CN110588713A - Ballastless track bed slab crack detection system and detection method - Google Patents
Ballastless track bed slab crack detection system and detection method Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61K—AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAILWAYS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B61K9/00—Railway vehicle profile gauges; Detecting or indicating overheating of components; Apparatus on locomotives or cars to indicate bad track sections; General design of track recording vehicles
- B61K9/08—Measuring installations for surveying permanent way
- B61K9/10—Measuring installations for surveying permanent way for detecting cracks in rails or welds thereof
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Abstract
The invention relates to a ballastless track bed board crack detection system which comprises a transient impact device and a collection and analysis device matched with the transient impact device, wherein the collection and analysis device comprises the transient impact device and a collection and analysis device matched with the transient impact device. The invention also relates to a method for detecting cracks by using the system. The method can efficiently, quickly and accurately identify the crack damage degree of the ballastless track bed plate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a railway track detection technology, in particular to a system and a method for detecting a crack of a ballastless track bed board.
Background
The ballastless track becomes the main track structure type of the high-speed railway in China by virtue of the characteristics of high smoothness, high stability and less maintenance. However, the ballastless track structure is used as a foundation for the running of the high-speed train, is exposed in a complex natural environment throughout the year, bears the repeated action of the load of the high-speed train, and can be damaged along with the increase of service time, wherein cracks are a main damage form. The cracks can affect the bearing capacity of the track structure and even the driving safety.
The existing detection of the rail plate cracks is mainly from the surface, and methods such as a crack meter, a crack width observation instrument and the like are generally adopted. Only the width index of the crack can be obtained, which is reflected in the surface and a certain depth range, but the width cannot completely represent the damage degree of the crack because the width cannot explain the state of the crack in the track slab. The crack influence is mainly reflected on the dynamic performance of the ballast bed plate, and the crack damage degree can be represented substantially if a dynamic response detection result under the action of power.
At present, no device for directly exciting a track bed plate exists, and no detection system and method for detecting the ballastless track crack based on transient impact response exist.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the defects of the ballastless track bed slab crack identification, the invention provides a ballastless track bed slab crack detection system and method, which are used for efficiently, quickly and accurately identifying the ballastless track bed slab crack damage degree.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a ballastless track bed slab crack detection system comprises a transient impact device and a collection and analysis device matched with the transient impact device.
The acquisition and analysis device comprises an acceleration sensor group, a signal acquisition instrument and an analysis system, wherein the signal acquisition instrument and the analysis system are sequentially connected with the acceleration sensor group through signal lines.
The transient impact device comprises a guide rod, a controller and a drop hammer, wherein the controller and the drop hammer are sequentially arranged on the guide rod in a penetrating manner from top to bottom; the controller comprises a cross arm which is arranged on the guide rod in a penetrating way and is vertical to the guide rod, a circular level gauge arranged at one end of the cross arm and a unhooking device which is rotatably connected to the other end of the cross arm; the drop hammer and the guide rod are coaxially arranged, and a drop hammer fixing device matched with the unhooking device is arranged at the top of the drop hammer.
Further, the device also comprises a rubber cushion plate arranged below the transient impact device.
Further, the device comprises two groups of acceleration sensors, and each group of acceleration sensors comprises two acceleration sensors. The analysis system comprises a PC (loaded with relevant processing software).
Furthermore, the bottom of the guide rod is provided with a force transmission part, and the force transmission part comprises a bearing cylinder fixedly connected with the bottom end of the guide rod and a force transmission disc which is arranged at the bottom of the bearing cylinder and the bottom surface of which is spherical.
Furthermore, the unhooking device comprises a connecting rod, a hook arranged at the bottom end of the connecting rod and an unhooking handle arranged at the top end of the connecting rod; the connecting rod is connected with the cross arm through a rotating shaft.
Further, the drop hammer fixing device is a hanging ring arranged at the top of the drop hammer, and the hanging ring is matched with the hook.
Furthermore, a drop hammer handle is arranged at the top of the drop hammer and fixedly connected with the top end of the drop hammer through a connecting rod.
Furthermore, a height indicating line is arranged on the guide rod.
Furthermore, a rubber handle is arranged at the top end of the guide rod.
A ballastless track bed board crack detection method utilizes the ballastless track bed board crack detection system and comprises the following steps:
(1) two groups of acceleration sensors are arranged; the relative distance between the two groups of acceleration sensors is 200mm, and each group of acceleration sensors comprises two acceleration sensors which are respectively arranged at two sides of the crack and are 100mm away from the crack; arranging a transient impact device along the symmetrical axes of the two acceleration sensor groups and at the position of 300mm outside the two acceleration sensor groups; a rubber cushion plate is arranged between the transient impact device and the road bed plate;
(2) adjusting the circular level to center the level bubble, keeping the transient impact device vertical, repeating impact for multiple times according to the specified drop hammer mass and drop height, collecting data and storing;
(3) establishing a crack damage characteristic library according to acceleration time-course data acquired by a simulation or actual measurement method; and calculating the frequency band energy ratio deviation of the crack data to be detected, and performing interpolation analysis on the frequency band energy ratio deviation and the data in the crack damage characteristic library to predict the crack damage degree.
In the detection method, the establishment method of the crack damage characteristic library is that the crack damage is calculated as follows according to acceleration time-course data acquired by a simulation or actual measurement method through wavelet packet decomposition: and (3) deviation of wavelet packet frequency band energy ratios of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% is carried out, and a fracture damage characteristic library is established.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the system has simple structure, easy carrying and field arrangement, common used equipment, low cost, strong adaptability and the like;
(2) the measuring point arrangement scheme is simple, the number of used sensors is small, and the operation is easy;
(3) advantages of the transient impact device:
a) the material is easy to obtain, the cost is low, and the manufacturing is convenient;
b) the drop hammer freely falls along the guide rod, and the impact force is controlled by changing the mass and the falling height of the drop hammer, so that the control is convenient, the precision is high, and the error is small;
c) the bottom surface of the force transfer component adopts a solid cambered surface structure, the impact force is stable, and the instability of the impact force caused by poor state when the top surface of the force transfer component is in surface-to-surface contact with the bottom surface of the drop hammer and the bottom surface of the force transfer component is prevented;
d) in the invention, the transient impact device is contacted with the ballastless track bed plate through the rubber base plate, so that the impact force characteristic is adjusted, the track bed plate is not damaged secondarily, and the ballastless track disease can be detected efficiently without damage;
(4) the identification method and the calculation method are simple, the identification result is accurate, and the anti-interference capability is strong.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a detection system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a distribution scheme of measurement points.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a transient impact device.
Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the position relationship between the force-transmitting disc and the track bed plate through the rubber backing plate.
The method comprises the following steps that 1, a first acceleration sensor; 2. a second acceleration sensor; 3. a third acceleration sensor; 4. a fourth acceleration sensor; 5. a ballast bed plate; CA mortar; 7. a support layer; 8. a transient impact device; 9. a signal acquisition instrument; 10. an analysis system; 11. cracking; 12. a rail bearing platform; 13. a rubber handle; 14. a unhooking handle; 15. a cross arm; 16. hooking; 17. a circular level; 18. a guide bar; 19. a drop hammer handle; 20. dropping a hammer; 21. a height indicating line; 22. a force transmission disc; 23. a rubber pad; 24. a bearing cylinder; 25. a connecting rod; 26. a connecting rod; 27. and (5) hanging a ring.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, methods, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer and more clear, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description.
The invention is implemented in four steps:
firstly, determining a measuring point arrangement scheme.
Observing the structural state of the ballast bed plate, determining the crack position, and designing a measuring point arrangement scheme as shown in figure 2. In fig. 2, the crack 11 is cracked in the longitudinal direction of the track bed 5, and the rail bearing platforms 12 are located on both sides of the crack 11.
Wherein, because the rigidity of the crack of the ballast bed board is reduced, the longitudinal transmission characteristic of the shock vibration along the ballast bed board is changed, and measuring point positions are arranged at two sides of the crack. For better reaction crack damage degree, two groups of four measuring points are arranged. The measuring point arrangement scheme is as follows:
the measurement points are indicated by filled circles in fig. 2. And the measuring points 1 and 2 are a group and are respectively positioned at two sides of the crack, the measuring points 1 and the impact point are positioned at the same side, the measuring points 2 are positioned at the other side of the crack, and the measuring points 1 and 2 are respectively 100mm away from the crack. The measuring points 3 and 4 form a group, the relative distance between the measuring points 3 and 2 is 200mm, the relative distance between the measuring points 4 and 1 is 200mm, and the distance between the measuring points 3 and 4 is 100mm from the crack respectively; the impact point (solid square in FIG. 2) is to the left of the test point, 300mm from the center of test points 1, 4. The measuring points 1 and 2 and the measuring points 3 and 4 are arranged in this way, so that data of the two pairs of measuring points are compared with each other, and the reliability of an experimental result is improved.
And secondly, detecting the establishment of a system.
Fig. 1 shows a section structure of a ballastless track, which comprises a supporting layer 7, a CA mortar 6 and a track bed slab 5 from bottom to top, wherein a crack 11 is formed on the track bed slab. An acceleration sensor is arranged according to the arrangement position of measuring points in the figure 2, a first acceleration sensor is arranged at the measuring point 1, a second acceleration sensor is arranged at the measuring point 2, a third acceleration sensor is arranged at the measuring point 3, a fourth acceleration sensor is arranged at the measuring point 4, the sensors and a signal acquisition instrument 9 are connected through signal lines, the signal acquisition instrument and a computer 10 are connected, and finally the transient impact device is in place.
The sensor is installed by cleaning the bottom of the sensor and the measuring point of the ballast bed plate and bonding the sensor with special glue, so that the sensor is firm and convenient to detach. After five minutes, the sensor is firmly fixed on the surface of the track bed plate and is connected with signal wires among the devices.
The transient impact device has an overall height of about 1000mm as shown in fig. 3. The device comprises a guide rod 18, a controller and a drop hammer 20, wherein the controller and the drop hammer are sequentially arranged on the guide rod 18 from top to bottom in a penetrating manner; the controller comprises a cross arm 15 which is arranged on a guide rod 18 in a penetrating way and is vertical to the guide rod 18, a circular level 17 arranged at one end of the cross arm 15 and a detacher which is rotatably connected at the other end of the cross arm 15; the drop hammer 20 and the guide rod 18 are coaxially arranged, and a drop hammer fixing device matched with the detacher is arranged at the top of the drop hammer 18.
The side of the fixed cross arm of circular level ware for the adjustment transient state strikes the device, guarantees that the device is in vertically, reduces the hammer and falls the friction of process and guide arm under, makes the experimental result more accurate. The guide rod is a solid round steel rod, the diameter of the guide rod is 20mm, the appearance of the guide rod is smooth, and a height indicating line 21 is arranged on the guide rod and used for indicating the falling height of the drop hammer and is increased by 50 mm.
The drop hammer is a special iron mass body, the weight of the drop hammer is 10kg, a round hole with the diameter of 21mm is formed in the center of the drop hammer, and the drop hammer penetrates through the guide rod; if the drop hammer is replaced, the rubber handle and the cross arm are removed firstly, and then the drop hammer is replaced.
The unhooking device comprises a connecting rod 25, a hook 16 arranged at the bottom end of the connecting rod 25 and an unhooking handle 14 arranged at the top end of the connecting rod 25; the connecting rod 25 is connected with the cross arm 15 through a rotating shaft. The cross arm can be fixed at any position of the guide rod by means of bolts and the like.
The drop hammer fixing device is a hanging ring 27 arranged at the top of the drop hammer 20, and the hanging ring 27 is matched with the hook 16.
The hook 16 is located at the lower end of the cross arm 15, the bottom of the hanging ring is hooked through the hook to achieve the positioning of the height of the drop hammer, the unhooking handle is pulled, the connecting rod rotates, the hook is separated from the hanging ring at the moment, the drop hammer is released, and the drop hammer falls freely along the guide rod.
The top of the drop hammer 20 is provided with a drop hammer handle 19, and the drop hammer handle 19 is fixedly connected with the top end of the drop hammer 20 through a connecting rod 26. The drop hammer handle can be used for conveniently lifting the drop hammer.
The top end of the guide rod 18 is provided with a rubber handle 13 which is embedded at the upper end of the guide rod, so that the phenomenon that the impact force of the guide rod on hands is too large in the experiment process is avoided.
The bottom of the guide rod 18 is provided with a force transmission part, and the force transmission part comprises a bearing cylinder 24 fixedly connected with the bottom end of the guide rod 18 and a force transmission disc 22 which is arranged at the bottom of the bearing cylinder 24 and the bottom surface of which is spherical.
The force transmission component is a steel integral component, the force transmission disc is a cylinder with the radius of 40mm and the height of 10mm, the bottom surface is made into a spherical surface, and the radius of the sphere is 85 mm; the upper part of the force transmission disc is connected with a solid steel bearing cylinder, the height of the solid steel bearing cylinder is 10mm, the radius of the solid steel bearing cylinder is 15mm, and a guide rod is fixed on the bearing cylinder. When the top surface of the bearing cylinder reduces the impact of a drop hammer, the contact area between the bottom surface of the drop hammer and the top surface of the force transmission part is reduced, so that the stability of the device is better.
The rubber cushion plate is 10mm in thickness and 100mm in diameter and is made of rubber.
And thirdly, data acquisition.
Firstly, placing a rubber cushion plate to enable the center of the rubber cushion plate to coincide with the center of a set impact point, then placing a transient impact device to enable a spherical surface to be located at the center of the rubber cushion plate, adjusting a circular level to enable a leveling bubble to be centered, keeping the transient impact device vertical and stable, selecting a drop height (50 ~ 100 mm) of a drop hammer, carrying out one-time trial impact, and testing whether each device can normally work.
And secondly, after one-time impact is finished, the guide rod is adjusted to be vertical again, the impact is repeated for multiple times according to the specified drop weight mass and drop height (the drop weight mass is 10kg, and the drop height is 400 mm), and the data are collected and stored for later data processing and analysis and crack damage degree identification.
And fourthly, processing, analyzing and identifying the data.
According to vibration response data acquired by a simulation or actual measurement method, namely acceleration time-course data, calculating the damage with the crack by wavelet packet decomposition as follows: and (3) wavelet packet frequency band energy ratio deviations of 0% (no damage), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% (full fracture) are established as a fracture damage characteristic library. And calculating the frequency band energy ratio deviation of the data to be measured, and performing interpolation analysis on the frequency band energy ratio deviation and the data in the established fracture damage characteristic library to predict the fracture damage degree.
Data acquisition step
Firstly, determining the arrangement positions of impact points and measuring points of a drop hammer (namely the installation positions of sensors) according to the condition of a track bed plate, cleaning the peripheries of the impact points and the measuring points and keeping the impact points and the measuring points free of impurities.
Secondly, an acceleration sensor is installed at the measuring point, the surface of the measuring point is coated with special glue (such as cyanoacrylate glue and the like), the center of the bottom of the sensor is coincided with the center of the measuring point, and the sensors at the measuring points are sequentially installed. After five minutes, after the sensors are firmly bonded, the signal lines are connected with a signal acquisition instrument and an analysis system (composed of a computer and a data processing program) in sequence.
Furthermore, as shown in fig. 4, the rubber pad is placed at the impact point, and the centers of the rubber pad and the impact point are overlapped; then, arranging a transient impact device to enable the center of the bottom surface of the force transmission part to coincide with the center of the rubber base plate, adjusting the circular level to enable the level bubble to be centered, and keeping the transient impact device in a vertical state; after the preparation is finished, the test impact is carried out once, whether each device can work normally is checked, the falling height of the drop hammer is set to be 100mm, the drop hammer falls freely, data are displayed by a computer, the state of each device is good, and the experiment is started.
And thirdly, adjusting the height of the drop hammer according to the specification (the mass of the drop hammer is 10kg, the drop height is 400 mm), namely fixing the cross arm at a corresponding position, manually lifting a drop hammer handle on a drop hammer controller, pulling a unhooking handle to enable a hook to hook a hanging ring to fix the drop hammer, then adjusting a circular level to enable the bubble to be centered, carrying out an experiment, and collecting data.
The manual control transient impact device is vertical to the rubber base plate and the ballastless track bed plate, and the vertical point is the center of the rubber base plate and the center of the impact point; adjusting the falling height, moving the cross arm (which can be fixed at any position of the guide rod through nut control) to a corresponding position according to a height indication line on the guide rod, and fixing the cross arm; lifting a drop hammer handle on the drop hammer to lift the drop hammer to a cross arm position, pulling a unhooking handle to enable a hook to hook the bottom of a hanging ring to fix the drop hammer, adjusting a circular level gauge to enable a leveling bubble to be centered, keeping a guide rod in a vertical state, pulling the unhooking handle, disconnecting the hook from the hanging ring, releasing the drop hammer, enabling the drop hammer to fall freely, displaying vibration response data acquired by a signal acquisition instrument by an analysis system, completing one-time impact, and storing the data; repeat ten times.
And finally, selecting five groups of data with better and stable characteristics from the ten groups of data, processing and analyzing the data, and identifying the crack damage degree of the ballastless track bed plate.
Data processing and analyzing method
1) Establishing a fracture damage feature library
According to the simulation or actual measurement, the damage with cracks is as follows: measuring point vibration response data of 0% (no damage), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% (full fracture cracking) are decomposed by a wavelet packet to obtain energy ratio deviation of each frequency band, and the deviation is used as a feature library;
2) damage identification
And performing wavelet packet transformation on the acceleration time-course data of the point to be measured, calculating to obtain a measuring point frequency band energy ratio deviation index, and performing interpolation analysis on the index and a crack damage frequency band energy ratio deviation feature library to obtain the damage degree of the crack of the ballastless track bed board to be measured.
The wavelet packet frequency band energy ratio deviation calculation method comprises the following steps:
and carrying out wavelet packet decomposition on the selected data to obtain the band energy ratio deviation of the measuring point data:
structural vibration response data (nA number of sample points are sampled at the time of sampling,n∈Z +) Performing 3-layer wavelet packet decomposition to obtain 8 sub-bandsc 3, j Denotes layer 3 tojThe individual node wavelet packet coefficients. The sum of the squares of the wavelet coefficients of each band is taken as the sign of the energy of each band, and the energy of each band is shown as formula 1.
In formula 1: jis the sequence number of the layer 3 node,E 3, jdenotes layer 3 tojEnergy value of each node.
Wavelet packet energy spectral vector of 3 rd decomposition layerE 3It can be expressed as:
establishing the ratio of the energy of each frequency band on the same layer of the wavelet packet to the average value of the energy of all the frequency bands, namely the energy ratioI j ：
In formula 3:E 3, jis on the 3 rd decomposition layer jThe energy of the individual frequency bands is,is the average of the energy of all bands at the 3 rd decomposition level of the wavelet packet.
Based on energy ratioI j The change of (d) is denoted as ERV, and the dynamic characteristics of the structure are characterized by the definition of the energy ratio, so that the damage state of the structure can be judged. ERV is as shown in formula 4.
In formula 4:ERV j is the firstj The energy ratio of the individual frequency bands is varied,I sj for the first time in each damage statejThe energy ratio of the individual frequency bands is,I wj is in a lossless statejEnergy ratio of each frequency band.
On the basis of the energy ratio deviation, the energy ratio deviation can be definedERVDAnd characterizing the fracture damage state. The resulting energy ratio deviation is a numerical value that more directly compares the differences between different damage levels, as shown in equation 5 below.
In formula 5:ERVDthe deviation of the energy ratio is such that,is the average of the energy ratio variations for all frequency bands.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A ballastless track bed slab crack detection system is characterized by comprising a transient impact device and a collection and analysis device matched with the transient impact device;
the acquisition and analysis device comprises an acceleration sensor group, a signal acquisition instrument (9) and an analysis system (10), wherein the signal acquisition instrument and the analysis system are sequentially connected with the acceleration sensor group through signal lines;
the transient impact device comprises a guide rod (18), a controller and a drop hammer (20), wherein the controller and the drop hammer are sequentially arranged on the guide rod (18) in a penetrating mode from top to bottom; the controller comprises a cross arm (15) which is arranged on the guide rod (18) in a penetrating way and is vertical to the guide rod (18), a circular level gauge (17) arranged at one end of the cross arm (15) and a unhooking device which is rotatably connected to the other end of the cross arm (15); the drop hammer (20) and the guide rod (18) are coaxially arranged, and a drop hammer fixing device matched with the unhooking device is arranged at the top of the drop hammer (18).
2. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of claim 1, further comprising a rubber tie plate (23) disposed below the transient impact device.
3. The system for detecting the crack of the ballastless track bed slab of claim 1, wherein a force transmission component is arranged at the bottom of the guide rod (18), and the force transmission component comprises a bearing cylinder (24) fixedly connected with the bottom end of the guide rod (18) and a force transmission disc (22) which is arranged at the bottom of the bearing cylinder (24) and has a spherical bottom surface.
4. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of claim 1, wherein the unhooking device comprises a connecting rod (25), a hook (16) arranged at the bottom end of the connecting rod (25) and an unhooking handle (14) arranged at the top end of the connecting rod (25); the connecting rod (25) is connected with the cross arm (15) through a rotating shaft.
5. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of claim 4, wherein the drop hammer fixing device is a hanging ring (27) arranged on the top of the drop hammer (20), and the hanging ring (27) is matched with the hook (16).
6. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of claim 1, wherein a drop hammer handle (19) is arranged on the top of the drop hammer (20), and the drop hammer handle (19) is fixedly connected with the top end of the drop hammer (20) through a connecting rod (26).
7. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of claim 1, wherein the guide rod (18) is provided with a height indication line (21).
8. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of claim 1, wherein the top end of the guide rod (18) is provided with a rubber handle (13).
9. A ballastless track bed slab crack detection method is characterized in that the ballastless track bed slab crack detection system of any one of claims 1 ~ 7 is used, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) two groups of acceleration sensors are arranged, the two groups of acceleration sensors are arranged at intervals, and each group of acceleration sensors comprises two acceleration sensors which are respectively arranged at two sides of the crack and are equidistant from the crack; arranging transient impact devices along the symmetry axes of the two acceleration group sensor groups and at the outer sides of the two acceleration group sensor groups; a rubber cushion plate is arranged between the transient impact device and the road bed plate;
(2) adjusting the circular level to center the level bubble, keeping the transient impact device vertical, fixing the drop hammer mass and the drop height, repeating multiple impacts, collecting data and storing;
(3) establishing a crack damage characteristic library according to acceleration time-course data acquired by a simulation or actual measurement method; and calculating the frequency band energy ratio deviation of the crack data to be detected, and performing interpolation analysis on the frequency band energy ratio deviation and the data in the crack damage characteristic library to predict the crack damage degree.
10. The ballastless track bed slab crack detection method of claim 9, wherein the crack damage feature library is established by calculating the crack damage with the acceleration time history data acquired by a simulation or actual measurement method through wavelet packet decomposition: and (3) deviation of wavelet packet frequency band energy ratios of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% is carried out, and a fracture damage characteristic library is established.
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