThe urea aqueous solution is not hydrolyzed completely, so that an error exists between the urea injection amount and the ammonia gas generation amount, the SCR conversion efficiency is influenced, and the SSCR system does not have the problem. Sixth, the system is simpler. Compared with the traditional SCR system, the SSCR system has the advantages that many components such as a nozzle are not needed, the system is simpler, and the maintenance is more convenient.
The invention designs a set of complete solid SCR system, and simulates the exhaust of an engine to test the performance of the solid SCR system and the NO of an SCR catalystxThe effect of efficiency is removed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention designs a set of complete solid SCR system, which is specifically composed of an ammonia charging unit and NH3Generating and injecting unit, NOxThe device comprises an efficiency testing unit, an engine exhaust simulation unit, a data acquisition unit and a safety unit 6. The ammonia charging unit is responsible for NH in the ammonia storage tank3NH is supplied after the release is finished3Supplying and adsorbing to SrCl2To produce Sr (NH)3)8Cl2Thereby realizing the ammonia charging process. NH (NH)3The generating and spraying unit functions to heat Sr (NH) by the electric heating device3)8Cl2Thereby generating NH3Then make NH after valve through ammonia pressure reducing valve3The pressure is stable, and the accurate quantitative injection of the ammonia gas is realized through the ammonia gas mass flow controller. NOxThe efficiency testing unit mainly comprises an SCR catalyst and a Fourier infrared spectrum analyzer, and NO before and after the SCR catalyst is detected by the Fourier infrared spectrum analyzerxConcentration to thereby calculate NOxThe conversion efficiency. The engine exhaust simulation unit simulates different exhaust concentrations by mixing the gases in the steel cylinders, and simulates different exhaust temperatures by heating the gases through the tube furnace. The data acquisition unit comprises temperature data acquisition and pressure data acquisition, wherein the temperature data are acquired through a K-type thermocouple and a temperature transmitter, the pressure data are acquired through a pressure transmitter, and then 0-10V voltage signals are output through an EM9636 data acquisition card so as to calculate and obtain actual temperature and pressure data. The safety unit mainly comprises a switch ball valve and a safety tank and aims at solving the problem of NH3Too fast release results inPotential safety hazard caused by overlarge pressure of the ammonia storage tank. The invention has simple structure and complete functions, and can well probe the final NO of each factor pair in the solid-state SCR systemxThe influence of the removal efficiency, such as the influence of exploring different adsorbents, the ammonia gas release capacity of the adsorbents at different temperatures, the ammonia charging rate of the adsorbents at different pressures, and the like, are important factors for the practical application of the SCR system. The invention can lay the foundation for tamping the application of the actual solid SCR system on the diesel vehicle and the ship.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The ammonia filling unit consists of a nitrogen steel cylinder (1), a switch valve (2), a high-pressure reducing valve (3), a liquid ammonia steel cylinder (4), a switch valve (5), an ammonia reducing valve (6) and a switch ball valve (7). When ammonia is filled, the valve (2) is closed, and the valve (5) and the valve (7) are opened, so that ammonia is filled into the ammonia storage tank (10) until SrCl is filled2All with NH3After adsorption, ammonia charging is finished, and the valve (5) and the valve (7) are closed. N is a radical of2The steel cylinder is used for blowing residual NH in the ammonia storage tank and the pipeline after the experiment is finished3。NH3The generating and spraying unit consists of an ammonia storage tank (10), an electric heating sleeve (11), a temperature control box (12), an ammonia pressure reducing valve (13) and an ammonia mass flow controller (19). The temperature control box (12) controls the electric heating sleeve (11) to heat Sr (NH)3)8Cl2Thereby controlling NH3The release rate of (c). Then stabilizing the NH by means of a pressure reducing valve (13)3Pressure, NH control by mass flow controller (19)3The amount of injection. NOxThe efficiency testing unit consists of an SCR catalyst and a Fourier infrared spectrum analyzer, and NO before and after the SCR catalyst (23) is detected by the Fourier infrared spectrum analyzer (26)xConcentration to thereby calculate NOxThe conversion efficiency. The engine exhaust simulation unit mainly comprises steel cylinder gases (31,34), pressure reducing valves (30,33), mass flow controllers (29,32), a mixer (28) and a tube furnace (27). Different exhaust gas concentrations were simulated by mixing the cylinder gases, and different exhaust gas temperatures were simulated by heating the gases in a tube furnace.The data acquisition unit consists of temperature sensors (8,21,25), pressure sensors (9,14,20), a data acquisition card (15) and a computer (16). The temperature data is collected by a K-type thermocouple and a temperature transmitter, the pressure data is collected by a pressure transmitter, and then a 0-10V voltage signal is output to a computer (16) by an EM9636 data acquisition card (15), so that the actual temperature and pressure data are obtained through calculation. The safety unit mainly comprises a switch ball valve (17) and a safety tank (18), and aims to solve the problem of NH3The release is too fast, so that the potential safety hazard caused by the over-pressure of the ammonia storage tank is caused. When the pressure of the ammonia storage tank reaches the warning line, the ball valve (17) is opened, and NH is carried out3Will flow into the safety tank, when the pressure of the ammonia storage tank is reduced to a safe range, the ball valve (17) is closed.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a diesel engine aftertreatment solid SCR system, including ammonia storage tank (10), safety can (12), relief pressure valve (13), mass flow controller (19), SCR catalyst (23), Fourier infrared spectrum appearance (26), tube furnace (27), gas mixer (28), temperature sensor (8) are being arranged on ammonia storage tank (10), pressure sensor (9), pipeline arrangement pressure sensor (20) behind mass flow controller (19), temperature sensor (21) are being arranged at SCR catalyst (23) upper reaches, gas concentration measurement station (22), temperature sensor (25) are being arranged to the low reaches, gas concentration measurement station (24), N is being arranged at ammonia storage tank (10) upper reaches2A gas bottle (1), a switch valve (2), a high-pressure reducing valve (3), a liquid ammonia gas bottle (4), a switch valve (5) and NH3A pressure reducing valve (6) and a switch ball valve (7), wherein a gas supply unit is arranged at the upstream of the gas mixer (28), and the gas supply unit comprises a high-pressure gas cylinder (31), a switch valve (30), a mass flow controller (29) and the like
2. A diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system according to claim 1, wherein said ammonia storage tank (10) is made of 304 stainless steel, having an outer diameter of 150mm, a height of 150mm and a wall thickness of 6mm, and is connected at the top by a flange bolt.
3. The diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system of claim 1, wherein the data acquisition system employs eight acquisition channels, the acquisition card is EM9636(15), the temperature data acquisition (8) employs a thermocouple plus temperature transmitter, and the pressure data acquisition (9) employs an MBS 3000 pressure transmitter.
4. A diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system according to claim 1, characterized in that the SCR catalyst (23) is a vanadium-based catalyst, the catalyst having a diameter of 120mm and a length of 210mm, and the tank wall thickness being 2 mm.
5. A diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tube furnace (27) has a maximum heating temperature of 1200 ℃ and a nominal power of 3 kw.
6. The diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system of claim 1, wherein the ammonia mass flow meter (19) has a range of 0.5ml to 50ml, with an accuracy of 0.5% of the maximum range, meeting injection range requirements.
7. A diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ammonia injection site is 150mm upstream of the SCR catalyst (23).
8. A diesel aftertreatment solid SCR system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas mixer (28) is 100mm in diameter, 100mm in length and 6mm in wall thickness. .
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910881138.XA CN110595815A (en) | 2019-09-18 | 2019-09-18 | Diesel engine aftertreatment solid SCR system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910881138.XA CN110595815A (en) | 2019-09-18 | 2019-09-18 | Diesel engine aftertreatment solid SCR system |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110595815A true CN110595815A (en) | 2019-12-20 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201910881138.XA Pending CN110595815A (en) | 2019-09-18 | 2019-09-18 | Diesel engine aftertreatment solid SCR system |
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009060288A1 (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2011-06-30 | Volkswagen AG, 38440 | Operating ammonia storage system for catalyst system operating based on principle of selective catalytic reduction comprises a main memory that is equipped with heating device and contains ammonia-storing material |
| CN103706287A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-04-09 | 上海海事大学 | Dynamic gas distribution system for simulating tail gas of ship |
| CN106984187A (en) * | 2017-04-20 | 2017-07-28 | 苏州西热节能环保技术有限公司 | A kind of long lab scale catalyst for denitrating flue gas device for detecting performance and detection method |
| CN107327332A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-11-07 | 中国第汽车股份有限公司 | SSCR systems based on solid ammonia storage material |
| CN208520587U (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2019-02-19 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | Diesel engine post-processing system endurance test platform |
-
2019
- 2019-09-18 CN CN201910881138.XA patent/CN110595815A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009060288A1 (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2011-06-30 | Volkswagen AG, 38440 | Operating ammonia storage system for catalyst system operating based on principle of selective catalytic reduction comprises a main memory that is equipped with heating device and contains ammonia-storing material |
| CN103706287A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-04-09 | 上海海事大学 | Dynamic gas distribution system for simulating tail gas of ship |
| CN106984187A (en) * | 2017-04-20 | 2017-07-28 | 苏州西热节能环保技术有限公司 | A kind of long lab scale catalyst for denitrating flue gas device for detecting performance and detection method |
| CN107327332A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-11-07 | 中国第汽车股份有限公司 | SSCR systems based on solid ammonia storage material |
| CN208520587U (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2019-02-19 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | Diesel engine post-processing system endurance test platform |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 张克金: "适用于SCR的固体储氨材料开发研究", 《2013中国汽车工程学会年论文集》 * |
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