CN110578109A - Vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece - Google Patents
Vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece Download PDFInfo
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- CN110578109A CN110578109A CN201910948550.9A CN201910948550A CN110578109A CN 110578109 A CN110578109 A CN 110578109A CN 201910948550 A CN201910948550 A CN 201910948550A CN 110578109 A CN110578109 A CN 110578109A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/04—Hardening by cooling below 0 degrees Celsius
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/20—Carburising
- C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces, which comprises the following steps: a vacuum carburizing step: putting the 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece into a vacuum carburizing furnace for vacuum carburizing treatment; high-temperature tempering: timely performing high-temperature tempering on the workpiece subjected to vacuum carburization treatment, wherein the tempering temperature is 640-660 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 2.5-3 h; quenching: performing vacuum oil quenching on the workpiece after high-temperature tempering treatment, wherein the quenching temperature is 860-870 ℃; ice-cooling treatment step: performing ice-cooling treatment on the quenched workpiece at-70 ℃ for 2 to 3 hours; tempering: and tempering the part subjected to ice-cooling treatment, and then air-cooling to room temperature to finish the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process of the 18Cr2Ni4WA material part. According to the invention, the technological parameters of the vacuum carburization of 18Cr2Ni4WA and the optimized thermal treatment technological parameters after the carburization are obtained through the technological tests of the vacuum carburization and the subsequent thermal treatment of 18Cr2Ni4WA, so that the technical requirements of the carburization of the workpiece after the vacuum carburization and the subsequent treatment are met.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of material manufacturing/hot working, in particular to a vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for an 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece.
Background
Carburizing is a heat treatment process in which a workpiece made of low-carbon steel or low-carbon alloy steel is placed in a carburizing medium, heated to an austenite state and kept warm, so that carbon element permeates into the surface layer of the workpiece. After carburization, the surface of the workpiece is quenched and tempered at low temperature, so that the workpiece has the characteristics of high-carbon steel, the hardness and strength of the surface layer, particularly the wear resistance and the fatigue resistance, are obviously improved, and the center of the workpiece still maintains the quenched strength and good toughness of low-carbon steel or critical areas. Carburizing is one of the most effective means for strengthening the surface of the existing steel products, and is also the most widely applied chemical heat treatment method in production, and the surface strengthening process is adopted for the products with higher requirements on surface hardness, wear resistance and fatigue resistance, such as gears, bearings, shaft sleeves, camshafts and the like in transmission systems of aeroengines and helicopters, and pistons, shaft levers, pin shafts, valves and the like in accessories or airborne equipment parts.
at present, the carburizing process of 18Cr2Ni4WA workpieces adopts more traditional gas carburizing process, and has the following problems:
1) The traditional gas carburizing temperature is generally 880-930 ℃, and because the temperature is low, the carburizing speed is low, and the carburizing period is generally longer, the production efficiency is reduced, the energy is wasted, and the production cost is greatly increased.
2) When gas carburizing is performed, oxygen exists in a carburizing furnace, and a carburized layer may have intergranular oxidation and a non-martensite structure, so that the fatigue performance of a workpiece is reduced.
3) the traditional gas carburizing method has certain difficulty in meeting the carburizing requirement of the inner walls of deep hole and blind hole workpieces.
The vacuum carburizing technology is an advanced and efficient carburizing technology developed by drawing from the requirement of high-temperature carburizing on the basis of gas carburizing and vacuum heat treatment technologies. With the continuous development and improvement of vacuum carburization technology, vacuum carburization is more and more widely applied to the manufacturing industries of machinery, automobiles and aviation. At present, the standard of the technological parameters of the vacuum carburization process does not exist in China, and related technology accumulation and use experience do not exist.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces, which comprises the steps of carrying out vacuum carburizing and subsequent heat treatment process tests on 18Cr2Ni4WA, carrying out quality evaluation and mechanical property analysis on carburized layer tissues and core tissues of carburized samples and workpieces to obtain process parameters of 18Cr2Ni4WA in vacuum carburization and optimized heat treatment process parameters after carburization, ensuring that the workpieces meet the technical requirements of workpiece carburization after vacuum carburization and subsequent treatment, and determining the vacuum carburization process of corresponding material typical workpieces.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces comprises the following steps:
step S1, vacuum carburization step: putting the 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece into a vacuum carburizing furnace for vacuum carburizing treatment, wherein the carburizing process comprises three stages of exhausting, heating, carburizing and cooling;
Step S2, high temperature tempering step: timely performing high-temperature tempering on the workpiece subjected to vacuum carburization treatment, wherein the tempering temperature is 640-660 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 2.5-3 h;
Step S3, quenching step: performing vacuum oil quenching on the workpiece after high-temperature tempering treatment, wherein the quenching temperature is 860-870 ℃; the workpieces are not allowed to be stacked in a vacuum furnace through quenching and heating;
Step S4, ice-cooling processing step: performing ice-cooling treatment on the quenched workpiece at-70 ℃ for 2 to 3 hours;
step S5, a tempering step: and tempering the part subjected to ice-cooling treatment, and then air-cooling to room temperature to finish the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process of the 18Cr2Ni4WA material part, wherein the tempering temperature is 150-170 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 3-3.5 h.
further, in step S1, the three stages of the carburizing process are:
(1) Exhausting and heating: the gas in the furnace is exhausted as soon as possible after the workpiece is put into a vacuum carburizing furnace, the pressure in the furnace is controlled to be 750Pa to 800Pa, the temperature is raised to 920 ℃ to 930 ℃, and the temperature is uniformly heated and preserved for 30 min to 50 min;
(2) carburizing: after the temperature is stable, starting a carburizing stage, keeping the furnace temperature unchanged at 920-930 ℃, and controlling the pressure in the furnace at 750-800 Pa;
(3) cooling: and (4) cooling after the carburizing stage, wherein the cooling mode is 2bar air cooling.
Further, the specific process of the carburizing stage is as follows: performing strong infiltration for 1min, diffusion for 2min, and circulating for 20 times for 1 h; then carrying out strong infiltration for 1min, diffusion for 4min, and circulating for 10 times for 50 min; then, strong permeation is carried out for 1min, diffusion is carried out for 6min, and circulation is carried out for 7 times for 49 min.
Further, in step S2, the time interval between the end of the vacuum carburization step and the start of the high-temperature tempering treatment is not more than 8 hours.
Further, in step S2, the cooling method after the high-temperature tempering treatment is 2bar air cooling.
Further, in the step S3, the heat preservation time of the quenching treatment is 1.5 hours, and the cooling method is vacuum oil cooling.
Further, in step S4, the time interval between the quenching and the ice-cooling treatment should be as short as possible, and the time interval between the end of the quenching treatment and the start of the ice-cooling treatment step after cooling to room temperature is not more than 2 hours.
in step S5, the time interval from the end of the quenching process to the start of the tempering process, which does not include the ice-cooling process, to the end of cooling to room temperature is not more than 4 hours at the maximum, and the cooling method after the tempering process is air cooling.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: 1) since the heating of the vacuum carburization process is performed in a vacuum furnace, the vacuum carburization heating has all the advantages of vacuum furnace heating, namely: bright, without decarbonization, degreasing, degassing, small deformation, etc.
2) Because the vacuum carburizing atmosphere does not contain oxidizing gas, the alloy elements on the carburized surface can be prevented from generating intercrystalline oxidation, and the carburized layer does not have a non-martensite structure, so that the wear resistance and fatigue property of the carburized workpiece are further improved, and the service life is prolonged.
3) the vacuum carburization adopts a special pulse mode, and gas in the inner wall is continuously replaced through pulse control under the condition of low vacuum, so that fresh activated carbon atoms are always kept, and the carburization requirement of the inner wall of a deep hole and blind hole workpiece can be met.
4) the traditional gas carburizing temperature is generally 880-930 ℃, the vacuum carburizing temperature can be raised to 950-1000 ℃, meanwhile, with the continuous progress of the vacuum carburizing equipment research and the continuous progress of the manufacturing technology, conditions are created for realizing high-temperature carburizing (up to 1050 ℃, even 1100 ℃), the carburizing treatment speed can be accelerated, the time is shortened, the efficiency is improved, and the production cost is greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a vacuum carburization process according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an 18Cr2Ni4WA exemplary part of the invention.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of enhancing the understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples and the accompanying drawings, which are only used for explaining the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
As shown in figure 1, the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for the 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece comprises the following steps:
step S1, vacuum carburization step: putting the 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece into a vacuum carburizing furnace for vacuum carburizing treatment, wherein the carburizing process generally comprises three stages of exhaust temperature rise, carburizing and temperature reduction cooling:
(1) Exhausting and heating: the gas in the furnace is exhausted as soon as possible after the workpiece is put into a vacuum carburizing furnace, the pressure in the furnace is controlled to be 750Pa to 800Pa, the temperature is raised to 920 ℃ to 930 ℃, and the temperature is uniformly heated and preserved for 30 min to 50 min;
(2) Carburizing: after the temperature is stable, starting a carburizing stage, keeping the furnace temperature unchanged at 920-930 ℃, and controlling the pressure in the furnace at 750-800 Pa; the reason why the carburizing temperature is selected to be 920-930 ℃ is that: the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite is rapidly increased along with the increase of temperature, the solubility of carbon in austenite is also increased along with the increase of temperature, the increase of carburizing temperature can increase the depth of a carburized layer and shorten the carburizing time, and the total depth of the carburized layer can be increased by 1.7 times when the carburizing temperature is increased by 100 ℃ in the same carburizing time; meanwhile, the surface carbon concentration can be reduced by increasing the carburizing temperature, the carbon concentration distribution tends to be smooth, but the increasing temperature is limited by factors such as the growth of carburized steel grains, the nonuniformity of carburized layers and the like, so that the carburized layer of a workpiece is uniform and the deformation is reduced by adopting the low carburizing temperature of 920-930 ℃ for a small precise workpiece similar to a shallow carburized layer shown in figure 2.
The specific process of the carburizing stage is as follows: performing strong infiltration for about 1min, diffusion for about 2min, and circulating for about 1h for 20 times; then carrying out strong infiltration for about 1min and diffusion for about 4min, and circulating for 10 times, wherein the time is about 50 min; then carrying out strong infiltration for about 1min, diffusion for about 6min, and circulating for 7 times, wherein the time is about 49 min;
(3) Cooling: and (4) cooling after the carburizing stage, wherein the cooling mode is 2bar air cooling.
Step S2, high temperature tempering step: after the vacuum carburization treatment, the workpiece is immediately subjected to high-temperature tempering in a vacuum furnace, wherein the tempering temperature is 640-660 ℃, the heat preservation time is 2.5-3 h, and the cooling mode is 2bar air cooling; the time interval between the end of the vacuum carburization step and the beginning of the high-temperature tempering treatment is not more than 8 h. For 18Cr2Ni4WA high hardenability alloy carburizing steel, because of containing more alloying elements, the austenite stability is very high, martensite or bainite can be obtained by air cooling after carburizing, high temperature tempering is carried out after carburizing, the hardness of a workpiece can be reduced, the workpiece is prevented from cracking, and the subsequent cutting processing is convenient. The high-temperature tempering temperature is generally 600-680 ℃, after 18Cr2Ni4WA steel is carburized, the hardness of a carburized layer reaches 49-50 HRC, so that the hardness is reduced to 36-37 HRC after the tempering temperature is increased to 640-660 ℃ and the heat is preserved for 2.5-3 h, and the processing and forming of a workpiece are facilitated. Meanwhile, the content of the retained austenite in the carburized layer after quenching can reach 20-50%, the surface hardness and the stability influencing the size are seriously reduced, and therefore, the high-temperature tempering is adopted to reduce the content of the retained austenite after quenching, increase the carbide amount and increase the hardness and the wear resistance.
Step S3, quenching step: the quenching heating of the workpiece in the vacuum oil quenching furnace does not allow stacking. Quenching the workpiece after high-temperature tempering treatment in a carburizing furnace, wherein the quenching temperature is 860-870 ℃, the heat preservation time is about 1.5h, and the cooling mode is vacuum oil cooling.
step S4, ice-cooling processing step: performing ice-cooling treatment on the quenched workpiece at-70 ℃ for 2 to 3 hours; the time interval between the quenching and the ice-cooling treatment is shortened as much as possible, and the time interval between the end of the quenching treatment and the start of the ice-cooling treatment step after the quenching treatment is cooled to room temperature is not more than 2 h.
selection of quenching and cold treatment: in order to ensure the hardness requirements of the surface of the carburized layer and the core of the matrix after the carburization and the subsequent heat treatment of the workpiece, quenching and ice-cooling treatment can be adopted. Cooling at a proper cooling speed after carburization, quenching at the temperature of more than AC1 (AC 1+ 30-50 ℃), then cooling the workpiece to-70 ℃, and carrying out ice-cooling treatment for 2-3 h to promote the retained austenite to continue martensite transformation at a low temperature so as to further improve the surface hardness and the wear resistance of the carburized layer of the workpiece. When the surface and the core are required to have better toughness, the quenching temperature can be higher, so the quenching is carried out at 860-870 ℃.
Step S5, a tempering step: tempering the part after ice-cooling treatment at the tempering temperature of 150-170 ℃ for 3-3.5 h; and then air-cooling to room temperature, completing the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process of the 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece, and checking whether the workpiece meets the requirements, wherein the interval time from the end of quenching treatment to the room temperature to the beginning of the tempering step is not more than 4h at most, and the time of the ice-cooling treatment step is not included.
after the carburized workpiece is quenched, tempering treatment at 150-200 ℃ is usually carried out, and the low-temperature tempering hardly influences the core structure of the carburized workpiece. After the surface carburized layer is tempered at low temperature, supersaturated carbon in the quenched martensite is precipitated along a twin crystal interface of the martensite in a carbide form, so that part of residual austenite is converted into tempered martensite, the surface layer is softened, the contact between the surfaces of parts is facilitated, the contact fatigue (pitting corrosion) resistance and impact load resistance of the parts can be improved, and meanwhile, the elastic limit and yield strength of the core part can also be improved. In addition, the carburized part may generate harmful tensile stress in the quenching or grinding process, so that cracks are generated on the surface of the part after grinding, and the part is tempered at a low temperature of 150-170 ℃ after quenching or grinding, so that the cracks can be effectively avoided, and the effect of increasing the dimensional stability can be achieved. Meanwhile, the low-temperature tempering in the temperature range has a controllable and acceptable range for reducing the bending fatigue and the hardness.
Example 1
the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process parameters and steps of the 18Cr2Ni4WA typical piston shown in FIG. 2 are as follows:
piston (phi 23mm is multiplied by 72.5mm, non-carburized surface is protected by anti-seepage coating), material 18Cr2Ni4WA, carburization requirement: the matrix sigma b is more than or equal to 1030MPa, the carburized surface is 58-65 HRC, and the carburized depth is 0.7-1.0 mm.
The excellent vacuum carburizing heat treatment process of 18Cr2Ni4WA is shown in Table 1 under the condition of meeting the carburizing requirements that the sigma b of a typical part matrix is more than or equal to 1030MPa, the carburizing surface is 58-65 HRC, and the carburizing depth is 0.7-1.0 mm.
TABLE 1, 18Cr2Ni4WA vacuum carburization heat treatment process
。
in summary, the invention replaces the traditional gas carburization technology, adopts a vacuum carburization mode, provides a feasible and more effective heat treatment process method for vacuum carburization heat treatment of 18Cr2Ni4WA workpieces through the research of process tests on the premise of ensuring the size and deformation of the workpieces, metallographic structure, depth of carburized layer and mechanical property requirements, ensures that the workpieces meet the technical requirements of workpiece carburization after vacuum carburization and subsequent treatment, and determines the vacuum carburization process of 18Cr2Ni4WA typical workpieces (figure 2).
the foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. The embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other arbitrarily without conflict.
Claims (8)
1. A vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1, vacuum carburization step: putting the 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpiece into a vacuum carburizing furnace for vacuum carburizing treatment, wherein the carburizing process comprises three stages of exhausting, heating, carburizing and cooling;
Step S2, high temperature tempering step: timely performing high-temperature tempering on the workpiece subjected to vacuum carburization treatment, wherein the tempering temperature is 640-660 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 2.5-3 h;
Step S3, quenching step: performing vacuum oil quenching on the workpiece after high-temperature tempering treatment, wherein the quenching temperature is 860-870 ℃;
Step S4, ice-cooling processing step: performing ice-cooling treatment on the quenched workpiece at-70 ℃ for 2 to 3 hours;
Step S5, a tempering step: and tempering the part subjected to ice-cooling treatment, and then air-cooling to room temperature to finish the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process of the 18Cr2Ni4WA material part, wherein the tempering temperature is 150-170 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 3-3.5 h.
2. the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces according to claim 1, wherein in the step S1, the carburizing process comprises three stages:
(1) Exhausting and heating: the gas in the furnace is exhausted as soon as possible after the workpiece is placed in a vacuum carburizing furnace, the pressure in the furnace is controlled to be 750-800 Pa, the temperature is raised to 920-930 ℃, and the temperature is maintained for 30-50 min after soaking;
(2) Carburizing: after the temperature is stable, starting a carburizing stage, keeping the furnace temperature unchanged, and controlling the pressure in the furnace to be 750-800 Pa;
(3) cooling: and (4) cooling after the carburizing stage, wherein the cooling mode is 2bar air cooling.
3. the vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces according to claim 2, wherein the carburizing stage is specifically performed by the following steps: performing strong infiltration for 1min, diffusion for 2min, and circulating for 20 times for 1 h; then carrying out strong infiltration for 1min, diffusion for 4min, and circulating for 10 times for 50 min; then, strong permeation is carried out for 1min, diffusion is carried out for 6min, and circulation is carried out for 7 times for 49 min.
4. the vacuum carburization heat treatment process of an 18Cr2Ni4WA material part according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the time interval between the end of the vacuum carburization step and the start of the high temperature tempering treatment is not more than 8 h.
5. The vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material workpieces according to claim 4, wherein in the step S2, the cooling mode after the high temperature tempering treatment is 2bar air cooling.
6. The vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for the 18Cr2Ni4WA material part according to claim 1, wherein in the step S3, the heat preservation time of the quenching treatment is 1.5h, and the cooling mode is vacuum oil cooling.
7. The vacuum carburizing heat treatment process of an 18Cr2Ni4WA material part according to claim 1, wherein in the step S4, the time interval between the end of the quenching treatment and the start of the ice cooling treatment step after the quenching treatment is finished and cooled to room temperature is not more than 2 h.
8. The vacuum carburizing heat treatment process for 18Cr2Ni4WA material products according to claim 1, wherein in step S5, the time interval from the end of quenching treatment to the room temperature to the beginning of tempering step is not more than 4h at most, wherein the time of ice cooling step is not included, and the cooling mode after tempering treatment is air cooling.
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