CN110519195B - Method for timing synchronization of data transmission link symbols in steel penetration data energy simultaneous transmission system - Google Patents

Method for timing synchronization of data transmission link symbols in steel penetration data energy simultaneous transmission system Download PDF

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CN110519195B
CN110519195B CN201910712618.3A CN201910712618A CN110519195B CN 110519195 B CN110519195 B CN 110519195B CN 201910712618 A CN201910712618 A CN 201910712618A CN 110519195 B CN110519195 B CN 110519195B
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刘涛
李长林
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University of Science and Technology Beijing USTB
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    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
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    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
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Abstract

The invention provides a method for timing synchronization of data transmission link symbols in a steel-through data transmission system, which comprises the following steps: firstly, designing a new training sequence structure to improve the timing estimation performance of the algorithm, introducing symbol difference and conjugate relation into the designed new training sequence structure, and enhancing the autocorrelation of the training sequence; secondly, a new timing measure calculation method is provided for the training sequence structure designed by the invention, the defects of the traditional synchronization timing algorithm are overcome, and the accuracy of timing synchronization is improved; finally, the method of the invention also introduces a self-adaptive threshold technology based on the real-time signal power value, and improves the symbol timing synchronization effect under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio in a steel-through signal transmission system. The invention can improve the accuracy of symbol timing synchronization, thereby improving the overall performance of the steel penetration number energy simultaneous transmission system.

Description

Method for timing synchronization of data transmission link symbols in steel penetration data energy simultaneous transmission system
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ultrasonic communication, in particular to a method for timing synchronization of data transmission link symbols in a steel-through data energy simultaneous transmission system.
Background
In the industrial field, communication and monitoring of the closed container are often required, such as information transmission inside and outside a submarine cabin body, pipeline pressure monitoring and the like, so that reliable and stable communication requirements are required.
According to the known communication methods, if the use of wired transmission techniques requires perforations in the walls of the container or bulkhead, this method, besides being costly, can also damage the complete structure of the container or bulkhead. In addition, because the metal closed container has an electromagnetic shielding effect, electromagnetic waves cannot penetrate through the metal wall to carry out effective signal transmission.
The ultrasonic wave has the characteristics of small attenuation and high speed when being transmitted in metal due to the characteristics of good directivity and strong penetrating power. Therefore, ultrasonic waves can be used as a carrier for information transmission, and the metal channel is used as a medium for information transmission, so that the transmission of data inside and outside the metal container is realized.
The steel-through signal transmission system is established aiming at the problem that the traditional communication mode cannot transmit in the thick metal wall, breaks through the bottlenecks of wired transmission communication and traditional radio frequency communication, and can be widely applied to the industrial field.
As shown in fig. 1, the ultrasonic through-metal-plate communication scheme includes: transmitting transducer 1, coupling agent 2, metal wall 3, receiving transducer 4. The transmitting transducer 1 on the left side of the metal wall 3 converts the electric signal into an ultrasonic signal, the ultrasonic signal passes through the metal wall 3 to reach the receiving transducer 4 on the receiving end, and the receiving transducer 4 restores the ultrasonic signal into the electric signal. The transmitting transducer 1 and the receiving transducer 4 are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the metal wall 3, and the transducers are connected with the metal wall 3 through the couplant 2.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the basic architecture of the OFDM system. The DSP module of the transmitting end comprises the processes of symbol modulation, Fourier inverse transformation, cyclic prefix insertion and up-conversion. The input signal passes through the DSP at the transmitting end and then passes through the DAC module to obtain an analog signal, and the analog signal is converted into an ultrasonic signal through the transmitting transducer and then passes through the metal wall.
The DSP module of the receiving end comprises the processes of symbol demodulation, Fourier transformation, cyclic prefix removal, down conversion and signal synchronization. The ultrasonic signals passing through the metal wall are reconverted into electric signals through the receiving transducer on the other side, and the electric signals pass through the low noise amplifier after passing through the peak-to-average power ratio suppression module and then are output through the DSP on the receiving end.
The OFDM has the advantages of high frequency spectrum utilization rate, simple realization, effective resistance to frequency selective fading and multipath effect in the signal transmission process and the like.
The carriers in OFDM are orthogonal, each carrier has an integral number of carrier periods in a symbol time, and the frequency spectrum zero of each carrier is overlapped with the zero of the adjacent carrier, so that the interference between the carriers is reduced. Because the carriers are partially overlapped, the frequency band utilization rate is improved. Orthogonal subcarriers in an OFDM system may be modulated and demodulated using a fast fourier transform.
A guard interval is added at a transmitting end of the OFDM system, and is mainly used for eliminating intersymbol interference caused by multipath. The method is to fill the cyclic prefix in the OFDM symbol guard interval, so that the signals with the time delay smaller than the guard interval can not generate the inter-symbol interference in the demodulation process.
In a steel penetration number simultaneous transmission system, different synchronization modes have different influences on the system, and the method mainly solves the problem of symbol timing deviation. The multipath effect causes different transmission distances of signals in the metal wall, and a receiving end needs to accurately judge the starting time of the signals to demodulate the signals. The influence of the symbol timing deviation on the system performance is different according to the difference of the predicted position of the start point of the OFDM symbol header. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram showing 3 cases of OFDM timing synchronization results, which shows several possible situations of symbol timing offset.
Case 1: the timing is accurate, and the predicted OFDM symbol starting point is consistent with the accurate position in the case. The OFDM symbols can be fully recovered without introducing interference.
Case 2: timing advance, in which case the predicted OFDM symbol start point is slightly earlier than the exact position. Since the cyclic prefix is copied from the end of the synchronization symbol, the FFT window can still contain the complete symbol information.
Case 3: the timing is delayed, in which case the predicted OFDM symbol start point is slightly later than the exact position. The receive-side FFT window will cover a portion of the current OFDM symbol data and a portion of the next OFDM symbol cyclic prefix or data. At this point, a portion of the data information is lost, and most seriously, the orthogonality between subcarriers is destroyed, thereby introducing intersymbol interference and intercarrier interference in the system.
From the above analysis, it can be known that it is significant to study symbol timing synchronization in the data link of the punch-through data transmission system, and it directly determines the data transmission performance of the whole system.
Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating a measurement function curve of a conventional symbol timing synchronization Schmidl & d. In 1997, Schmidl and d.cox et al designed a training sequence with identical first half and second half, and combined with correlation operation completed OFDM symbol synchronization.
The sequence structure of the Schmidl & d.cox algorithm is:
SSC＝[A A]
the timing metric function of the Schmidl & d.cox algorithm is:
Figure BDA0002154289340000031
Figure BDA0002154289340000032
Figure BDA0002154289340000033
in the above formula, d is the first time sample corresponding to the sliding window, the total length of the training sequence is N, the length L of the sequence symbols is N/2, and the received signal is r (d), r*(d) And r (d) are conjugated to each other, Psc(d) For the formula of the correlation sum, Rsc(d) The energy value of the latter half sequence.
The Schmidl & d.cox algorithm is simulated, the simulation result is shown in fig. 4, and the relevant parameters are as follows: the number of subcarriers is 256; the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is 10 dB; the channel is a gaussian channel.
Cox algorithms suffer from the problem of "peak plateaus", with the drawback of fuzzy timing estimates.
Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating a metric function of another conventional symbol timing synchronization Minn algorithm. In 2000, Minn et al improved the structure of the training sequence for the "peak-plateau" problem present in Schmidl & d.
The sequence structure of the Minn algorithm is as follows:
Sm＝[B B -B -B]
the timing metric function of the Minn algorithm is:
Figure BDA0002154289340000034
Figure BDA0002154289340000035
Figure BDA0002154289340000036
in the above formula, d is the first time sample corresponding to the sliding window, the total length of the training sequence is N, the length L of the sequence symbol is N/4, and B is the negative structure of B. Pm(d) For values of related terms in sequential symbolsWhen k is equal to 0, the correlation between the first two sequences is calculated, and when k is equal to 1, the correlation between the second two sequences is calculated, Rm(d) Is the energy value of the training sequence used for normalization of the symbol timing metric.
The Minn algorithm is simulated, the simulation result is shown in FIG. 5, and the relevant parameters are as follows: the number of subcarriers is 256; the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is 10 dB; the channel is a gaussian channel.
However, the multimodal phenomenon of the Minn algorithm results in lower timing synchronization accuracy.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for synchronizing the symbol timing of a data transmission link in a steel-penetrating energy simultaneous transmission system, which mainly solves the problem of symbol timing so as to improve the overall performance of the steel-penetrating energy simultaneous transmission system.
In order to solve the above technical problem, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for synchronizing a steel-through data with a symbol timing of a data transmission link in a transmission system, including the following steps:
generating a training sequence, wherein the structure of the training sequence comprises a symbol difference and a conjugate relation;
and performing timing measurement calculation according to the training sequence.
Preferably, the structure of the training sequence is:
Sg＝[A -B -A B]
the total length of the training sequence is N, the length L of each sequence symbol is N/4, B is conjugated with A, and-A and-B are negative structures of A and B respectively.
Preferably, the timing measure calculation is performed by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002154289340000041
Figure BDA0002154289340000051
wherein d is the first time corresponding to the sliding windowIntermediate sample value, r*(d) And r (d) are conjugated to each other, Pg(d) Is the value of the relevant term in the sequence symbol, Rg(d) Is the energy value of the training sequence.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
and when the signal-to-noise ratio of the system is lower than a preset value, utilizing an adaptive threshold based on the real-time signal power value to carry out boundary judgment.
Preferably, the step of making a boundary decision comprises:
calculating a correlation metric value M and an adaptive threshold value V, wherein V is alpha P + beta, alpha is a scaling coefficient, beta is a fixed threshold value, and P is the average power of a received signal;
judging whether a peak point is detected, if M is larger than V, considering that the peak point is detected, and entering the next step;
recording peak points, and recording all peak points which are greater than a self-adaptive threshold value;
and (3) carrying out boundary judgment, starting from the first peak point, carrying out time sequence judgment on each peak point, judging whether the peak point with the interval of 1/2 sequence symbol lengths with the current peak point exists, if so, taking the sampling point corresponding to the current peak point as the initial boundary of the data, and otherwise, returning to the first step.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
evaluating the performance of the algorithm by utilizing a timing mean square error function, wherein the timing mean square error function MSE is defined as follows:
Figure BDA0002154289340000052
wherein n is simulation frequency, observedmRepresents the m-th observation, setmThe m-th actual setting value is shown.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention designs a new training sequence structure and provides a new timing measurement calculation method, solves the defects of large platform effect of Schmidl & D.Cox algorithm and large synchronization error of Minn algorithm, improves the accuracy of timing synchronization, improves the symbol timing synchronization problem of a data link in the steel-penetrating energy simultaneous transmission system, and further improves the overall performance of the steel-penetrating energy simultaneous transmission system.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of ultrasonic through-sheet metal communication;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the basic architecture of an OFDM system;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating three scenarios of OFDM timing synchronization results;
figure 4 is a schematic graph of a Schmidl & d.cox algorithm metric function;
FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of a metric function of the Minn algorithm;
fig. 6 is a flowchart of a method for synchronizing symbol timing of a data transmission link in a pass-through data transmission system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a synchronization symbol structure of a training sequence in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating timing metrics for a multi-path channel and a Gaussian channel for a high SNR in accordance with the method of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating timing metrics for the method of the present invention in a multipath channel at low SNR;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an adaptive threshold technique in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a timing metric curve under a multipath channel when the SNR is 10dB after introducing the adaptive threshold technique in the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a timing metric curve under a multipath channel with a signal-to-noise ratio of-5 dB after introducing the adaptive threshold technique in the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram comparing timing synchronization mean square error curves of different algorithms according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the following detailed description is given with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The embodiment of the invention provides a method for synchronizing the symbol timing of a steel-through data transmission link in a transmission system, which comprises the following steps of:
generating a training sequence, wherein the structure of the training sequence comprises a symbol difference and a conjugate relation;
and performing timing measurement calculation according to the training sequence.
The invention designs a new training sequence structure in an improved algorithm to improve the timing estimation performance of the algorithm, introduces symbol difference and conjugate relation in the designed new training sequence structure and enhances the autocorrelation of the training sequence.
Further, as shown in fig. 7, the structure of the new training sequence is:
Sg＝[A -B -A B]
wherein, the total length of the training sequence is N, the length L of each sequence symbol is N/4, B is conjugate with A, and-A and-B are negative structures of A and B respectively.
Further, the timing measure calculation is performed by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002154289340000071
Figure BDA0002154289340000072
where d is the first time sample corresponding to the sliding window, r*(d) And r (d) are conjugated to each other, Pg(d) Is the value of the relevant term in the sequence symbol, Rg(d) Is the energy value of the training sequence.
The invention provides a new timing measure calculation method aiming at a new training sequence structure, overcomes the defects of the traditional synchronization timing algorithm and improves the accuracy of timing synchronization.
The method of the invention is simulated, the simulation result is shown in fig. 8, and the relevant parameters are as follows:
the number of subcarriers is 256; the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is 10 dB; the noise type is Gaussian white noise; the delay is 34 sampling points; the channels are gaussian channels and multipath channels.
Simulation results show that under the Gaussian channel and the multipath channel with high signal-to-noise ratio, the improved algorithm overcomes the timing estimation fuzzy defect caused by the Schmidl & D.Cox algorithm platform phenomenon, avoids the problem of low timing synchronization accuracy caused by the multi-peak phenomenon of the Minn algorithm, and has a good timing effect.
The through steel signal transmission channel is a multipath channel, and an environment condition with low signal-to-noise ratio may exist in the through steel signal transmission system.
Further, the accuracy of the algorithm is verified under a multipath channel. The relevant parameters are as follows:
the number of subcarriers 256; the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is-5 dB; the noise type is Gaussian white noise; the delay is 34 sampling points, and the channel is a multipath channel.
Under the environment of low signal-to-noise ratio, the correlation of the synchronization sequence can be greatly damaged, and the synchronization performance of the method is further reduced. Fig. 9 is a timing metric curve diagram of the improved algorithm in a multipath channel at low signal-to-noise ratio. It can be known from the figure that under a multipath channel with a low signal-to-noise ratio, the timing metric curve of the improved algorithm has many interference peaks, and the interference peaks may cause misjudgment in synchronization judgment.
In order to solve the above problem and improve the synchronization performance of the method of the present invention in the low snr environment, further, the method further comprises:
and when the signal-to-noise ratio of the system is lower than a preset value, utilizing an adaptive threshold based on the real-time signal power value to carry out boundary judgment.
Specifically, referring to fig. 10, the step of making the boundary decision includes:
calculating a correlation metric value M and an adaptive threshold value V, wherein V is alpha P + beta, alpha is a scaling coefficient, beta is a fixed threshold value, and P is the average power of a received signal;
judging whether a peak point is detected, if M is larger than V, considering that the peak point is detected, and entering the next step;
recording peak points, and recording all peak points which are greater than a self-adaptive threshold value;
and (3) carrying out boundary judgment, starting from the first peak point, carrying out time sequence judgment on each peak point, judging whether the peak point with the interval of 1/2 sequence symbol lengths with the current peak point exists, if so, taking the sampling point corresponding to the current peak point as the initial boundary of the data, and otherwise, returning to the first step.
The scaling coefficient α and the fixed threshold β may be obtained through early simulation and engineering experience, and the average power P of the received signal is obtained by using a smoothing filtering method.
In a high signal-to-noise ratio environment, the synchronization performance of the algorithm under a multipath channel is verified, and the related parameters are as follows:
the number of subcarriers 256; the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is 10 dB; the noise type is Gaussian white noise; the delay is 34 sampling points; the channel is a multipath channel.
As shown in fig. 11, two distinct peaks appear in the timing metric curve, and the first peak appears at an accurate timing point (34 th sampling point), and the interval between the two peaks is observed to satisfy the timing relationship that the interval difference is 1/2 synchronization symbol lengths (128 sampling points). Therefore, the method of the invention has better timing synchronization effect under the multipath environment with better signal-to-noise ratio after introducing the self-adaptive threshold technology.
Further, in a low signal-to-noise ratio environment, the synchronization performance of the algorithm under the multipath channel is verified, and the related parameters are as follows:
the number of subcarriers 256; the signal-to-noise ratio SNR is-5 dB; the noise type is Gaussian white noise; the delay is 34 sampling points; the channel is a multipath channel.
Simulation results as shown in fig. 12, in a low snr environment, the timing metric curve has many high peak points in the multipath channel, and therefore, the threshold-based symbol start boundary decision may have a certain deviation. The method introduces the interval length relationship between the two peak values, and can still accurately judge the initial position of the data symbol according to the judgment condition that whether the interval between the two peak values is 1/2 synchronous symbol lengths. Therefore, the method of the invention still has better timing synchronization performance under the multipath environment with lower signal-to-noise ratio after introducing the self-adaptive threshold technology.
Further, the method of the invention also comprises the following steps:
evaluating the performance of the algorithm by utilizing a timing mean square error function, wherein the timing mean square error function MSE is defined as follows:
Figure BDA0002154289340000091
wherein n is simulation frequency, observedmRepresents the m-th observation, setmThe m-th actual setting value is shown.
The timing mean square error function is an important criterion for evaluating the performance of the synchronization algorithm. The synchronization performance of a Schmidl & D.Cox algorithm, a Minn algorithm and an improved algorithm of the invention is simulated based on a mean square error function, the synchronization performance of the algorithm under a multipath channel is verified within a certain signal-to-noise ratio range, and relevant parameters are as follows:
the number of subcarriers 256; the SNR range is-5 dB to 10 dB; the noise type is Gaussian white noise; the channel is a multipath channel.
The simulation results are shown in fig. 13. It can be known from the figure that the timing mean square error of the Schmidl & d.cox algorithm under different signal-to-noise ratio environments is obviously larger than that of other algorithms, and the timing synchronization performance is poorer. Under the environment of low signal-to-noise ratio, the timing synchronization accuracy and stability of the method are superior to those of other algorithms.
The specific embodiment of the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention designs a new training sequence structure in an improved algorithm, introduces symbol difference and conjugate relation, and provides a new timing measurement method, thereby solving the defects of large platform effect of Schmidl & D.Cox algorithm and large synchronization error of Minn algorithm; in addition, aiming at the environment that the signal-to-noise ratio of the steel penetration signal transmission system is low, the method introduces the self-adaptive threshold technology based on the real-time signal power value, so that the timing synchronization accuracy is improved under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio, and the overall performance of the steel penetration data simultaneous transmission system is further improved.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (4)

1. A method for synchronizing the symbol timing of a data transmission link in a steel-through data transmission system is characterized by comprising the following steps:
generating a training sequence, wherein the structure of the training sequence comprises a symbol difference and a conjugate relation;
performing timing measurement calculation according to the training sequence;
the structure of the training sequence is as follows:
Sg＝[A -B -A B]
the total length of the training sequence is N, the length L of each sequence symbol is N/4, B is conjugated with A, and-A and-B are negative structures of A and B respectively;
the timing metric calculation is performed by the following formula:
Figure FDA0002700400290000011
Figure FDA0002700400290000012
where d is the first time sample corresponding to the sliding window, r*(d) And r (d) are conjugates of each other, r (d) is the received signal, Pg(d) Is the value of the relevant term in the sequence symbol, Rg(d) Is the energy value of the training sequence.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
and when the signal-to-noise ratio of the system is lower than a preset value, utilizing an adaptive threshold based on the real-time signal power value to carry out boundary judgment.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of performing boundary decision comprises:
calculating a correlation metric value M and an adaptive threshold value V, wherein V is alpha P + beta, alpha is a scaling coefficient, beta is a fixed threshold value, and P is the average power of a received signal;
judging whether a peak point is detected, if M is larger than V, considering that the peak point is detected, and entering the next step;
recording peak points, and recording all peak points which are greater than a self-adaptive threshold value;
and (3) carrying out boundary judgment, starting from the first peak point, carrying out time sequence judgment on each peak point, judging whether the peak point with the interval of 1/2 sequence symbol lengths with the current peak point exists, if so, taking the sampling point corresponding to the current peak point as the initial boundary of the data, and otherwise, returning to the first step.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:
evaluating the performance of the algorithm by utilizing a timing mean square error function, wherein the timing mean square error function MSE is defined as follows:
Figure FDA0002700400290000021
wherein n is simulation frequency, observedmRepresents the m-th observation, setmThe m-th actual setting value is shown.
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