CN110467192A - A kind of nanoporous nonmetallic materials, preparation method and application - Google Patents
A kind of nanoporous nonmetallic materials, preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN110467192A CN110467192A CN201910841581.4A CN201910841581A CN110467192A CN 110467192 A CN110467192 A CN 110467192A CN 201910841581 A CN201910841581 A CN 201910841581A CN 110467192 A CN110467192 A CN 110467192A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B19/00—Selenium; Tellurium; Compounds thereof
- C01B19/02—Elemental selenium or tellurium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/90—Carbides
- C01B32/914—Carbides of single elements
- C01B32/991—Boron carbide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/021—Preparation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B35/00—Boron; Compounds thereof
- C01B35/02—Boron; Borides
- C01B35/023—Boron
Abstract
The present invention relates to the adjustable nanoporous nonmetallic materials of a kind of porosity and aperture, preparation method and application.According to alloy phase diagram; design a certain proportion of metallic compound and pure nonmetallic or pure metal and pure nonmetallic; then electric arc melting is carried out under protective atmosphere and gets rid of band alloy strip is made, finally carrying out chemical attack to alloy bar band can be obtained nanoporous nonmetallic materials.The porosity of the self-supporting nano porous metal compound being prepared and the size in aperture nonmetallic ratio with the metallic element and size of copper roller revolving speed is controlled when getting rid of band when can pass through alloy pig melting respectively.This method preparation process is simply controllable, it is environmental-friendly, it has a good application prospect in nanoporous nonmetallic materials preparation field, preparation-obtained nanoporous nonmetallic materials are expected to have in fields such as actuating, sensing, catalysis, energy storage and conversions and be widely applied.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of nanoporous nonmetallic materials, preparation method and application, belong to the preparation skill of porous material
Art.
Background technique
The preparation of nano material is most active one of the research direction of field of new materials.Nanoporous non-metallic material at present
Material is prepared with activation method and template, and wherein Si and C can also pass through LMD (liquid-metal dealloying) and VPD
(vapor phase dealloying's) is prepared.Above-mentioned preparation method is respectively faced with very big difficulty: activation method and
Template faces preparation cost height, the problems such as complex process, long preparation period in prepare with scale;LMD and VPD method institute
The material of preparation generates ligament and the aperture of roughening on micro-meter scale, and two methods require high alloying temperature, because
And it is challenging using LMD and VPD manufacture nanoporous nonmetallic materials.Therefore it needs to seek a kind of new system
Preparation Method, and as the continuous improvement required material property is studied in forward position, it is also desirable to preparation method, component control and knot
Structure design etc. is comprehensively considered.
The characteristics of de- alloyage, also known as selective corrosion is chemical/electrochemical activity difference between utilizing alloy compositions, choosing
The selecting property ground more active constituent element of soluble chemistry/electrochemical properties, make it into electrolyte solution and remaining ingredient retains or
It is spread by atom, the modes such as aggregation spontaneously form three-dimensional continuous porous metals/alloy/metallic compound.In the past tens
Year, nano porous metal, alloy and the compound prepared with this method is being widely used in various fields.Due to non-gold
Belonging to simple substance has poor diffusivity, and strongly covalent bonding, it is generally real that nanoporous nonmetallic materials not yet pass de- alloy approach
It is existing.How nano-porous structure to be introduced into other non-metal simple-substances or nonmetallic compound in addition to Si/C extensively, is material
Expect a big new challenge of preparation field.
Summary of the invention
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provide a kind of general nanoporous nonmetallic materials, preparation method and
It is applied.The preparation process is simply controllable, and the self-supporting nanometer porous non-metallic material porosity being prepared and aperture are adjustable.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of nanoporous nonmetallic materials, which is characterized in that include one or more nonmetalloids, the nanoporous
Nonmetallic materials have co-continuous nano-porous structure;Wherein, the chemical formula of the nonmetallic materials is CZD1-Z, C, D are non-gold
Belong to element;0≤Z≤1.
Further, it is determined that precursor alloy composition and ingredient, chemical formula Ax(CzD1-z)y, A is metallic element, C, D
For nonmetalloid;0≤x≤1,0≤Z≤1,0≤x, 0≤y.
Further, A is metallic element, and C, D are mutually different nonmetalloid.
Further, the metallic element is one of Al, Co, Fe, Ni, Sn, Bi, In, the nonmetalloid packet
Include at least one of B, C, Si, S, Se, Te.
Further, in the nanoporous nonmetallic materials, the atomic ratio of metallic element and nonmetalloid is 1~
10:1~10 are further 6~8:2~4.
Further, the metallic element is one of Al, Co, Fe, Ni, and the nonmetalloid is B, C, Si, Te
At least one of.
Further, the porosity of the nanoporous nonmetallic materials is 20~80%, preferably 40~70%;Aperture
For 50nm~1 μm, preferably 50~500nm.
Further, the nanoporous nonmetallic materials include B, Si, Te, B13C2At least one of.
The preparation method of nano porous metal compound-material as described above, which comprises the steps of:
S1, suitable nonmetalloid is selected according to target nanoporous nonmetallic materials, and then select suitable precursors
Metallic element needed for alloy pig;
S2, metal and nonmetalloid selection alloy phase diagram are determined according to S1, it is true with reference to alloy phase diagram according to actual demand
The atomic ratio of metallic element needed for determining raw material and nonmetalloid;
S3, according to the atomic ratio data obtained in S2, determine raw material proportioning;Alloy pig is prepared by smelting process again;
Wherein, the raw material include wherein, the raw material include the simple substance of the metallic element, metallic element with it is nonmetallic
The simple substance of at least one of compound of element and the nonmetalloid;;
S4, the S3 alloy pig obtained is carried out getting rid of tape handling;Obtain alloy strip;
S5, chemical attack is carried out to the alloy strip that S4 is obtained, obtains nanoporous nonmetallic materials.
Further, in S3, the atomic ratio of the content of the content and metallic element of nonmetalloid is 55~95 in raw material:
5~45, generally 60~85:20~35, preferably 65~80:20~35.Applicants have found that by golden in raw material
Belong to the control of element, nonmetalloid atomic ratio, it can be achieved that regulation to material porosity, in general, metal member in raw material
Plain accounting is higher, and material porosity is bigger.
Further, in S3, raw material is placed in electric arc melting equipment under protective atmosphere and prepares alloy pig.
Further, in S4, when getting rid of tape handling, the revolving speed of roller is 500~6000r/min, generally 1000~5000 r/
Min, preferably 2000~5000r/min.Applicants have found that pore size can be regulated and controled by the revolving speed for controlling roller, turn
Speed is faster, and aperture is smaller.Optionally, the roller is copper roller.
Further, in S5, chemical attack is carried out using dilute acid soln, etching period is 5~20h.In general, suitably
Etching time can be shortened by increasing acid concentration and corrosion temperature.
In the application, during melting, metallic compound and pure nonmetallic or pure metal may be selected and pure nonmetallic be
Raw material, by designing the cold surface cooling velocity (roller revolving speed) of reasonable metallic element and nonmetalloid atomic ratio and roller to most
The porosity and pore size of the nonmetallic band of the nanoporous obtained eventually are passed through.Band is got rid of by quickly solidifying, due to phase
The phenomenon that separation, can get ribbon even crystal two phase structure (alloy strip: metal-containing compound phase and nonmetallic
Phase).
Chemical attack refers to: using the chemical stability difference between metallic compound and nonmetallic phase phase, using diluted acid
Solution impregnates the metallic compound phased soln that chemical stability in alloy strip is poor, and relatively stable nonmetallic phase retains
Form nano-porous structure.
Further, it for different metallic compound phases, selects type and concentration is suitable, the stronger diluted acid of selectivity is molten
Liquid is particularly important.
The selectivity refers to more by force that in the etchant solution, the chemical activity of nonmetallic phase and metallic compound phase is poor
It is different larger.It can guarantee to completely remove metallic compound phase and nonmetallic phase is intact to form nano-porous structure in this way.It can
Selection of land, the dilute acid soln are dilute HCl, dilute H2SO4, dilute HNO3Deng.
The nanoporous that nanoporous nonmetallic materials as described above or preparation method as described above are prepared is non-
Metal material can be used as the application of self-supporting electrode.
The nanoporous nonmetallic materials of the application have enough intensity and toughness, can make directly as self-supporting electrode
With, be expected to the fields such as actuating, sensing, catalysis, energy storage and conversion be widely applied.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
(1) compared to other preparation methods such as activation method and template, the nanoporous nonmetallic materials in the present invention are 3D
Material, preparation method is green safe, and favorable reproducibility, scale and industry can be achieved in easy to operate, at low cost, short preparation period
Metaplasia produces.
(2) pore structure of the nanoporous nonmetallic materials in the present invention, including porosity and aperture can be closed by control
Gold bar is controlled with the Parameter Conditions in preparation process to adapt to actual industrial application.
(3) present invention is a kind of general preparation method, can be very simply by single nonmetalloid or different
Nonmetalloid is combined the application for preparing nanoporous non-metal simple-substance or compound to adapt to different field.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the embodiment in attached drawing is not constituted to any limit of the invention
System.
Fig. 1 is a kind of preparation process schematic diagram of nanoporous nonmetallic materials of the application.
Fig. 2 a be embodiment 1 in band scanning transmission electron microscope angle of elevation annular dark field (HAADF-STEM) as.Figure
2b~c is respectively (b) Co in Fig. 2 a, (c) the energy spectral element mapping graph of B.Fig. 2 d is Co35B65Band and its after chemical attack
X-ray diffraction (XRD) image of the nanoporous boron (np-B) of formation.
Fig. 3 is respectively that group is divided into (a) Co25B75Band, (b) Co30B70Band, (c) Co35B65(d) Co40B60Band warp
(5,000 rpms) of the copper roller scannings for carrying out the np-B obtained after quickly solidifying using chemical attack for crossing same rotational speed are electric
Sub- MIcrosope image.
Fig. 4 is Co35B65Band passes through 1,000 rpms of (a) respectively, and (b) 2,000 rpms, (c) 3,000 rpms,
(d) 4,000 rpms and np-B that (e) the copper roller of 5,000 rpms of revolving speed is formed after quickly solidifying of scanning electron
Microscope (SEM) image.The cross-sectional SEM image of np-B prepared by the revolving speed that Fig. 4 f is 5,000 rpms.
Fig. 5 is respectively Fe35B65(a,b)、Ni35B65(c, d) band and its nanoporous B formed after chemical attack
(np-B) SEM image (b, d) of XRD diagram picture (a, c) and np-B.
Fig. 6 a is Co in embodiment 220Si80Band and its nano-structure porous silicon formed after chemical attack (np-Si)
XRD diagram picture.Fig. 6 b is the SEM image of np-Si.
Fig. 7 a is Al in embodiment 326Te74Band and its nanoporous tellurium (np-Te) formed after chemical attack
XRD image.Fig. 7 b is the SEM image of np-Te.
Fig. 8 a is Co in embodiment 430B64C6Band and its np- (B formed after chemical attack13C2+ B) XRD diagram picture.
Fig. 8 b is np- (B13C2+ B) SEM image.
Specific embodiment
It elaborates below to the embodiment of the present invention, the present embodiment carries out under the premise of the technical scheme of the present invention
Implement, the detailed implementation method and specific operation process are given, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following implementation
Example.
Embodiment 1
The pure cobalt block of electric arc melting and pure boron grain prepare alloy pig under an argon atmosphere.In conjunction with Co-B alloy phase diagram, design is closed
Four groups, respectively 25:75,30:70,35:65,40:60 are arranged in the present embodiment in the atomic ratio of the Co and B of reason.Determining alloy
After the composition of ingot, carry out remelted getting rid of band under an argon atmosphere.By the high-speed rotating cold surface of copper roller to remelted alloy
Ingot is rapidly cooled to obtain the alloy strip of even crystal two phase structure (see Fig. 1).In conjunction with the HAADF in Fig. 2~
STEM image (see Fig. 2 a) and element mapping image (see Fig. 2 b, c) as can be seen that band in CoB phase (see in Fig. 2 a compared with clear zone
Domain) and B phase (see darker area in Fig. 2 a) and deposit.
It carries out chemical attack under the conditions of 1M HCl solution, 60 DEG C, np-B band is obtained after 12h (see Fig. 1).Chemical attack
The variation of object phase composition in the band of front and back can be observed by XRD (see Fig. 2 d).Before corrosion, object is mutually CoB (due to B
Low-crystallinity and alloy in B mass percent it is lower, therefore there is not the diffraction maximum of B), CoB phase is completely de- after corrosion
It removes and B phase retains.
The porosity of the np-B finally obtained can be regulated and controled by the atomic ratio of control design case Co and B.According to Fig. 3
Alloy strip (5,000 rpms) of copper roller by same rotational speed of middle difference atomic ratio carry out quickly solidification after using change
The SEM image for learning the np-B that corrosion obtains can be seen that the increase of the atomic ratio with Co, and the porosity of np-B gradually increases
Greatly.
Revolving speed by controlling copper roller can regulate and control the pore size of the np-B finally obtained.Make according in Fig. 4
With the copper roller of different rotating speeds to Co35B65The SEM image that band quickly solidify obtained np-B can be seen that with copper roller
The aperture of the increase of revolving speed, obtained np-B gradually becomes smaller, and porosity is gradually increased.Result above confirms this method device to hole
The controllable preparation of structure.
Using above-mentioned preparation method, replace Co that can equally prepare np-B (Fig. 5) using other metals such as Fe or Ni
Embodiment 2
In conjunction with Co-Si alloy phase diagram, the atomic ratio for designing Co/Si is 20:80, with method electric arc same as Example 1
Prepared by the pure cobalt block of melting and pure silicon block carries out after alloy pig remelted getting rid of band, CoSi in gained alloy strip2Phase and Si Xiang Bingcun
(see Fig. 6).
In 0.5M HF solution, chemical attack, CoSi after 12h are carried out under room temperature2It is mutually completely dissolved and Si phase retains
(see Fig. 6 a) gets off to obtain the np-Si band of nanoporous bicontinuous structure (see Fig. 6 b).
Embodiment 3
In conjunction with Al-Te alloy phase diagram, the atomic ratio for designing Al/Te is 26:74, uses method electricity same as Example 1
Carried out after arc melting fine aluminium grain and pure tellurium block it is remelted get rid of band, Al in obtained alloy strip2Te3Mutually and Te Xiang Bingcun is (see figure
7a)。
In 1M HCl solution, chemical attack, Al after 12h are carried out under room temperature2Te3It is mutually completely dissolved and Te phase retains
(see Fig. 7 a) gets off to obtain the np-Te band of nanoporous bicontinuous structure (see Fig. 7 b).
Embodiment 4
In conjunction with Co-B-C alloy phase diagram, the atomic ratio for designing Co/B/C is 30:64:6, uses side same as Example 1
Carried out after the pure cobalt button of method electric arc melting, pure boron grain and pure carbon block it is remelted get rid of band, CoB phase, B in obtained alloy strip13C2Phase
With B Xiang Bingcun (see Fig. 8 a).
Corroded using etching condition same as Example 1, after the chemical attack of 30h, in alloy strip
CoB phase removes and B completely13C2Mutually and micro B phase retains the structure for foring nanoporous co-continuous (see Fig. 8 b).
In conclusion this patent discloses, a kind of nanoporous is nonmetallic and preparation method thereof, and principle, which is substantially distinguished from, to be received
The preparation of rice porous metals and compound has original and first different from the preparation method of traditional nonmetal nano material
Into property.Application described above scene and embodiment, are not intended to limit the present invention, and anyone skilled in the art are not taking off
From in the spirit and scope of the present invention, can doing various change and retouching, therefore protection scope of the present invention regards claim model
It encloses and is defined.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of nanoporous nonmetallic materials (include nanoporous non-metal simple-substance material and nanoporous nonmetallic compound
Material), which is characterized in that it only include nonmetalloid, which has co-continuous nanoporous knot
Structure;Wherein, the chemical formula of the nonmetallic materials is CzD1-z, C, D are nonmetalloid;0≤z≤1.
2. nanoporous nonmetallic materials according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the nanoporous nonmetallic materials
It is made by chemical attack active metal compound;Wherein, the chemical formula of precursor alloy is Ax(CzD1-z)y, A is metallic element,
C, D is nonmetalloid;0≤x≤1,0≤x,0≤y.
3. nanoporous nonmetallic materials according to claim 1, it is characterised in that it is described cross metallic element include Al,
One of Co, Fe, Ni, Sn, Bi, the nonmetalloid include at least one of B, C, Si, S, Se, Te.
4. nanoporous nonmetallic materials according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the nanoporous nonmetallic materials
Porosity be 20~80%, preferably 40~70%;Aperture is 50nm~1 μm, preferably 50~500nm.
5. nanoporous non-metal simple-substance material according to claim 1-3, which is characterized in that the nanometer is more
Nonmetallic materials include Si, B, Te, B13C2At least one of.
6. nanoporous non-metallic material preparation method for material as described in any one in claim 1-5, which is characterized in that including as follows
Step:
S1, according to target nanoporous nonmetallic materials at being grouped as the suitable metallic element of selection;
S2, alloy phase diagram and the actual demand that element is determined according to S1, metallic element needed for determining raw material and nonmetallic member
The atomic ratio of element;
S3, according to the atomic ratio data obtained in S2, determine raw material proportioning;Alloy pig is prepared by smelting process again;Wherein, described
Raw material includes the simple substance of nonmetalloid and the simple substance of metallic element;
S4, the S3 alloy pig obtained is carried out getting rid of tape handling;Obtain alloy strip;
S5, chemical attack is carried out to the alloy strip that S4 is obtained, obtains nanoporous nonmetallic materials.
7. preparation method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that in S2, the content of nonmetalloid and gold in raw material
The atomic ratio for belonging to the content of element is 55~95:5~45, generally 60~85:20~35, preferably 65~80:20~35.
8. preparation method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that in S2, raw material is placed in electric arc under protective atmosphere
Alloy pig is prepared in smelting equipment.
9. preparation method according to claim 6, which is characterized in that in S3, when getting rid of tape handling, the revolving speed of roller is 500~
6000r/min, generally 1000~5000r/min, preferably 2000~5000r/min.
10. preparation method according to claim 5, which is characterized in that in S4, chemical attack is carried out using dilute acid soln,
Etching period is 5~20h.
11. nanoporous nonmetallic materials as described in any one in claim 1-5 or as described in claim any one of 6-10
Application of the nanoporous nonmetallic materials that are prepared of preparation method as self-supporting electrode.
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103337612A (en) * | 2013-03-22 | 2013-10-02 | 济南大学 | Nanoporous silicon/carbon composite material and preparation method thereof |
CN106602001A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-04-26 | 天津理工大学 | Preparation method and application of porous negative electrode material for lithium ion battery |
CN107089664A (en) * | 2017-04-13 | 2017-08-25 | 济南大学 | A kind of preparation method of nanoporous silicon materials |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103337612A (en) * | 2013-03-22 | 2013-10-02 | 济南大学 | Nanoporous silicon/carbon composite material and preparation method thereof |
CN106602001A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-04-26 | 天津理工大学 | Preparation method and application of porous negative electrode material for lithium ion battery |
CN107089664A (en) * | 2017-04-13 | 2017-08-25 | 济南大学 | A kind of preparation method of nanoporous silicon materials |
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