CN110583871A - Biological fermentation product of traditional Chinese medicine residue of Maiwei rehmannia pills and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Biological fermentation product of traditional Chinese medicine residue of Maiwei rehmannia pills and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a biological fermentation product of Chinese medicine residue of Maiwei rehmannia pills and a preparation method and application thereof. The biological fermentation product is prepared by taking the Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei rehmannia pills as a raw material, and adding lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and enzyme for solid state fermentation; the enzyme is selected from xylanase (Xy), Riemer xylanase (Tr) and/or waffle enzyme (He). Experiments show that the solid fermentation by adopting Lp + Xy has obvious effect of improving the nutritive value of Chinese medicine residue products, wherein the crude fiber content is 41.13%, the hemicellulose content is 6.82%, the lignin content is 14.44%, the ash content is 10.76%, the crude protein content is 11.83%, the total sugar content is 7.10%, the ammonia nitrogen value is 0.80%, the ethanol content is 16%, the lactic acid content is 9.5%, and the pH value is 3.36. The nutritional value of the wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residues can be improved by utilizing the solid state fermentation of the compound additive. The wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residue biological fermentation product of the invention is used as an animal feed to replace concentrated feed, and can improve the growth performance of cattle.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of microbial fermentation, in particular to a biological fermentation product of traditional Chinese medicine residues of Maiwei rehmannia pills as well as a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Chinese herbal medicine is one of the important components of Chinese traditional medicine, Chinese patent medicine is more and more favored by people in recent years, and research and utilization of Chinese herbal medicine have gradually received important attention at home and abroad. Meanwhile, a large amount of residues generated in the production and processing process of Chinese patent medicines bring an urgent problem to be solved, namely the treatment of the residues, to pharmaceutical factories, society and environment. At present, the method is used for producing fertilizers, cultivating edible fungi, health-care feeds, flocculating agents, gardening substrates, cracking oil preparation, fermenting methane and the like except for landfill, incineration and other treatment modes, but the method cannot completely consume and convert huge herb residue resources, so that a new utilization method is urgently needed to be developed. Therefore, the economic and reasonable utilization of the medicine dregs is gradually becoming a hot point of research, and the purposes of fully utilizing the medicine dregs resources and protecting the environment are achieved.
The antibiotic fed by the feed can prevent diarrhea of animals and promote the growth of the animals, but can cause negative problems of drug residues, bacterial drug resistance and the like, and causes harm to animals, people and ecological environment. Research and development of safe, green and residue-free feed products promote healthy growth of animals, and become a focus of attention in animal husbandry production. The microbial fermented feed is a biological active feed which is prepared by taking plant agricultural and sideline products as main raw materials and performing microbial fermentation under controlled conditions, and is easy to eat, digest, absorb and harmlessly treat livestock and poultry. Currently, microbial fermented feeds for pigs, poultry and ruminants are studied. The microbial fermented feed can improve nutrient digestibility and productivity of animals, and promote intestinal health and immune function. Penloyl et al used microbial fermented feed to feed beef cattle with 25% and 40% alkaline concentrate, respectively. Researches find that the microbial fermented feed can improve the feed intake and digestibility of coarse feed for beef cattle, improve the quality of daily ration, improve the quality of meat products, improve economic benefits and the like, but the screening is carried out from the aspect of economic benefits. The formulation of concentrates containing microbial fermented feed is less studied. Therefore, the effect of the microbial fermented feed on fattening the beef cattle instead of the commercial concentrate and the protein-free feed concentrate is researched, the optimal concentrate formula is optimized, a basis is provided for reasonably utilizing the microbial fermented feed, and the economic benefit of the beef cattle is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to take the traditional Chinese medicine residue of Maiwei rehmannia pills (the traditional Chinese medicine residue of Maiwei rehmannia for short) as a raw material, perform solid-state fermentation by adding a compound additive, analyze and evaluate the nutrition of the components in the residue, discuss the reuse of the traditional Chinese medicine residue by using the quantitative analysis result, find out the proper type and dosage of the additive, improve the nutritional value and the utilization value of the traditional Chinese medicine residue feed by using the solid-state fermentation of the additive, and reasonably utilize a large amount of traditional Chinese medicine residue discarded by a pharmaceutical factory.
The invention also aims to provide a biological fermentation product of the traditional Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei Dihuang pill and a preparation method and application thereof.
In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the biological fermentation product of the traditional Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei Dihuang pill is prepared by taking the traditional Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei Dihuang pill as a raw material and adding lactobacillus plantarum and enzyme for solid state fermentation; wherein the enzyme is selected from at least one of xylanase, Riemer xylanase and Huafen enzyme; adding lactobacillus plantarum 1.0 × 10 per gram of raw material9-9.0×109In each gram of raw material, 2000-10000U of enzyme is added.
Preferably, 3.0X 10 Lactobacillus plantarum is added per gram of raw material9At one time, 5000U of enzyme (preferably xylanase) was added per gram of feedstock.
The biological fermentation product of the invention comprises the following main components: 41.13% of crude fiber, 6.82% of hemicellulose, 14.44% of lignin, 10.76% of ash, 11.83% of crude protein, 7.10% of total sugar, 0.80% of ammonia nitrogen value, 16% of ethanol, 9.5% of lactic acid and pH 3.36.
The biological fermentation product of the traditional Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei rehmannia pill can be prepared according to the following method: drying and pulverizing the residue of MAIWEIDIHUANG pill, adding Lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum and enzyme, mixing, fermenting at 30-40 deg.C for 1-2 days, turning over, spraying sterile water, controlling the water content of the fermented material to 55-65%, and fermenting for 2-3 days.
Preferably, the residues of the Maiwei Dihuang pills are dried and crushed, lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum and enzyme (preferably xylanase) are added into the residues, the mixture is uniformly mixed and fermented for 2 days at 35 ℃, then the pile-turning treatment is carried out, sterile water is sprayed, the water content of the fermented material is controlled to be 60%, and the fermentation is continued for 2 days, so that the preparation method is obtained.
In the invention, the preparation method of the lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum comprises the following steps: gradually culturing lactobacillus plantarum on an inclined plane to obtain fermentation liquor, performing centrifugal separation to obtain wet thalli, adding a freeze-drying protective agent according to the ratio of the thalli to the freeze-drying protective agent of 1g to 1-2mL, uniformly mixing, and performing freeze drying to obtain lactobacillus plantarum powder. When solid state fermentation is carried out, the powder is dissolved in a proper amount of water to obtain the lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum.
Preferably, the formulation of the lyoprotectant is: 0.924g/L of skim milk, 0.782g/L of sodium glutamate and 0.38g/L of trehalose, and is prepared by water.
The residue of the Maiwei Dihuang pill used in the invention is the residue of the pill obtained by processing according to the preparation method of the Maiwei Dihuang pill mentioned in the pharmacopoeia 2015 edition of China.
The invention has no special requirements on species sources of lactobacillus plantarum strains and xylanase, and can be used in the invention commercially.
The invention also provides animal feed which comprises the biological fermentation product.
The invention also provides any one of the following applications of the biological fermentation product:
1) application in preparing animal feed;
2) application in animal feeding.
Animals of the present invention include, but are not limited to, pigs, cattle, sheep; preferably bovine.
In the application, the biological fermentation product is added into daily ration of cattle according to the mass percentage of 20-40% (preferably 30%) for feeding cattle.
By the technical scheme, the invention at least has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
the method takes waste traditional Chinese medicine residues generated in the production process of the Maiwei Dihuang pills as research objects, and utilizes a compound additive of lactobacillus plantarum and xylanase (Lp + Xy), lactobacillus plantarum and waffle enzyme (Lp + He) or lactobacillus plantarum and trichoderma reesei (Lp + Tr) to perform solid-state fermentation on the Maiwei traditional Chinese medicine residues. The contents of fiber, ash, crude protein, total sugar, ammonia nitrogen, pH, lactic acid and ethanol in the fermentation product are measured, and the nutrient components of the Chinese medicine residues after the additives are used are analyzed and compared. Experiments show that the solid state fermentation by adopting the compound additive Lp + Xy has obvious effect of improving the nutritive value of Chinese medicine residue products, wherein the content of crude fibers is 41.13 percent, the content of hemicellulose is 6.82 percent, the content of lignin is 14.44 percent, the content of ash is 10.76 percent, the content of crude protein is 11.83 percent, the content of total sugar is 7.10 percent, the content of ammonia nitrogen is 0.80 percent, the content of lactic acid is 9.5 percent, the content of ethanol is 16 percent, and the pH value is 3.36.
The complex additive used in the present invention can secrete cellulase and hemicellulase. The raw materials of the traditional Chinese medicine residues are pretreated before enzymolysis, so that the protective layer of lignin can be damaged, and the crystal structure of cellulose can be changed. It can promote cellulose degradation, increase enzymolysis rate, and make the animal feed processed by the Chinese medicine residue with additive beneficial to animal digestion.
The lactobacillus plantarum in the invention is one of lactic acid bacteria, and can produce a large amount of lactic acid under anaerobic conditions. Experiments show that the higher the lactic acid content is, the lower the pH is, the growth of putrefying bacteria can be effectively inhibited, and the storage time of the medicine residue is prolonged. Therefore, the compound additive is adopted to treat the raw materials of the herb residue, so that the feed can be stored for a relatively long time and has good quality.
The lactobacillus plantarum used in the invention has a high viable count, can produce a large amount of acid, and the produced acidic substances can degrade part of heavy metals, so that the ash content is reduced. Xylanases are used in the feed industry. Can decompose cell wall and beta-glucan of industrial raw materials of the feed, reduce viscosity of the raw materials in the brewing process, promote release of effective substances, increase mineral content and reduce ash content.
The invention takes the waste traditional Chinese medicine residue generated in the production process of the Maiwei Dihuang pills as the raw material, contains a large amount of amino acid, polysaccharide and protein, is used as a feed additive after being fermented by microorganisms, can promote the growth of animals, and has certain promotion effect on the growth of the animals. To some extent, their immunity is also modulated. In addition, after the residue fermentation, the contents of components such as protein, glucose and the like in the product are also obviously increased, and the nutritional value of the feed is improved. The residue contains a large amount of active substances, so that the feed can be used as unconventional feed, the feed cost can be saved, and the immunity of animals can be effectively improved.
The wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residues are fermented in a solid state by using the compound additive, so that the nutritive value of the wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residues can be improved, the gastrointestinal balance of animals can be regulated, and the comprehensive absorption of nutrition can be promoted. Enhancing nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of organism, increasing reproduction rate, survival rate and regularity, promoting animal growth, increasing daily gain, and shortening feeding time.
And can reduce hormone content and improve palatability. Deodorizing, repelling mosquitoes and flies, improving the feeding environment, inhibiting and eliminating odor, and promoting animal health. The wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residue biological fermentation product of the invention is used as an animal feed to replace concentrated feed, and can improve the growth performance of cattle.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison of the neutral detergent fiber content in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a comparison of the acid scour fiber content of example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a comparison of the content of acid washed lignin in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a comparison of hemicellulose content in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a comparison of the cellulose content in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a comparison of ash contents in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a comparison of the total sugar content in solid state in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a comparison of the crude protein content in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a comparison of the ammonia nitrogen content in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a comparison of pH in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a comparison of the lactic acid content in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a comparison of ethanol content in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the raw materials used are commercially available products.
In the invention, the lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum (the content of active lactobacillus is more than or equal to 1 multiplied by 10)11cfu/g) from Taiwan Sucus Biotech, Inc., and xylanase (powdered, 50000IU/g) from Shandong Kete enzyme preparations, Inc.
Example 1 evaluation of the Effect of Complex additive on solid fermentation quality of malt-flavored herb residue
In this example, waste herb residues generated in the production process of Maiwei Dihuang pills are used as research objects, and the Maiwei herb residues are subjected to solid-state fermentation by using compound additives of Lactobacillus plantarum + Ri xylanase (Lp + Tr), Lactobacillus plantarum + Huafen enzyme (Lp + He), Lactobacillus plantarum + xylanase (Lp + Xy). Through the experiment of measuring the fiber content, the ash content, the crude protein content, the total sugar content, the ammonia nitrogen content, the pH value, the lactic acid content and the ethanol content of the Chinese medicine residues, the nutrient components of the Chinese medicine residues after the additives are used are analyzed and compared.
1 materials and methods
1.1 materials and apparatus
Additive: lactobacillus plantarum, richardson xylanase, waffle enzyme and xylanase.
Wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residues: purchased from floribu pharmaceutical corporation, lanzhou.
The contents of main components in the raw materials of the traditional Chinese medicine residues are as follows: 88.65% of dry matter, 20.8% of crude fiber, 5.8% of total sugar, 0.75% of ammonia nitrogen value, 11% of ethanol and 7.2% of lactic acid. The Maiwei traditional Chinese medicine residue is the residual material of the pill obtained by processing according to the preparation method of the Maiwei rehmannia pill mentioned in the Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015 edition.
Reagent: SDS; CTAB; disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate; anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate; pickling asbestos; acetone; anthrone, and the like.
Equipment: an automatic kjeldahl apparatus; an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer; SBA-40X biosensing analyzer; a box-type resistance furnace; an electric heating constant temperature air blast drying box and the like.
1.2 Experimental methods
1.2.1 test method for solid fermentation of herb residue
3 kinds of compound additives are designed, and the traditional Chinese medicine residue fermented feed is obtained after solid state fermentation is carried out on the same amount of wheat-flavored traditional Chinese medicine residue raw materials for 4 days. The addition scheme of the additives is shown in table 1. CK is a control group without any additive.
The solid fermentation condition is that the Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei Dihuang pill is dried and crushed, lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum and xylanase are added into the Chinese medicine residue, the mixture is evenly mixed and fermented for 2 days at the temperature of 35 ℃, the stack is turned over, sterile water is sprayed, the water content of the fermented material is controlled to be 60 percent, and the fermentation is continued for 2 days.
TABLE 1 addition scheme of additives
1.2.2 pretreatment of raw materials (fermented feed of Chinese medicine residue)
1.2.3 test methods
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) assay reference GB/T20806-; acid washed fiber (ADF) assay reference NYT 1459-2007; acid wash lignin (ADL) assay reference GB/T20805-. Cellulose (CL) and Hemicellulose (HC) are calculated from the formula: CL ═ ADF-ADL; HC-ADF. Ash assay reference GB 50094-; protein assay reference GB 50095-; measuring the pH value by using a pH meter; lactic acid and ethanol were measured with a biosensing analyzer.
1.3 results and discussion
1.3.1 analysis of the content of the main ingredient in the fermented feed of herb residue
In an experiment for researching the influence of the additive on the nutritive value of the traditional Chinese medicine residue in the solid-state fermentation process, the main components in the traditional Chinese medicine residue feed are measured as shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 Chinese medicine residue fodder main ingredient content (unit:%)
1.3.3.1 comparison of cellulose content
The content of NDF, ADF, and ADL in herb residue was significantly different from that in the control group, as shown in table 2 and fig. 1, 2, and 3. The washed fiber content was lower in all three additive treated samples, with the lowest washed fiber content in the Lp + Xy treated samples. The NDF content is reduced from 68.11% to 62.39%, the ADF content is reduced from 59.80% to 55.57%, and the ADL content is reduced from 20.75% to 14.44%. Compared with the contents recommended by the Chinese feed ingredients and the nutrition value table, the contents of NDF and ADF are higher.
However, comparing table 2 with fig. 4 and fig. 5, it is found that the cellulose content of the treated sample is higher than that of the control group, the difference is significant, and the difference of the hemicellulose content is not significant compared with that of the control group. Compared with the contents recommended by Chinese feed ingredients and nutrition value tables, the cellulose content is relatively high, and the digestion of animals is not facilitated. The reason for this is probably that the additive used in the experiment can secrete cellulase and hemicellulase, but the enzymolysis efficiency of cellulase is affected by the crystallinity of cellulose, effective contact area, the obstruction of lignin and the wrapping degree of hemicellulose to cellulose, so that the cellulose in the Chinese medicine residue fermentation sample is not completely degraded. Therefore, the pretreatment is carried out before enzymolysis, the degradation of cellulose can be promoted only by destroying the lignin protective layer and changing the crystal structure of the cellulose, and the effect of improving the enzymolysis rate is achieved, so that the animal feed produced by the traditional Chinese medicine residues after the additive treatment is beneficial to the digestion of animals. The method has high cellulose content after treating the residue with Lp + Tr and Lp + He, and can be used for producing ruminant feed.
1.3.3.2 comparison of ash content
The effect on ash content in the feed is shown in table 2 and figure 6. The ash content of the sample treated by the additive is reduced in different degrees, and the difference is obvious, because the viable count of the lactobacillus plantarum is higher, a large amount of acid can be produced, and the produced acidic substances can degrade partial heavy metals, so that the ash content is reduced. The ash content of the control sample is 11.55% at the maximum, wherein the ash content of the control sample is reduced to 7.43% by the traditional Chinese medicine residue treated by Lp + Tr at the maximum. This is because trichoderma has good adsorbability, reducing the mineral content. The ash content of the sample treated by Lp + Xy is 10.76%, and the difference is obvious compared with the control because the xylanase can be applied to the feed industry, can decompose the cell walls and beta-glucan of raw materials in the feed industry, reduce the viscosity of materials in brewing, promote the release of effective substances, improve the content of mineral substances, and reduce the ash content slightly.
1.3.3.3 comparison of Total sugar content of solids
The effect of the additives on the solid total sugar content of the middle herb residue during solid state fermentation is shown in table 2 and fig. 7. Compared with the control group, the solid total sugar content of the herb residue treated by the additive is obviously increased. The total sugar content after Lp + Tr treatment is 8.20% at most, and the difference is obvious compared with a control group. The total sugar content of the sample treated with the Trichoderma reesei enzyme is increased because the cellulase secreted by Trichoderma reesei degrades the beta-1, 4-glucosidic bonds of cellulose to produce glucose or other soluble sugars.
1.3.3.4 comparison of crude protein content
The effect of the additives on the total nitrogen content of the fermented marc is shown in table 2 and fig. 8. There was no significant change in crude protein content of the sample after the treatment with the complex additive compared to the blank. The crude protein content in the herb residue treated by Lp + Xy is the highest, reaching 11.83%, and the difference is not significant compared with the control group. The crude protein content in the herb residue treated by the compound additive is the highest and still does not reach the content recommended by Chinese feed ingredients and nutrition value tables, so the effects of the additives are not ideal. But the content of the protein is not much different from that of crude protein in feeds such as corn, wheat, sorghum and the like, so that the waste traditional Chinese medicine residues can be used as animal feeds to replace grain crops such as corn, wheat and the like after being processed.
1.3.4 analysis of the impact of fermentation quality of herb residue
In the experiment for investigating the influence of the additive on the nutritive value of the fermentation process of the herb residue, the evaluation of the influence of the fermentation quality is shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 evaluation of the impact of quality on fermentation
1.3.4.1 comparison of Ammonia Nitrogen
Ammonia nitrogen is an important index of the fermentation quality of the feed, and the content of the ammonia nitrogen can reflect the condition that the microorganism utilizes the protein in the raw materials in the fermentation process. The impact of different additives on the nutritional value of the herb residues is explored as shown in table 3 and fig. 9. Compared with a blank control, the ammonia nitrogen content in the fermentation liquor treated by the additive is obviously increased, and the difference is obvious. The ammonia nitrogen content of the traditional Chinese medicine residue treated by Lp and Xy in the fermentation process is 0.80mg/g at most, and the comparison with figure 8 shows that the ammonia nitrogen content in the sample has little influence on the crude protein content.
1.3.4.2 comparison of pH and lactic acid content
The effect of different additives on lactic acid content during fermentation of the middle herb residue is shown in table 3 and fig. 11. Compared with the blank control, the lactic acid content of the herb residue treated with the additive is significantly changed, because lactobacillus plantarum is one of lactic acid bacteria, and can produce a large amount of lactic acid under anaerobic conditions. Comparing fig. 10 and 11, it is found that the higher the lactic acid content and the lower the pH, the more effective the growth of putrefying bacteria can be inhibited and the storage time of the residue can be increased. Therefore, the compound additive is adopted to treat the raw materials of the herb residue, so that the feed can be stored for a relatively long time and has good quality.
1.3.4.3 comparison of ethanol content during fermentation
Comparison of ethanol content in fermentation process of Chinese medicine residue by different additives is shown in Table 3 and FIG. 12, and compared with blank control, ethanol content of Chinese medicine residue sample treated by additives is obviously changed. The ethanol content in the fermentation process of the Chinese medicine residue treated by Lp and Xy reaches 16mg/g at most.
1.4 discussion
The majority of traditional Chinese medicines come from plants, and the residues of the traditional Chinese medicines contain a large amount of nutrient substances. Energy conservation and emission reduction, low carbon and environmental protection are advocated in the current society, and the full utilization of the traditional Chinese medicine residues becomes an important subject and can be used as a feed additive. The Chinese herbal medicine additive is used as a natural substance, and the harm of other chemical additives is avoided. At present, Maiwei Dihuang Wan is widely used. The drug residues containing the active ingredients in ophiopogon root and schisandra chinensis are mostly discarded. The Maiwei Dihuang pill is used as an animal feed additive and has the advantages of safety, reliability, economy, environmental protection and the like.
1.5 conclusion
(1) The lactobacillus plantarum and xylanase (Lp + Xy) which are determined as the composite additive have ideal effect of improving the nutritional value of the herb residue from the comprehensive consideration of the nutritional components such as crude fiber, total sugar, crude protein and the like.
(2) The pH values measured by liquid samples in the experiment are all less than 4, the higher the content of lactic acid is, the smaller the pH value is, the growth of other putrefying bacteria in the medicine dregs is inhibited, and the long-term storage of the medicine dregs is facilitated.
(3) The content of the ethanol measured by the experiment is improved compared with that of the control group, which indicates that the glucose in the dregs is subjected to lactic acid anisotropic fermentation.
Example 2 research on feeding effect of wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residue biological fermentation feed instead of beef cattle concentrate and daily ration formula screening
1 materials and methods
1.1 materials
Biological concentrate: wheat flavor herb residue biological fermentation feed (test group I: example 1Lp + Xy treatment group)Obtaining the wheat-flavor Chinese medicine residue biological fermentation feed; test group III: using the same method as in example 1Lp + Xy treatment group, xylanase alone was replaced with EM bacterial agent at 2X 109CFU/g added to the feed); the EM fungicide is purchased from a Zhongke Huinong technical service center and mainly comprises the following components: beneficial microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, photosynthetic bacteria, etc.; organic acid, amino acid, digestive enzyme, vitamin, small molecular biological peptide, unknown growth factor and other active components. The effective microorganism content is more than or equal to 2 multiplied by 109CFU/mL. Other feeding materials were provided by the third farm of cattle from the Tolyre ecological industry group, Wuwei.
1.2 test time and location
Test time: 2016 from 5 months and 1 day to 8 months and 31 days
Test site: wuwei city Dingle ecological actual group third farm
1.3 test design and feeding
1.3.1 test design
The test was designed using a single factor test, see table 4. Comparing the feeding effect of the beef cattle under the condition that the biological concentrate and the common concentrate are mixed with the silage whole plant corn and the silage sorghum respectively.
TABLE 4 experimental design
1.3.2 test daily ration
The test refers to the beef cattle feeding standard (NY/T-2004) in China, and designs a common concentrated feed formula, wherein coarse feed is matched according to the test design, and the ratio of fine feed to coarse feed is 70: 30; all the feeds are uniformly mixed to prepare a total mixed type ration (TMR) for feeding. The general concentrate formulation is shown in table 5.
Table 5 general concentrate composition and nutritional level (air-dried basis), unit%
1.3.3 Breeding management
The test was carried out in the third farm of the Tolyme ecological industry group, Wuwei City, from 5 months 1 days to 8 months 31 days, for a total of 123 days, wherein the pre-feeding period was 10 days, and the full test was 113 days.
30 test cattle (weight range; 350kg +/-25 kg) are randomly and averagely divided into 10 test groups according to the principle that the weight is similar to the age, 3 test cattle in each group are fed in a barn feeding and tie-down mode without returning the trough, the test cattle are fed for 2 times all day, the feed intake is adjusted according to actual conditions, and the test cattle are free to drink water.
1.3.4 items and methods of measurement
Growth performance: respectively weighing the weight of the fasting cattle for two consecutive days at the beginning and the end of the test normal period, and taking the average value of the two days as the initial weight and the final weight of the test cattle. And (3) measuring the feed intake: feed intake was recorded daily for each group of cattle. And calculating the material weight ratio according to the feed intake and the weight gain.
The test cattle are weighed after fasting for 24h before slaughtering, namely the live weight before slaughtering, and the carcass weight is recorded after slaughtering. After acid discharge for 48h at 0-4 ℃, the eye muscle area, the back fat thickness, the meat pH value, the meat color and the like are measured on site in a division workshop. Taking 500g meat sample of 12-13 eye muscles for assisting, peeling, removing tendons, removing fat, and freeze-drying for measuring chemical components of the meat sample, including moisture, protein, fat, ash content, shearing force, cooking loss, etc. The specific determination method is as follows:
(1) slaughter performance
Live weight before slaughter: actual body weight after 24h fasting before slaughter.
Hot carcass weight: the carcass weight of the carcass is not washed, and the carcass has thick fat around the limbs, the reproductive organs and the wrist joints.
Acid discharge carcass weight: the carcass weight determined in this test was a carcass weight 72 hours after 4 degrees of acid discharge.
The weight of bones is as follows: the weight of all bones of the carcass.
Net meat weight: the carcass is removed the weight of the meat after the bone is cut.
Slaughter rate (%). carcass weight (kg)/live weight before slaughter (kg). times.100
Net meat ratio (%) - (% of net meat weight (kg)/live weight before slaughter (kg) × 100
Meat to bone ratio (%) - (% net weight (kg)/bone weight (kg) × 100
(2) Carcass index
Eye muscle area: the area of the eye muscle above the 12-13 helpers is marked out by using parchment paper, and the area value is obtained by using an eye muscle area measuring plate.
Backfat thickness: backfat thickness was measured perpendicular to the outer surface at 3/4 times the length of the eye muscles from the end near the spine at 12-13 interassist eye muscle transverse plane.
Marbling grade: and (3) carrying out grade evaluation according to a beef marbling map of the beef grade specification of NY/T676-. The marbling grade is gradually decreased from 5 grades to 1 grades according to the marbling abundance degree.
The yield index and the yield grade were calculated according to the following formulas.
Yield index 64.184- [ 0.625X backfat thickness (mm)]+ [ 0.130X eye muscle area (cm)2)]- [ 0.024X carcass weight (kg)]+3.23
Yield grade (yield grade): grade 3A (yield index is more than or equal to 67.50); class 2B (62.00 ≦ yield index < 67.50); grade 1C (yield index <62.00)
(3) Meat quality
Meat pH: the pH meter is used for multi-point measurement, the same point is used for 3 times of measurement, and the difference of the pH value of the 3 times of measurement is not more than +/-0.15.
Flesh color and fat color: after carcass acid discharge, flesh color and fat color are measured at 12 th-13 th auxiliary eye muscle section by an automatic color difference instrument.
Shear force: refer to the measurement of NY/T1180 meat tenderness (shear force measurement method).
Loss of cooking: the meat quality of the livestock and poultry is determined according to NY/T1333.
Cooking loss (weight of meat before cooking-weight of cooked meat) x 100 weight of meat before cooking
(4) Conventional chemical composition of meat
The water, fat, ash content of the meat samples were measured according to the AOAC method. And (3) determining the protein content of the meat sample by adopting a Kjeldahl method.
(5) Biochemical index test of blood
After feeding each group of test cattle for 3 hours before the test, blood is collected through the caudal root vein, the collected blood is placed in a centrifuge tube containing heparin sodium, centrifugation is immediately carried out (centrifugation at 4 ℃, 2000 Xg for 15min), and supernatant is taken and stored at-20 ℃. The biochemical index of blood is measured by a full-automatic biochemical analyzer. The measured indexes mainly comprise urea nitrogen, total protein, blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-low density lipoprotein and the like.
1.4 statistical analysis
The results of the experiments were analyzed for ANOVA and Duncan multiple comparisons using SPSS software to test the significance of differences between treatment groups. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
2 results and analysis
2.1 the effect of feeding beef cattle by different concentrates and silage whole-plant corn
Under the condition that the coarse feed is 100% of silage whole-plant corn, the biological concentrate I group is matched, the feed conversion efficiency is highest, and the daily gain reaches 1.75 kg; under the condition that the coarse feed is 100 percent of silage sorghum, the biological concentrate I group is matched, the feed conversion efficiency is highest, the daily gain reaches 1.81kg, and the result is shown in table 6.
TABLE 6 Effect of different concentrates on silage whole corn and forage sorghum for beef cattle
2.2 Effect of biofermented feedstuff instead of concentrated feed on slaughtering Performance of beef cattle
The effect of the biofermented feed instead of concentrate on the slaughter performance of beef cattle fed with whole silage corn and sweet sorghum is shown in table 7. 6 cattle from each treatment group were slaughtered with no significant difference in live weight before slaughter (P > 0.05). The hot carcass weight, the hot carcass rate, the acid-discharging carcass weight, the acid-discharging carcass rate, the dressing percentage, the net meat weight, the net meat rate, the bone weight, the proportion of the bone weight, the bone-meat ratio and the like of each group after slaughtering have no obvious difference (P is more than 0.05). This shows that the use of the bio-fermented feed instead of the concentrate in combination with the whole silage corn and the sweet sorghum to feed the beef cattle has no adverse effect on the slaughtering performance.
TABLE 7 influence of different concentrates in combination with silage whole corn and feed sorghum on slaughter Performance of beef cattle
2.3 Effect of biofermented feedstuff instead of concentrate on carcass index of beef cattle
The effect of the biofermented feed instead of concentrate on carcass indicators when the whole silage corn and sweet sorghum are fed to beef cattle is shown in table 8. As can be seen from Table 8, there was no significant difference in carcass indicators, i.e., backfat thickness, eye muscle area, marbling grade, carcass yield index and yield grade, etc., between the groups (P > 0.05). This indicates that feeding beef cattle with the bio-fermented feed instead of concentrate in combination with whole silage corn and sweet sorghum will not adversely affect carcass indicators.
TABLE 8 influence of different concentrates in combination with silage whole corn and feed sorghum on slaughter Performance of beef cattle
2.4 influence of biologically fermented feed instead of concentrated feed on beef cattle beef quality index
Biological fermentation feed replaces concentrated feed to be matched with whole-plant silage corn and sweet sorghum to feed meat
The effect of cattle on their flesh and fat colors is shown in Table 9. No significant differences in shear, cooking loss, drip loss, pH, L (brightness), a (redness), b (yellowness), C (chroma) and (chroma) of muscle and L (brightness), a (redness), b (yellowness), C (chroma) and H (chroma) of fat between muscles were seen (P > 0.05). This indicates that feeding beef cattle with the bio-fermented feed instead of the concentrate in combination with the whole silage corn and sweet sorghum does not adversely affect the beef quality.
TABLE 9 influence of different concentrates on beef quality in combination with silage whole corn and forage sorghum
2.5 Effect of biofermented feedstuff instead of concentrates on blood parameters of beef cattle
The effect of the biofermented feed instead of the concentrate on the biochemical blood index when the whole silage corn and sweet sorghum are fed to beef cattle is shown in table 10. The metabolism of animal body and the change of functional state of some tissues and organs can be reflected by the biochemical indexes of blood. As can be seen from Table 10, the differences between the bovine blood indices of the test groups in the three diet groups were not significant (P > 0.05).
TABLE 10 influence of different concentrates in combination with whole silage corn and forage sorghum on the blood index performance of beef cattle
2.6 Effect of biologically fermented feed on beef Main ingredients instead of concentrates
The effect of the bio-fermented feed on the main components of beef by replacing concentrated feed and matching the whole silage corn and the sweet sorghum to feed beef cattle is shown in table 11. There were no significant differences in moisture, protein, fat, ash, etc. between the treatment groups (P > 0.05). This indicates that feeding beef cattle with the bio-fermented feed instead of the concentrate does not adversely affect the main ingredients of the beef.
TABLE 11 influence of different concentrates on the main constituents of beef cattle in combination with silage whole-plant corn and feed sorghum
3 conclusion
The test results show that the feeding effect of the biological concentrate mixed with the coarse feed has no obvious difference with the feeding effect of the common concentrate in the aspects of production performance and the like, and the test results of feeding the beef cattle by the biological fermented feed instead of the concentrate mixed with the whole silage corn and the sweet sorghum show that the feeding of the beef cattle by using part of unconventional fermented feed instead of the concentrate is feasible, so that the negative influence on the biochemical parameters of the blood in the animal body is avoided, and the economic benefit is highest. Meanwhile, the waste medicine dregs are used as raw materials, so that the medicine dreg resources are fully utilized, and the purpose of protecting the environment is achieved. In China, the beef cattle fed by partial unconventional feed instead of food probably has great economic competitiveness.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Reference to the literature
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[3] Qinling, Wangdong, Pangzhi, etc. the technological conditions for producing the protein feed by multi-strain mixed fermentation of the pulse-activating decoction dregs are optimized [ J ] the report of food and biotechnology 2008,04: 122-.
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Claims (10)
1. The biological fermentation product of the traditional Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei rehmannia pills is characterized in that the biological fermentation product is prepared by taking the traditional Chinese medicine residue of the Maiwei rehmannia pills as a raw material and adding lactobacillus plantarum and enzyme for solid state fermentation; wherein the enzyme is selected from at least one of xylanase, Riemer xylanase and Huafen enzyme; adding lactobacillus plantarum 1.0 × 10 per gram of raw material9-9.0×109In each gram of raw material, 2000-10000U of enzyme is added.
2. Biofermented product according to claim 1, characterized in that 3.0 x 10 lactobacillus plantarum is added per gram of raw material9In each case 5000U of enzyme per gram of starting material was added.
3. The biofermented product according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it has the following main component contents: 41.13% of crude fiber, 6.82% of hemicellulose, 14.44% of lignin, 10.76% of ash, 11.83% of crude protein, 7.10% of total sugar, 0.80% of ammonia nitrogen value, 16% of ethanol, 9.5% of lactic acid and pH 3.36.
4. A method for preparing a biological fermentation product according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the residue of the medical preparation of maiwei dihuang pills is dried and crushed, lactobacillus plantarum preparation and enzyme are added into the residue, the mixture is uniformly mixed and fermented for 1 to 2 days at 30 to 40 ℃, then the stack turning treatment is carried out, sterile water is sprayed, the moisture content of the fermentation material is controlled to be 55 to 65 percent, and the fermentation is continued for 2 to 3 days, thus obtaining the biological fermentation product.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the Lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum is prepared by the following method: gradually culturing lactobacillus plantarum on an inclined plane to obtain fermentation liquor, performing centrifugal separation to obtain wet thalli, adding a freeze-drying protective agent according to the ratio of thalli to the freeze-drying protective agent of 1g to 1-2mL, uniformly mixing, and performing freeze drying to obtain lactobacillus plantarum powder; when solid state fermentation is carried out, the powder is dissolved in a proper amount of water to obtain the lactobacillus plantarum microbial inoculum;
preferably, the formulation of the lyoprotectant is: 0.924g/L of skim milk, 0.782g/L of sodium glutamate and 0.38g/L of trehalose, and is prepared by water.
6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the herb residue of Maiwei Dihuang Wan is the residue of the Maiwei Dihuang Wan prepared according to the preparation method of Maiwei Dihuang Wan described in the pharmacopoeia of China 2015 edition.
7. An animal feed comprising the biofermented product of any one of claims 1 to 3.
8. Use of any of the following biofermentation products of claims 1-3:
1) application in preparing animal feed;
2) application in animal feeding.
9. The use of claim 8, wherein the animal comprises a pig, a cow, a sheep; preferably bovine.
10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the biofermented product is added to the daily ration of cattle in a mass percentage of 20-40% for feeding cattle.
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