CN110493085A - Statistical method, system, electronic equipment and the medium of IPv6 active users - Google Patents
Statistical method, system, electronic equipment and the medium of IPv6 active users Download PDFInfo
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- CN110493085A CN110493085A CN201910831141.0A CN201910831141A CN110493085A CN 110493085 A CN110493085 A CN 110493085A CN 201910831141 A CN201910831141 A CN 201910831141A CN 110493085 A CN110493085 A CN 110493085A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/14—Network analysis or design
- H04L41/142—Network analysis or design using statistical or mathematical methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0876—Network utilisation, e.g. volume of load or congestion level
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
- H04L2101/60—Types of network addresses
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of statistical methods of IPv6 active users, comprising: the IPv6 data flow on S1, acquisition router or interchanger, and record the corresponding acquisition time of IPv6 data flow;S2, IPv6 data flow is chronologically arranged according to acquisition time, the IPv6 data flow converged;S3, IPv6 address of the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow converged within the scope of preset times is extracted;It is existed simultaneously in the address IPv6 obtained in S4, extraction step S3 in the address IPv6 in different time periods, or to the address IPv6 of ICMPv6 request response, as the active address IPv6.This method being capable of express statistic any region IPv6 active users.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the communications fields, and in particular to statistical method, system, electronic equipment and Jie of IPv6 active users
Matter.
Background technique
In April, 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology have printed and distributed " about the logical of development IPv6 network ready special campaigns in 2019
Know " (calling " notice " in the following text)." notice " will specify that the end of the year 2019, the LTE terminal ratio that China obtains the address IPv6 reaches 90%;
The fixed broadband terminal ratio for obtaining the address IPv6 reaches 40%;LTE network IPv6 enlivens connection number and reaches 800,000,000;It completes all
The target of 13 the Internet backbone direct connection point IPv6 transformation.Currently, although China's ipv6 traffic rapid growth, IPv6 is flowed
Amount is compared with IPv4 flow, and ipv6 traffic is still less, and number of users needs to be further improved.
The LTE terminal of several famous brands can support the request of the address IPv6 in domestic market, meanwhile, the mobile behaviour of mainstream
The request of the address IPv6 can be supported by making the basic softwares such as system, desktop operating system and server operating system also.But it exchanges
The supporting rate of machine or home wireless router is still relatively low.
By in October, 2018, IPv6 any active ues are 9,510,000 families on China's mobile broadband and fixed broadband.Wherein move
Broadband IP v6 popularity rate is that 6.16%, IPv6 active users (have distributed the address IPv6 and had IPv6 internet records in 1 year
User) it is 7,180,000 families.50,000,000 index request is no less than according to " IPv6 action scheme " IPv6 active users, it is also poor
42820000 families, the trend for counting IPv6 active users are imperative.
Summary of the invention
(1) technical problems to be solved
The present invention provides statistical method, system, electronic equipment and the media of a kind of IPv6 active users, at least
Part solves above-mentioned technical problem.
(2) technical solution
The present invention provides a kind of statistical methods of IPv6 active users, comprising: on S1, acquisition router or interchanger
IPv6 data flow, and record the corresponding acquisition time of IPv6 data flow;S2, IPv6 data are chronologically arranged according to acquisition time
Stream, the IPv6 data flow converged;S3, the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow converged is extracted within the scope of preset times
The address IPv6;It is existed simultaneously in the address IPv6 obtained in S4, extraction step S3 in the address IPv6 in different time periods or right
The address IPv6 of ICMPv6 request response, as the active address IPv6.
Optionally, in step S1, acquiring the IPv6 data flow detected and recording acquisition time includes: in router or friendship
Change planes upper configuration traffic analysis tool Netflow;Match on router or interchanger configured with traffic analysis tool Netflow
Standby unified clock source;Turn-on flow rate analysis tool Netflow acquires IPv6 data flow, and according to clock source record IPv6 number
According to the corresponding acquisition time of stream.
Optionally, wherein in step S3, extract the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow of timing arrangement in preset times model
The address IPv6 in enclosing includes: to judge whether IPv6 data flow meets normal distribution;If so, from the IPv6 for meeting normal distribution
IPv6 address of the frequency of occurrence within the scope of preset times is extracted in data flow.
Optionally, if IPv6 data flow does not meet normal distribution, IPv6 stream compression is turned to and meets normal distribution
After IPv6 data flow, then extract IPv6 address of the frequency of occurrence within the scope of preset times in IPv6 data flow.
Optionally, IPv6 data flow multiple on router or interchanger is acquired to be pressed according to acquisition time in step s 2
Timing arranges IPv6 data flow, and the IPv6 data flow converged includes: respectively by the IPv6 number in each IPv6 data flow
Timing arrangement is carried out according to by acquisition time;The identical IPv6 data of acquisition time are converged in each IPv6 data flow
It is poly-, the IPv6 data flow converged.
Optionally, construction method further include: S5: active IPv6 number of addresses in statistic procedure S4, by active IPv6
Location number obtains the equal active users of region IPv6 people divided by region total number of persons.
Optionally, pass through f (x)=log (x) or f (x)=xnThe IPv6 stream compression for not meeting normal distribution is turned to
Meet the IPv6 data flow of normal distribution.
Invention additionally provides a kind of IPv6 active users statistical systems, comprising: acquisition module, acquire router or
IPv6 data flow on interchanger, and record the corresponding acquisition time of IPv6 data flow;Analysis module, on time according to acquisition time
Sequence arranges IPv6 data flow, the IPv6 data flow converged;First extraction module extracts and occurs in the IPv6 data flow of convergence
IPv6 address of the number within the scope of preset times;Second extraction module, it is same in the address IPv6 obtained in extraction step S3
When be present in the address IPv6 in different time periods, or to the address IPv6 of ICMPv6 request response, as active IPv6
Location.
Invention additionally provides a kind of electronic equipment, comprising: one or more processors;Memory, for storing one
A or multiple programs, wherein when one or more programs are executed by one or more processors, so that one or more processing
Device realizes method as described above.
Invention additionally provides a kind of computer readable storage mediums, are stored with computer executable instructions, and instruction exists
It is performed for realizing method as described above.
(3) beneficial effect
Statistical method, system, electronic equipment and the medium provided through the invention being capable of express statistic any region IPv6
Active users.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates statistical method flow chart provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 diagrammatically illustrates normal distribution provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 diagrammatically illustrates the relational graph of the address IPv6 provided in an embodiment of the present invention frequency of occurrence and timing arrangement;
Fig. 4 diagrammatically illustrates statistical system block diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 diagrammatically illustrates electronic devices structure figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with specific embodiment, and reference
Attached drawing, the present invention is described in more detail.
Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates statistical method flow chart provided in an embodiment of the present invention, refering to fig. 1, the embodiment of the present invention
Provide a kind of statistical method of IPv6 active users, comprising:
IPv6 data flow on S1, acquisition router or interchanger, and record the corresponding acquisition time of IPv6 data flow.
Content is embodied are as follows: traffic analysis tool Netflow is configured on router or interchanger, configured with stream
It measures and is equipped with unified clock source, turn-on flow rate analysis tool on the router or interchanger of analysis tool Netflow
Netflow acquires router or IPv6 data flow on interchanger and records the corresponding acquisition time of IPv6 data flow.This is specific
The detailed acquisition step of implementation content is expressed as follows:
Firstly, multiple IPv6 data flows, collected IPv6 can be collected by multiple data acquisition servers
Data flow includes: the address source IP v6, the port source IP v6, the address destination IP v6, destination IP v6 port and protocol type, wherein main
What is obtained is the address source IP v6 and the address destination IP v6.
Secondly, being equipped with unified clock source on router or interchanger configured with traffic analysis tool Netflow
So that acquiring every IPv6 data flow based on Netflow is corresponding with acquisition time.
Finally, after starting traffic analysis tool Netflow on router or interchanger, by instructing IP2001:
The IPv6 data flow that da8:243:8611::126 indication detector detects is sent to data acquisition service by No. 9996 ends number
Device 2001:da8:243:8611::126, the instruction IP flow ingress under interface configuration mode are carried out to flow is entered
Acquisition, instruction IP flow egress are acquired outbound traffic.
S2, IPv6 data flow is chronologically arranged according to acquisition time, the IPv6 data flow converged;
Firstly, the IPv6 data in each IPv6 data flow are carried out timing arrangement, this implementation by acquisition time respectively
Specific embodiment can will have acquisition time according to time series from front to back in example in each IPv6 data flow
IPv6 data are arranged, and the specific time series arrangement mode present invention is with no restrictions.
Then, the identical IPv6 data of acquisition time are converged in each IPv6 data flow, is converged
IPv6 data flow.For example can be set in the present embodiment acquisition time be 15000s when, by each timing arrange IPv6 number
It is converged according to the IPv6 data that acquisition time in stream is 15000s, the IPv6 data flow converged.
S3, IPv6 address of the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow converged within the scope of preset times is extracted.
First, it is determined that whether the IPv6 data flow of convergence meets the normal distribution in Fig. 2, Fig. 2 diagrammatically illustrates this hair
The normal distribution that bright embodiment provides, in the normal distribution, the area in horizontal axis section (μ-σ, μ+σ) is about 68.3%,
Therefore the area in horizontal axis section (μ, μ+σ) is about 34.2%;Similarly, the area in horizontal axis section (+2 σ of μ -2 σ, μ) is about
95.4%, the area of horizontal axis section (+2 σ of μ+σ, μ) is about 13.5%;The area in horizontal axis section (+3 σ of μ -3 σ, μ) is about
99.7%, the area of horizontal axis section (+3 σ of μ+2 σ, μ) is about 2.2%;Area other than horizontal axis section (+3 σ of μ -3 σ, μ) is less than thousand
/ tri-, therefore do not consider.
If the IPv6 data flow of convergence meets normal distribution, mentioned from the IPv6 data flow for the convergence for meeting normal distribution
Take the address IPv6 of frequency of occurrence within a preset range;If the IPv6 data flow of convergence does not meet normal distribution, will not meet
After the IPv6 stream compression of the convergence of normal distribution turns to the IPv6 data flow for the convergence for meeting normal distribution, then from meeting normal state
The address IPv6 of frequency of occurrence within a preset range is extracted in the IPv6 data flow of the convergence of distribution.
In the present embodiment, the IPv6 stream compression for not meeting normal distribution is turned to the IPv6 data flow for meeting normal distribution
Method for example can be with are as follows: use f (x)=log (x) or f (x)=xnForm IPv6 stream compression turned to meet just
The IPv6 data flow of state distribution, the concrete mode present invention are not particularly limited.
Alternatively, can remove the address IPv6 of the frequency abnormality occurred according to algorithm, the number occurred is at default time
The address IPv6 in number range.IPv6 data flow in above-mentioned algorithm mainly includes two features: the address IPv6 goes out occurrence
Several and time series;It also, also include X, X in IPv6 data flowvalAnd YvalThree data sets, X indicate training set, are used for structure
Established model, instrument energy first use;Xval indicates verifying collection, for assisting building model, may be reused;YvalIndicate test
Collection, for detecting the model of building, for the accuracy rate of assessment models, YvalValue be 1 or 0, YvalIn value be 1 indicate IPv6
Frequency of occurrence of the address within the scope of preset times is abnormal, therefore behind the address IPv6 of rejecting abnormalities, the number occurred exists
The address IPv6 within the scope of preset times;YvalValue be 0 to indicate frequency of occurrence of the address IPv6 within the scope of preset times just
Often, IPv6 address of the number of above-mentioned appearance within the scope of preset times is extracted.
Then, with extracting the IPv6 of convergences above-mentioned meeting normal distribution and that frequency of occurrence is within the scope of preset times
Location.
Fig. 3 diagrammatically illustrates the relational graph of the address IPv6 provided in an embodiment of the present invention frequency of occurrence and timing arrangement,
Refering to Fig. 3, abscissa indicates the time series of the address IPv6, and ordinate indicates the number of the appearance of the address IPv6.According to acquisition
Time chronologically arranges IPv6 data flow, the address IPv6 chronologically arranged, wherein the address IPv6 is at 0-15000 times
Frequency of occurrence is most intensive in preset range, secondly, being followed by 80000 times or more in 15000-53000 preset range
Preset range and 53000-80000 preset range.It for example can be 0-15000 that preset times range is arranged in the present embodiment
It is secondary, then the address IPv6 within the scope of the preset times is extracted, the specific preset times range present invention is with no restrictions.
It is existed simultaneously in the address IPv6 obtained in S4, extraction step S3 in the address IPv6 in different time periods or right
The address IPv6 of ICMPv6 request response, as the active address IPv6.
First, it is determined that whether IPv6 address of the number of the appearance extracted in step S3 within the scope of preset times is living
The address IPv6 of jump.The judgment method includes active probe judgment method and passive detection judgment method.
Active probe judgment method are as follows: judge that IPv6 address of the number of above-mentioned appearance within the scope of preset times whether can
The request of response IC MPv6, if so, IPv6 address of the number of the appearance within the scope of preset times is active;If it is not, then should
IPv6 address of the number of appearance within the scope of preset times is inactive.
Passive detection judgment method are as follows: whether all deposited in different time sections the address IPv6 extracted in judgment step S3
If so, the address IPv6 is active;If it is not, then the address IPv6 is inactive.
The statistical method further includes S5: active IPv6 number of addresses in statistic procedure S4 removes active IPv6 number of addresses
The equal active users of region IPv6 people are obtained with region total number of persons.
Fig. 4 diagrammatically illustrates statistical system block diagram provided in an embodiment of the present invention, and refering to Fig. 4, the embodiment of the present invention is mentioned
Supply a kind of IPv6 active users statistical system, comprising:
Acquisition module 410 acquires the IPv6 data flow on router or interchanger, and records that IPv6 data flow is corresponding to adopt
Collect the time;
Acquisition module 410 is used to the router or multiple on interchanger that acquisition configuration has traffic analysis tool Netflow
IPv6 data flow, wherein router or interchanger configured with traffic analysis tool Netflow are also configured with unified clock
Source, the clock source are used to record multiple IPv6 data flow institutes of data acquisition server acquisition multiple in acquisition module 410
Corresponding acquisition time.
Analysis module 420 chronologically arranges IPv6 data flow according to acquisition time, the IPv6 data flow converged;
Analysis module 420 is used for the collected multiple IPv6 of multiple data acquisition servers in acquisition module 410
Chronologically arranged in data flow with the IPv6 data of acquisition time, by a certain acquisition moment in timing it is corresponding each
IPv6 data are converged, the IPv6 data flow converged.
First extraction module 430 extracts the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow of convergence within the scope of preset times
The address IPv6;
Judge whether the IPv6 data flow of convergence meets normal distribution, if so, from the IPv6 data for meeting normal distribution
The address IPv6 of frequency of occurrence within a preset range is extracted in stream;If it is not, will then not meet the IPv6 stream compression of normal distribution
It turns to after meeting the IPv6 data flow of normal distribution, then extracts frequency of occurrence pre- from the IPv6 data flow for meet normal distribution
If the address IPv6 in range.Alternatively, the address IPv6 of the frequency abnormality occurred according to algorithm removal, the number occurred exist
The address IPv6 within the scope of preset times.
Second extraction module 440 is existed simultaneously in different time periods in the address IPv6 obtained in extraction step S3
The address IPv6, or to the address IPv6 of ICMPv6 request response, as the active address IPv6.
Whether IPv6 address of the number of the appearance extracted in judgment step S3 within the scope of preset times is active
The method of the address IPv6 includes active probe and passive detection,
Active probe are as follows: judge whether IPv6 address of the number of above-mentioned appearance within the scope of preset times can respond
The request of ICMPv6, if so, IPv6 address of the number of the appearance within the scope of preset times is active;If it is not, the then appearance
IPv6 address of the number within the scope of preset times it is inactive.
Passive detection are as follows: whether the address IPv6 extracted in judgment step S3 all exists in different time sections, if so,
The address IPv6 is active;If it is not, then the address IPv6 is inactive.
Fig. 5 diagrammatically illustrates electronic devices structure figure provided in an embodiment of the present invention, and refering to Fig. 5, electronic equipment 500 is wrapped
Include processor 510, computer readable storage medium 520.The electronic equipment 500 can execute side according to an embodiment of the present invention
Method.
Specifically, processor 510 for example may include general purpose microprocessor, instruction set processor and/or related chip group
And/or special microprocessor (for example, specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), etc..Processor 510 can also include using for caching
The onboard storage device on way.Processor 510 can be for executing the different movements of process according to the method for the embodiment of the present invention
Single treatment unit either multiple processing units.
Computer readable storage medium 520, such as can be non-volatile computer readable storage medium, specific example
Including but not limited to: magnetic memory apparatus, such as tape or hard disk (HDD);Light storage device, such as CD (CD-ROM);Memory, such as
Random access memory (RAM) or flash memory etc..
Computer readable storage medium 520 may include computer program 521, which may include generation
Code/computer executable instructions, when being executed by processor 510, that processor 510 is executed is according to an embodiment of the present invention
Method or its any deformation.
Computer program 521 can be configured to have the computer program code for example including computer program module.Example
Such as, in the present embodiment, the code in computer program 521 may include one or more program modules, for example including 521A,
Module 521B ....It should be noted that the division mode and number of module are not fixation, those skilled in the art can root
It is combined according to actual conditions using suitable program module or program module, is executed when these program modules are combined by processor 510
When, processor 510 is executed according to the method for the embodiment of the present invention or its any deformation.
Embodiment according to the present invention acquisition module 410, analysis module 420, the first extraction module 430 and second extract mould
At least one of block 440 can be implemented as the computer program module with reference to Fig. 5 description, when being executed by processor 510,
Corresponding operating described above may be implemented.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of computer readable storage mediums, are stored with computer executable instructions, institute
Instruction is stated when executed for realizing method as described above.
The computer readable storage medium can be included in equipment/device/system described in above-described embodiment,
It is also possible to individualism, and without in the supplying equipment/device/system.Above-mentioned computer readable storage medium carries one
A perhaps multiple programs are performed when said one or multiple programs, are realized according to the method for the embodiment of the present invention.
Flow chart and block diagram in attached drawing are illustrated according to the system of various embodiments of the invention, method and computer journey
The architecture, function and operation in the cards of sequence product.In this regard, each box in flowchart or block diagram can generation
A part of one module, program segment or code of table, a part of above-mentioned module, program segment or code include one or more
Executable instruction for implementing the specified logical function.It should also be noted that in some implementations as replacements, institute in box
The function of mark can also occur in a different order than that indicated in the drawings.For example, two boxes succeedingly indicated are practical
On can be basically executed in parallel, they can also be executed in the opposite order sometimes, specifically be depended on the functions involved.
It should be noted that the combination of block diagram or each box in flow chart and the box in block diagram or flow chart, can use execution
The dedicated hardware based systems of defined functions or operations realizes, or can use specialized hardware and computer instruction
Combination is to realize.
Particular embodiments described above has carried out further in detail the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effects
It describes in detail bright, it should be understood that the above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, it is all
Within the spirit and principles in the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. done should be included in guarantor of the invention
Within the scope of shield.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of statistical method of IPv6 active users, comprising:
IPv6 data flow on S1, acquisition router or interchanger, and record the corresponding acquisition time of the IPv6 data flow;
S2, the IPv6 data flow is chronologically arranged according to the acquisition time, the IPv6 data flow converged;
S3, IPv6 address of the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow of the convergence within the scope of preset times is extracted;
It is existed simultaneously in the address IPv6 obtained in S4, extraction step S3 in the address IPv6 in different time periods or right
The address IPv6 of ICMPv6 request response, as the active address IPv6.
2. statistical method according to claim 1, wherein described to acquire the IPv6 data detected in step S1
It flows and records acquisition time and include:
Traffic analysis tool Netflow is configured on router or interchanger;
Unified clock source is equipped on router or interchanger configured with traffic analysis tool Netflow;
Turn-on flow rate analysis tool Netflow acquires the IPv6 data flow, and the IPv6 number according to the clock source record
According to the corresponding acquisition time of stream.
3. statistical method according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the IPv6 number for extracting the timing arrangement
Include: according to IPv6 address of the number occurred in stream within the scope of preset times
Judge whether the IPv6 data flow meets normal distribution;
If so, from the IPv6 data flow for meet normal distribution extract frequency of occurrence within the scope of preset times described in
The address IPv6.
4. statistical method according to claim 3, wherein if the IPv6 data flow does not meet normal distribution, by institute
It states after IPv6 stream compression turns to and meet the IPv6 data flow of normal distribution, then extracts frequency of occurrence in the IPv6 data flow and exist
The address IPv6 within the scope of preset times.
5. statistical method according to claim 1, wherein multiple IPv6 data flow on acquisition router or interchanger,
In step s 2, the IPv6 data flow that the IPv6 data flow is chronologically arranged according to the acquisition time, is converged
Include:
The IPv6 data in each described IPv6 data flow are subjected to timing arrangement by acquisition time respectively;
The identical IPv6 data of acquisition time are converged in each described IPv6 data flow, are converged
IPv6 data flow.
6. statistical method according to claim 1, the statistical method further include:
S5: active IPv6 number of addresses in statistic procedure S4 obtains the active IPv6 number of addresses divided by region total number of persons
The equal active users of region IPv6 people.
7. statistical method according to claim 4, wherein pass through f (x)=log (x) or f (x)=xnIt will not meet just
The IPv6 stream compression of state distribution turns to the IPv6 data flow for meeting normal distribution.
8. a kind of IPv6 active users statistical system, comprising:
Acquisition module acquires the IPv6 data flow on router or interchanger, and records the corresponding acquisition of the IPv6 data flow
Time;
Analysis module chronologically arranges the IPv6 data flow according to the acquisition time, the IPv6 data flow converged;
First extraction module, with extracting IPv6 of the number occurred in the IPv6 data flow of the convergence within the scope of preset times
Location;
Second extraction module is existed simultaneously in the address IPv6 in different time periods in the address IPv6 obtained in extraction step S3,
Or the address IPv6 to ICMPv6 request response, as the active address IPv6.
9. a kind of electronic equipment, comprising:
One or more processors;
Memory, for storing one or more programs,
Wherein, when one or more of programs are executed by one or more of processors, so that one or more of
Processor realizes method described in any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. a kind of computer readable storage medium, is stored with computer executable instructions, described instruction is used for reality when executed
Method described in existing any one of claims 1 to 7.
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CN111901454A (en) * | 2020-07-27 | 2020-11-06 | 东南大学 | Method for counting and verifying number of real users of IPv6 network |
CN112383644A (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2021-02-19 | 北京邮电大学 | Heuristic IPv6 address scanning target generation method and related equipment |
CN112769971A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-05-07 | 赛尔网络有限公司 | IPv6 address security detection method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
CN113746654A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2021-12-03 | ***通信集团河北有限公司 | IPv6 address management and flow analysis method and device |
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